Biology 2021 Paper & Solution

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BIOLOGY
SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 1
SECTION – A
Q. 1. (i) (d) Pollen grain

(ii) (b) secondary sexual character
(iii) (a) Amphibian
(iv) (a) incomplete dominance
(v) (b) Cytoplasm
(vi) (d) Tryptophan operon
(vii) (c) Ramapithecus → Homo habilis → Homo erectus → Homo sapiens
(viii) (b) capillary water
(ix) (b) IRV
(x) (d) Pia mater
Q. 2. (i) Gravitational water, hygroscopic water, combined water, capillary water.
(ii) Homo sapiens sapiens
(iii) If the variation occurs in population by chance alone and not by natural selection
to bring change in frequencies of an allele, it is called genetic drift.
(iv) The method of GIFT or Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer will help the lady to
have a child.
(v) Polydipsia, i.e. frequent thirst and polyuria, i.e. frequent urination are the
symptoms of the disease caused by hyposecretion of ADH.
(vi) Natural physical mutagens are high temperatures, high concentration of CO2,
X-rays and UV rays.
(vii) (a) Hummingbirds and host flowering plants.
(b) Lichen made up of an alga and a fungus.
(viii) (1) Nudation (2) Invasion
SECTION – B
Q. 3. (1) The transfer of pollen grains with the help of water is called hydrophily. Plants
that are pollinated by water are called hydrophilous plants.
(2) Hydrophilous plants possess small, inconspicuous unisexual flowers. They lack
fragrance, nectar and bright colour.
(3) Pollen grains and other floral parts are protected from getting wet.
(4) Stigma is long and sticky. e.g. Zostera, Vallisneria, etc.
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 1

Q. 4. (1) Ethylene : It is used for fruit ripening and as it causes degreening effect by
increasing activity of chlorophyllase enzyme for banana and citrus fruits.
Abscissic acid/ABA : It is natural growth inhibiting substance in plants and it
(2)
acts as plant antitranspirant causing closure of stomata. It is stress hormone that
induces plant to bear the adverse environmental conditions like drought.
Q. 5. (1) Scrotum : Protection of testes and maintenance of lower temperature for
spermatogenesis.
(2) Leydig’s cells : Secretion of testosterone or androgen which is a male sex
hormone.
Q. 6. (1) 21 trisomy – (c) Down’s syndrome
(2) X-monosomy – (a) Turner’s syndrome
(3) Holandric traits – (d) Hypertrichosis
(4) Feminized male – (b) Klinefelter’s syndrome
Q. 7. (1) Water plays an important role in living organisms.
(2) About 90 – 95% water is present in cell which is functional and structural unit of
living organisms.
(3) It helps in maintaining turgidity and shape of cells and cell organelles.
(4) Due to its various properties, it is medium of biochemical reactions, transporting
medium and thermal buffer also. Therefore it is absolutely necessary for life i.e.
‘elixir of life’.
Q. 8. (1) It is a condition in which fruit is developed without event of fertilization.
(2) It is a natural process observed on pineapple and banana.
(3) A chemical stimulus in the form of auxin (IAA) is given by placental tissues of
unfertilized ovary development of fruit without the process of fertilization results
in formation of seedless fruit.
(4) Due to the stimulus, enlargement of ovary takes place to form a fruit. Parthenocarpic
fruits are without seeds.
Q. 9. (1)
Auxins and cytokinins are growth promoting substances which stimulate cell
division and cell enlargement.
(2) A high cytokinin promotes shooting in plants.
(3) A low ratio of cytokinin to auxin induces root development. Whereas a high ratio
of cytokinin to auxin induces growth of buds and shoot development.
(4) Thus cytokinin and auxin ratio and their interactions control morphogenesis in
plants.
2 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Q. 10. (1) Atrial systole – (c) 0.1 second
(2) Atrial diastole – (d) 0.7 second
(3) Ventricular systole – (a) 0.3 second
(4) Ventricular diastole – (b) 0.5 second
Q. 11. (1)
Biogas is a non-conventional and renewable source of energy obtained by
microbial fermentation.
(2)
Cattle dung (the main substrate), domestic wastes, agricultural waste, agro
industrial wastes, forestry wastes, etc. are utilized as substrates for production of
biogas.
(3) Biogas is eco-friendly and does not cause pollution, can be used as domestic fuel.
(4) As the raw material for its production is readily available, the biogas plants are
more often built in rural areas.
Q. 12. (1) Transmission of malarial parasite can be reduced by preventing mosquito bites.
Therefore, mosquitoes should be controlled or totally eradicated by using of
mosquito nets and insect repellents.
(2)
Mosquito control measures such as spraying insecticides inside houses and
draining stagnant water where mosquitoes lay their eggs.
(3) The mosquito larvae can be eradicated by releasing Gambusia fish which can feed
upon these larvae.
(4) Vaccine against malaria is also under preparation.
Q. 13. (1) Smoking involves inhaling the cigarette smoke which contains nicotine and other
toxic substances like n-nitrosodimethylamine. There is some amount of carbon
monoxide. These substances affect the normal respiratory health.
(2) Smoking invites problems like asthma, hypertension, heart disease, stroke, lung
damage. The worst impact is that these substances are carcinogenic and hence can
cause cancer of larynx, trachea, lung, etc.
(3) Smoking not only affects the smokers but also has bad effect on others due to
passive smokers.
(4) In women, smoking is still hazardous as their ovaries can undergo mutations due
to mutagenic chemicals found in smoke. Therefore, smoking is a very bad habit.
Q. 14. (1) Medulla oblongata is the region of the brain that controls all the involuntary
activities.
(2) Vital activities such as heartbeats, respiration, vasomotor activities, peristalsis,
etc. are under the control of medulla oblongata.
(3) When medulla oblongata is injured, all these vital functions are instantly stopped.
(4) Therefore, injury to medulla oblongata causes sudden death.

SECTION – C
Q. 15.
Wall of Mature anther
Epidermis Endothecium Middle Layer Tapetum
Outer layer Layer with fibrous Layer of thin Innermost Layer

thickening walled cells
Function Protection Function Nutrition
Q. 16. (1)
Klinefelter’s syndrome is a genetic disorder caused due to trisomy of X
chromosome caused due to non-disjunction of sex chromosomes which takes
place during gamete formation.
(2) Chromosomal complement of Klinefelter’s syndrome is 44+XXY, having a total
of 47 chromosomes.
(3) Symptoms of Klinefelter’s syndrome are as follows :
(i)
The individuals with Klinefelter’s syndrome are sterile, tall, thin and
eunuchoid with poorly developed sexual characteristics. They have
underdeveloped and small testis. Spermatogenesis does not take place.
(ii) They have subnormal intelligence and show partial mental retardation.
Q. 17. (1) Australopithecus shows ape-like characteristics such as :
(i) Larger jaws and teeth
(ii) Prognathous face
(iii) The chin was absent
(iv) Projecting eyebrow ridges
(v) Cranial capacity ranged from 450-600 c.c.
(2) Australopithecus shows the man-like characteristics as follows :
(i) Erect posture and walking.
(ii) The vertebral column had a distinct lumbar curve with broad basin-like
pelvic girdle.
(iii) Dentition with the parabolic dental arch.
(iv) A simian gap was absent.
Australopithecus is therefore, rightly described as a man with ape brain.

Q. 18. Zones of root :
Q. 19. (a) (1) Gibberellins are growth promoting hormones and were isolated from fungus
Gibberella fujikuroi by Kurasawa.
(2) Rice plants when infected with this fungus show stem elongation i.e. Bakane
disease.
(3) Yabuta and Sumuki isolated gibberellins in crystalline form, from fungal
culture and named it gibberellins.
(4) Gibberellins are synthesized from mevalonic acid at young leaves, seeds, root
and stem tips and show non-polar transport.
(b) Function of Gibberellins : Increase in length of internodes thereby elongation of
stem.
Q. 20. (1) The blood cells shown in the diagram are white blood cells or leucocytes.
(2)
Cell A is neutrophil. These cells are phagocytic in function thus engulf
microorganisms.
Cell D is lymphocyte. Its function is to show immune response of body by
producing antibodies.
(3)
Cell D or lymphocyte is a large, round nucleus and agranular cytoplasm.
It originates in bone marrow, lymph nodes and thymus.
Q. 21. Endocrine cells of pancreas form groups of cells called Islets of Langerhans. There
are four kinds of cells in Islets of Langerhans which secrete hormones.
(1) Alpha (α ) cells : They are 20% and secrete glucagon. Glucagon is a hyperglycemic
hormone. it stimulates liver for glucogenolysis and increases the blood glucose
level.
(2) Beta (β) cells : They are 70% and secrete insulin. Insulin is a hypoglycemic
hormone. It stimulates liver and muscles for glycogenesis. This lowers blood
glucose level.
(3) Delta (δ) cells : They are 5% and secrete somatostatin. Somatostatin inhibits the
secretion of glucagon and insulin. It also decreases the gastric secretions, motility
and absorption in digestive tract. In general it is a growth inhibiting factor.
(4) PP cells or F cells : They form 5%. They secrete pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
which inhibits the release of pancreatic juice.

Q. 22. Inorganic fertilizers Organic fertilizers / biofertilizers
1.
They are non-renewable nutritional 1.
They are renewable nutritional
resources. resources.
2. Inorganic fertilizers are synthetic and 2. They are biological in origin.
are in the form of chemicals.
3. They are mixtures of mineral salts of 3.
Organic fertilizers are farmyard
NPK in definite proportions. manure, green manure and compost.
Whereas, bio fertilizers are live
bacterial, cyanobacterial (mostly N2
fixing) or fungal formulations which
enhance the nutrient quality of soil.
4. Excessive use of inorganic fertilizers 4. They do not cause pollution.
results in pollution of soil, groundwater
and air.
5.
They are not part of sustainable 5. They are part of organic farming and
agriculture. sustainable agriculture.
Q. 23. Substance Potential benefit Crop Transgene

Provitamin A Anti-oxidant Rice Phytoene synthase,
Lycopene cyclase
Fructans Low calories Sugarbeet I – sucrose : sucrose
fructosyl transferase
Vitamin E Anti-oxidant Canola  -tocopherol methyl
transferase
Flavonoids Anti-oxidant Tomato Chalone isomerase
Iron Iron fortification Rice Ferritin, metallothioein,
phytase
Q. 24. (1) Animals which are well-adapted to live in deserts are called xerocoles. These
animals show adaptations for water conservation or heat tolerance.
(2) These animals show low basal metabolic rate. They obtain moisture from succulent
plants and rarely drink water. E.g Gazella and Oryx.
(3) Desert animals like camel produce concentrated urine and dry dung.
(4) Many other hot desert animals are nocturnal, seeking out shade during the day or
dwelling underground in burrows.
(5) Smaller animals from desert, emerge from their burrows at night.
(6) Mammals living in cold deserts have developed greater insulation through warmer
body fur and insulating layers of fat beneath the skin.
Q. 25. (1) When there is a succession from algae to forest, it depends upon the amount of
water available.
(2) The succession begins with small phyto-planktons followed by submerged and
free floating and then rooted hydrophytes, sages, grasses and finally the trees.
(3) Similarly, there is also a transformation from a pool of water to swamp, then
marsh and then mesic which means neither too dry nor too wet conditions.
(4) Then small plants like mosses can inhabit followed by herbs, shrubs and then
trees. Such succession ultimately leads to a stable climax forest community.
Q. 26. In-situ conservation Ex-situ conservation
(1) In-situ conservation is a onsite (1) Ex-situ conservation is done outside
conservation. the habitat of plants and animals.
(2) Plant and animal species are conserved (2)
Plant and animal species are
in their natural habitat for protecting conserved in artificial or manmade
endangered species. place.
(3) It is done in natural environment. (3) It is done in manmade environment.
(4)
National parks, Sanctuaries, (4) Zoo, aquarium, seed banks are the
biosphere reserve, etc. are set up for examples of ex-situ conservation
in-situ conservation.
(5) It is a dynamic process. Cheap and (5) It is static process. It is an expensive
convenient to conduct. and commercial process.
(6) Captive breeding is not successful in (6)
Captive breeding is successful and
all cases of in-situ conservation can help in increasing the number of
method. endangered organisms.
SECTION – D
Q. 27. (1) Isolation of DNA (gene) from the donor organism :
(a) From the cells of the donor organism DNA is isolated and purified. Then
cleaved using Restriction Endonucleases. This forms foreign DNA or
passenger DNA.
(b) A desired gene can also be obtained directly from genomic library or c-DNA
library.
(2) Insertion of desired foreign gene into a cloning vector (vehicle DNA) :
(a) The foreign DNA or passenger DNA is inserted into a cloning vector (vehicle
DNA)
(b) Plasmids are isolated from the bacteria and are cleaved by using same RE
which is used in the isolation of the desired gene from the donor.
(c) Enzyme DNA ligase is used to join foreign DNA and the plasmid DNA.

(d) Plasmid DNA containing foreign DNA is called recombinant DNA (r-DNA)
or chimeric DNA.
(3) Transfer of r-DNA into suitable competent host or cloning organism :
(a) In a competent host cell, ( bacterium) naked r-DNA is transferred by process
of ‘transformation’ .This is done with divalent Ca++
(b) The cloning organisms are E.coli and Agrobacterium tumifaciens.
(4)
Selection of the transformed host cell : Marker gene of plasmid vector is
employed for isolating recombinant cell form non recombinant cell.
(5)
Multiplication of transformed host cell : The transformed host cells are
introduced into fresh culture media where they divide.
(6) Then desired products like enzymes, antibiotics, etc. separated and purified
through down stream processing using bioreactors.
Q. 28. (1) Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It forms 80–85% volume of the brain.
(2) A median longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum into two cerebral hemispheres.
These hemispheres are interconnected by a thick band of transverse nerve fibres
called corpus callosum.
(3) The outer part of cerebrum is called cerebral cortex while the inner part is called
cerebral medulla.
(4) The roof of cerebrum is called pallium. Pallium is highly folded forming sulci
and gyri. Sulci are depressions while gyri are ridges. The gyri increase the surface
area of cerebral cortex.
(5) The ventro-lateral walls of cerebrum are thickened and are called corpora striata.
(6) The cerebral cortex has three deep sulci, the central, lateral and parieto-occipital.
(7) These sulci divide the cerebral hemisphere into four lobes. These are frontal,
parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. A fifth median lobe called insula or insular
cortex is folded deep within the lateral sulcus.
(8) The central sulcus separates frontal and parietal lobes, the lateral sulcus separates
parietal and temporal lobes and the parietooccipital sulcus separates parietal and
occipital lobes.

Q. 29. The heart shows four chambers with two atria, right and left and two ventricles, right
and left.
Fig. Internal structure of human heart
1. Right atrium :
(1) Atria are thin walled receiving chambers on the upper side, these are separated
by interatrial septum.
(2) The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from upper part of body through
superior vena cava and from the lower part of the body by inferior vena cava.
In the right atrium opens the coronary sinus which brings blood from the heart
muscles.
(3) Eustachian valve guards the opening of inferior vena cava while opening of
coronary sinus is guarded by Thebesian valve.
(4) An oval depression called fossa ovalis is present which represents the foramen
ovale of embryonic condition.
(5) Right atrium opens into the right ventricle.
2. Left atrium :
(1) The oxygenated blood from the lungs is brought into left atrium through four
openings of pulmonary veins.
(2) Left atrium opens into the left ventricle.
Ventricles :
(1) Two thick walled distributing chambers situated on the lower side of the heart.
Interventricular septum divides two ventricles.
(2) Left ventricle has thickest wall as it pumps blood to all parts of the body.
(3) The inner surface of the ventricle is thrown into a series of irregular muscular
ridges called columnae carnae or trabeculae carnae.
(4) Each atrium opens into the ventricle of its side through atrioventricular aperture.
These apertures are guarded by right tricuspid valve and left bicuspid valves
respectively.

(5) Bicuspid and tricuspid valves are attached to papillary muscles of ventricles
by chordae tendinae. The chordae tendinae prevent the valves from turning
back into the atria during the contraction of ventricles.
(6) From the right ventricle arises pulmonary trunk which carries deoxygenated
blood to lungs for oxygenation.
(7) From the left ventricle arise systemic aorta which distributes oxygenated blood
to all parts of the body.
(8) Pulmonary aorta and systemic aorta has three semilunar valves at the base
which prevent backward flow of blood during ventricular diastole.
Q. 30. Translation involves the following steps :
1. Activation of amino acids and formation of charged t-RNA (t-RNA – amino
acid complex) : In the presence of an enzyme amino acyl t-RNA synthetase, the
amino acid is activated and then attached to the specific t – RNA molecule at 3’
end to form charged t – RNA (t-TRNA – amino acid complex). This reaction
needs ATP
2. Initiation of Polypeptide chain :
(1) Small subunit of ribosome binds to the m – RNA at 5’ end.
(2) Start codon is positioned properly at P-site.
(3) Initiator t – RNA (carrying amino acid methionine in eukaryotes or formyl
methionine in prokaryotes) binds with initiation codon (AUG) of m – RNA,
by its anticodon (UAC) through hydrogen bonds.
(4) The large subunit of ribosome joins with the smaller subunit in the presence
of Mg++.
(5) Thus, initiator charged t – RNA occupies the P-site and A-site is vacant.
3. Elongations of polypeptide chain : Addition of amino acid occurs in 3 step cycle
(1) Codon recognition.
• Anticodon of second (and subsequent) amino acyl t – RNA molecule
recognizes and binds with codon at A-site by hydrogen bonds.
(2) Peptide bond formation.
• Ribozyme catalyzes the peptide bond formation between amino acids on the
initiator t – RNA at P-site and t – RNA at A-site.
• It takes less than 0.1 second for formation of peptide bond.
• Initiator t-RNA at ‘P’ site is then released from E-site.
(3) Translocation.
• Translocation is the process in which sequence of codons on m – RNA is
decoded and accordingly amino acids are added in specific sequence to form
a polypeptide on ribosomes.

• Due to this ‘A’-site becomes vacant to receive next charged t – RNA
molecule.
• The events like arrival of t-RNA – amino acid complex, formation of peptide
bond, ribosomal translocation and release of previous t – RNA, are repeated.
• As ribosome move over the m – RNA, all the codons on m – RNA are
exposed one by one for translation.
4. Termination and release of polypeptide :
(1) When stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) gets exposed at the A-site, the release
factor binds to the stop codon, thereby terminating the translation process.
(2) The polypeptide gets released in the cytoplasm.
(3) Two subunits of ribosome dissociate and last t-RNA and m-RNA are released
in the cytoplasm.
(4) m-RNA gets denatured by nucleases immediately
Q. 31. 1. The correct labelling to the diagram of female reproductive system are :
(1) Fallopian tube
(2) Vagina
(3) Ampulla of fallopian tube
(4) Ovarian ligament
(5) Uterus
(6) Ovary
(7) Infundibulum with fimbriae
(8) Endometrium of uterus
2. Functions of uterus :
(i) Uterus receives ovum from fallopian tubes, develops placenta and provides
site for implantation of embryo.
(ii) It provides protection and nourishment to the developing embryo.
(iii) It also provides path for sperms to ascend.
(iv) Due to contractions of uterus, baby is expelled out at the time of parturition.
3. Functions of ovary :
(i) Production of ova by performing oogenesis.
(ii) Production of female hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
————

BIOLOGY
SECTION – A
Q. 1. (i) (b) prevent fertilization
(ii) (c) synapsis
(iii) (b) i, iv, iii, ii
(iv) (c) Simian gap
(v) (d) meristematic region.
(vi) (d) anti-gibberellin

(vii) (b) Western blot
(viii) (a) Invasive species
(ix) (b) latitudinal gradient
(x) (c) Climax community

Q. 2. (i) pBR 322 is the most commonly used plasmid in r-DNA technology.
(ii) Rhizosphere is the microenvironment that surrounds the root, from where roots
can absorb water.
(iii) Cytokinins promote growth of lateral buds by cell division and thus control apical
dominance.
(iv)
Gene therapy is the treatment of genetic disorders by replacing, altering or
supplementing a gene that is absent or abnormal and whose absence or abnormality
is responsible for the disease.
(v) Organisms which can tolerate wide range of salinities are called euryhaline while
organisms which are restricted only to a narrow range of salinity are called
stenohaline.
(vi)
Ecological succession is the gradual and predictable change in the species
composition of a given area.
(vii) In Maharashtra, there are 5 national parks and 11 sanctuaries.
(viii) (1) Hyalobatidae
(2) Pongidae
(3) Hominidae

SECTION – B
Q. 3. Autogamy (Self-pollination) Xenogamy (Cross pollination)

1. In self -pollination, bisexual flower is 1. In cross pollination the pollen grains
pollinated by its own pollen grains. from the anther are carried to the
stigma of another flower of same
species.
2. Self-pollination does not depend upon 2. Cross pollination does depend upon
external agents for pollination. external agents for pollination.
3. Self-pollination is economical as there 3. Cross pollination is not economical as
is no wastage of pollen grains. there is wastage of pollen grains
during transfer.
4.
Offspring are genetically similar to 4. Offspring are genetically varied due
their parents; E.g. Pea to recombination. E.g. Food and fibre
crops – Maize, Rice.
Q. 4. (a) Non-disjunction : Non-disjunction is the phenomenon in which chromosomes

fail to separate at the time of cell division, resulting in abnormal chromosomal
combinations.
(b)
Homologous Chromosomes : The morphologically, genetically and structurally
essentially identical chromosomes present in a diploid cell are called homologous
chromosomes.
Q. 5.
Functional genomics is a branch of genomics that involves the study of functions of
all gene sequences and their expressions in organisms.
Q. 6. (1) Water is in liquid state at room temperature.

(2) It is best solvent for most of the solutes. Thus called universal solvent.
(3) It is inert inorganic compound with neutral pH i.e. pH 7 when in pure form.
(4) Hence it is best medium for dissolved minerals.
Q. 7. Column A Column B
(1) Shedding of leaves Abscissic acid
(2) Induce flowering in LDP GA
(3) Apical dominance IAA
(4) Induce RNA synthesis Cytokinin

Q. 8. (1) Glucagon – (ii) Islets of Langerhans
(2) adrenaline – (iv) Medulla
(3) Somatotropins – (iii) Adenohypophysis
(4) ADH – (i) Neurohypophysis
Q. 9. Goitres are of following two types.
Simple goitre or endemic goitre : Caused due to iodine deficiency in the diet
(i)
causing lesser iodine in blood. In an attempt to compensate this deficiency more
iodine from blood is absorbed. Due to which the blood supply to the gland increases
which results into swelling of the thyroid.
Exophthalmic goitre or toxic goitre : Caused due to hyperactive thyroid gland.
(ii)
This can happen if there is overstimulation of thyroid due to excess of ACTH.
This disorder is also called Grave’s disease or hyperthyroidism.
Q. 10. (1) Vitamins are nitrogenous organic compounds, required in minute quantities for
normal growth and development of the body.
(2) The microbes are involved in the industrial production of vitamins like thiamine
(vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), pyridoxine, folic acid, pantothenic acid,
biotin, vitamin B12, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), beta-carotene (provitamin A) and
ergosterol (provitamin D).
(3) Examples of some vitamins produced by fermentation using different microbial
sources are –
(i) Vitamin B2 – Neurospora gossypii, Eremothecium ashbyi
(ii) Vitamin B12 – Pseudomonas denitrificans
(iii) Vitamin C – Aspergillus niger
Q. 11. (1) The two types of nucleases are exonucleases and endonucleases.
(2) Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA.
(3)
Endonucleases are those enzymes that have ability to make cuts at specific
positions within the DNA molecule.
(4) Of the endonucleases, restriction endonucleases serve as the molecular scissors in
genetic engineering experiments.
(5) They are used for cutting DNA molecules at specific predetermined sites. This is
needed for gene cloning or recombinant DNA technology.

Q. 12. Hibernation Aestivation
1. Hibernation is winter sleep shown by 1.
Aestivation is the type of summer
some warm-blooded and some cold- sleep, shown by cold-blooded animals.
blooded animals.
2. It is for the whole winter. 2. It is of short duration.
3. The animals look out for the warmer 3. Animals search for the moist, shady
place to enter into hibernation. and cool place to sleep.
4.
Metabolic activities of hibernators 4.
Metabolic activities of aestivators
slow down in this dormant stage. remain low during aestivation period.
Q. 13. (a)
The climax community remains stable as long as the environment remains
unchanged.
(b)
Small phytoplankton are the pioneers in the aquatic habitat during primary
succession.
Q. 14. (1) Walter Rosen – (d) Coined the term biodiversity.
(2) David Tillman – (c) Productivity stability Hypothesis.
(3) Paul Ehrlich – (b) Rivet Popper Hypothesis.
(4) Edward Wilson – (a) Popularisation of term biodiversity.
SECTION – C
Q. 15. (1)
Unisexuality, dichogamy, prepotency, heteromorphy and herkogamy are the
outbreeding devices.
(2) Unisexuality : The plants bear either male or female flowers. Due to unisexual
nature, self-pollination is avoided. Plants are either dioecious, e.g. Papaya or
monoecious, e.g. maize.
(3) Heteromorphy : In same plants different types of flowers are produced. In these

flowers, stigmas and anthers are situated at different levels. There is heterostyly
and heteroanthy. This prevents self-pollination, e.g. Primrose.
(4) Herkogamy : In bisexual flowers we may come across mechanical device to

prevent self-pollination. Natural physical barrier avoids contact of pollens with
stigma. E.g. Calotropis where pollinia are situated below the stigma.

Q. 16.
Apomixis
Gametophytic cell produces embryo Sporophytic cell produces embryo
Apogamy Apospory
Embryo from Embryo from other Unreduced embryo sac Nucellar cells
egg haploid cells from megaspore mother form embryo sac
cell
Parthenogenesis Sterile plants
Diplospory Apomictic
E.g. Nicotiana embryo sac
E.g. Texacum
Q. 17. (1) A : Seminiferous tubule

Function : Seminiferous tubules produce sperms by spermatogenesis.
(2) B : Vas deferens
Function : Vas deferens carry sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct.
Q. 18. X-chromosome Y-chromosome

1. X-chromosome is straight, rod like and 1. Y-chromosome is shorter chromosome
longer than Y chromosome. It is which is acrocentric.
metacentric.
2.
X-chromosome has large amount of 2.
Y-chromosome has small amount of
euchromatin and small amount of euchromatin and large amount of
heterochromatin. heterochromatin.
3.
X-chromosome has large amount of 3.
Y-chromosome has less amount of
DNA, hence it is genetically active DNA, hence it is genetically less active
due to more genes. or inert due to lesser genes.
4.
Non-homologous region of 4.
Non-homologous region of
X-chromosome is longer and contains Y-chromosome is shorter and contains
more genes. lesser genes.
5.
Contains X-linked genes on non- 5.
Contains Y-linked genes on non-
homologous region. homologous region.
6.
X-chromosome is present in men as 6. Y-chromosome is present only in men.
well as women.
Q. 19. A : Infection B : Blending C : Centrifugation

Scientists who carried out experiment are Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase.

Q. 20. (1) Water is an important constituent of cell. About 90 – 95% of protoplasm is water.
(2) Water in liquid state is best solvent in which various minerals and food molecules
are dissolved and transported.
(3) Water acts as the thermal buffer has high specific heat.
(4) Water molecules have high adhesive and cohesive forces of attraction.
(5) It can rise in capillaries due to high surface tension and adhesive forces. e.g.
Ascent of sap in plants.
(6) Due to all these important factors it is a significant molecule connecting physical
world with biological processes.
Q. 21. (1)
Phytohormones or plant growth regulators are internal factors that influence
growth.
(2) They inhibit, promote or modify the plant growth.
(3) Plant hormones are organic substances produced naturally in plants and required
in small amount.
(4) Their place of production and site of the activity are different.
(5) Auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins are growth promoters and ethylene, abscissic acid
are growth inhibitors.
Q. 22. To stop the spread of infectious diseases following public health measures should be
taken :
(1) Before and after preparing food, before eating and after using the toilet, hand
wash is a must. Hands should be washed often.
(2) Vaccinations : Immunization helps us to protect against contracting many diseases.
Therefore, timely vaccination should be taken. Especially at the time of epidemic,
one must keep distance from infected area or get vaccinated.
(3) One must be at home if there are signs and symptoms of an infection. By going
out, we may infect other healthy persons.
(4) Proper diet and exercise should be followed to improve one’s own immunity.
(5) Hygiene should be utmost in the kitchen and dining area. One must take care
while eating uncovered and leftover food.
(6) Bathroom and toilet should be cleaned daily as there can be a high concentration
of bacteria or other infectious agents in these areas.
Q. 23. (1)
Disorders of adrenal cortical secretions are caused due to hyposecretion and
hypersecretion of adrenal corticoid hormones.
(2) Hyposecretion of corticosteroids causes Addison’s disease.
(3) The symptoms of Addison’s disease are low blood sugar, low body temperature,
feeble heart action, low BP, acidosis, low Na+ and K+ concentration in plasma,

excessive loss of Na+ and water in urine, impaired kidney functioning and kidney
failure, etc. It leads to weight loss, general weakness, nausea, vomiting and
diarrhoea.
(4) Hypersecretion of corticoids causes Cushing’s disease.
(5)
The symptoms of Cushing’s disease are high blood sugar level, glucosuria,
alkalosis, enhancement of total quantity of electrolytes in extracellular fluid,
polydipsia, increased BP, muscle paralysis, obesity, wasting of limb muscles, etc
Q. 24. Organism Habitat Respiratory surface/organ

1. Insects Terrestrial Tracheal tubes and spiracles
2. Amphibian tadpoles of frog, Aquatic External gills
salamanders
3. Fish Aquatic Internal gills
4. Reptiles, Birds and Mammals Terrestrial Lungs
Q. 25. (a) Enzyme is EcoRI.

(b) Palindrome is a DNA sequence which when read in opposite direction (3’ to 5’
or 5’ to 3’) it reads same.
(c) Enzyme in the given diagram cuts DNA to produce sticky ends.
Q. 26. Factors affecting blood pressure are :

Cardiac output : Normal cardiac output is 5 lit/min. Increase in cardiac output
(1)
increases systolic pressure.
Peripheral resistance : Peripheral resistance depends upon the diameter of blood
(2)
vessels. Decrease in diameter of arterioles and capillaries under the effect of
vasopressin causes increase in peripheral resistance and thereby increase in blood
pressure.
Blood volume : Loss of blood in accidents decreases blood volume and thus
(3)
causes decrease in blood pressure.
Viscosity of blood : Blood pressure is directly proportional to viscosity of blood.
(4)
Age : Blood pressure increases with age due to increase in inelasticity of blood
(5)
vessels.
Venous return : Amount of blood brought to the heart via the veins per unit time
(6)
is called the venous return and it is directly proportional to blood pressure.

SECTION – D
Q. 27. (1) Cleavage is a rapid mitotic division to form a blastula. These divisions take place
immediately after fertilization. The cells formed by cleavage are called blastomeres.
(2) The type of cleavage in human is holoblastic, i.e. the whole zygote gets divided,
radial and indeterminate, i.e. fate of each blastomere is not predetermined.
(3) Cleavage show faster synthesis of DNA and high consumption of oxygen.
(4) Since there is no growth phase between the cleavages, the size of blastomeres will
be reduced with every successive cleavage
Fig. Stages of cleavage

(5) The cleavages occur as follows :
Cleavage Direction Time Product
(after fertilization)
First IIJ Vertical IIJ 30 hours IIJ 2 blastomeres
Second IIJ Vertical at right IIJ 60 hours IIJ 4 blastomeres
angle to first
Third IIJ Horizontal IIJ 72 hours IIJ 8 blastomeres
(6) Successive divisions produce a solid ball of cells called morula of 16 cells. It

consists of an outer layer of smaller clearer cells and an inner mass of larger cells.
(7) Morula reaches the uterus about 4 – 6 days after fertilization.
Q. 28. Chromosomal aberrations :
(1) The structural, morphological change, which take place in chromosome due to
rearrangement, is called chromosomal aberrations.
(2)
The aberrations change the sequence of the genes. This causes variations.
Chromosomal aberrations are mainly of following four types :
(i) Deletion : Loss of genes from chromosome.
(ii) Duplication : Genes are repeated or doubled in number on chromosome,

(iii) Inversion : A particular segment of chromosome is broken and gets reattached
to the same chromosome in an inverted position due to 180° twist. There is
no loss or gain of gene complement of the chromosome.
(iv) Translocation : Transfer or transposition of a part of chromosome or a set of
genes to a non-homologous chromosome is called translocation. It is effected
naturally by the transposons present in the cell.
Fig. Chromosomal aberrations
Q. 29. (1) The heart is hollow, muscular, conical organ about the size of one’s fist with
broad base and narrow apex tilted towards left measuring about 12 cm in length,
9 cm in breadth and weighing about 250 to 300 grams.
(2) The human heart has four chambers, two atria which are superior, small, thin
walled receiving chambers and two ventricles which are inferior, large, thick
walled, distributing chambers.
(3) Externally there is a transverse groove between the atria and the ventricles which
is known as atrioventricular groove or coronary sulcus.
(4) Between the right and left ventricles there is interventricular sulcus (pl. sulci).In
these sulci the coronary arteries and coronary veins are present.
(5) Oxygenated blood to the heart is supplied by coronary arteries while coronary
veins collect deoxygenated blood from the heart. The coronary veins join to form
coronary sinus which opens into the right atrium.
(6) Right atrium is larger in size than the left atrium. Deoxygenated blood from all
over the body is brought through superior vena cava and inferior vena cava and
poured into right atrium. Oxygenated blood from lungs is brought to heart by two
pairs of pulmonary veins which carry it to the left atrium.
(7) Pulmonary trunk is seen arising from the right ventricle, which carries deoxygenated
blood to lungs. While systemic aorta arises from the left ventricle and carries
oxygenated blood to all parts of the body.
(8) The pulmonary trunk and systemic aorta are connected by ligamentum arteriosum
that represents remnant of ductus arteriosus of foetus.

Q. 30. 1. Structure of midbrain :
(1) Midbrain is the middle part of the brain situated between the forebrain and the
hindbrain. It is present between the pons varolii and diencephalon.
(2) It has two distinct regions : Corpora quadrigemina and crura cerebri.
(3) Corpora quadrigemina consists of two pairs of lobes, viz., superior colliculi
and inferior colliculi. These are located in the thick wall of midbrain.
(4) Crura cerebri are thick bands of longitudinal nerve fibres, present on the floor
of midbrain.
2. Functions of midbrain :
(1) Inferior colliculi control and coordinate auditory reflexes.
(2) Superior colliculi control head and eye movements.
(3) Crura cerebri connect the cerebrum to cerebellum and spinal cord.
Q. 31. (1) Dairy products prepared using microorganisms are curds, yogurt, butter milk and
cheese.
(2) The starter or inoculum used in preparation of dairy products contains millions of
lactic acid bacteria (LaB).
(3) Curd is prepared by inoculating milk with Lactobacillus acidophilus. It ferments
lactose sugar of milk into lactic acid. Lactic acid causes coagulation and partial
digestion of milk protein casein. Thus, milk is changed into curd. It also checks
growth of disease causing microbes.
(4) Yogurt is produced by curdling milk with the help of Streptococcus thermophilus
and Lactobacillus bulgaricus.
(5) Buttermilk is the acidulated liquid left after churning of butter from curd, is called
buttermilk.
(6) During the preparation of cheese, the milk is coagulated with lactic acid bacteria.
The curd formed is filtered and whey is separated. The solid mass is then ripened
with growth of mould that develops flavour in it. Characteristic texture, flavour
and taste of cheese are developed by different specific microbes. The ‘roquefort
cheese is ripened by bluegreen mold Penicillium roquefortii. Camembert cheese
is ripened by blue-green mold P. camembertii. The large holes in Swiss cheese
are developed due to production of a large amount of CO2 by a bacterium known
as Propionibacterium shermanii.
————

BIOLOGY
SECTION – A
Q. 1. (i) (d) Synergids
(ii) (c) Heart
(iii) (a) Monascus purpureus
(iv) (a) Spermatids
(v) (d) Abscissic acid
(vi) (b) cyclosis
(vii) (a) Primary
(viii) (b) Saccharomyces
(ix) (a) Himgiri
(x) (b) antimalarial
Q. 2. (i) Genetic code is degenerate as 61 codons code for 20 amino acids, that is two or
more codons can specify the same amino acid. e.g. Cysteine has two codons,
while Isoleucine has three codons.
(ii) There are 3 structural genes in the sequence lac-Z, lac-Y and lac-A.
(iii)
Water held tightly around soil particles, adsorbed or adhered water on fine
particles is called hygroscopic water.
(iv) Brown rust of wheat, Late blight of potato, Red rot of sugar cane, Smut of wheat,
(v) During DNA replication RNA primer provides 3ʹ OH to which DNA polymerase
enzyme can add nucleotides to synthesize new strand using parental strand of
DNA as template.
(vi) The individual transitional communities formed during succession are termed
seral communities.
(vii) The roof of diencephalon is epithalamus and floor of diencephalon is hypothalamus.
(viii) EW category means those living beings which are extinct in wild.
SECTION – B
Q. 3. (1) Geitonogamy – (c) Cucurbita

(2) Herkogamy – (d) Calotropis
(3) Self-sterility – (a) Thea
(4) Protogyny – (d) Gloriosa

Q. 4. (1) It ensures seed formation with food storage for embryo developed from fertilized
egg.
(2) Diploid zygote develops into embryo which further forms a new plant.
(3) Triploid PEN forms endosperm which is nutritive tissue for embryo.
(4) Restoration of diploid condition by syngamy.
Q. 5. (1) In epididymis sperms undergo physiological maturation.
(2) Vas deferens carry sperms to the ejaculatory duct.
Q. 6. Waves on ECG Heart Activity Caused due to

P wave Atrial contraction Atrial depolarization
QRS wave Ventricular contraction Ventricular depolarization
T wave Ventricular contraction Ventricular repolarization
Q. 7.
Human female is referred to as carrier of colour blindness because of the following
reasons :
(1) Females possess double X-chromosomes in her gametes.
(2) If one X-chromosome is carrying recessive gene for colour blindness, her other
dominant X hides the expression of colour blindness and hence she does not
become a patient.
(3) But such female can carry the defective gene to her progeny. Thus she is called
carrier of colour-blindness.
(4) A female having one recessive gene on X-chromosome is a carrier female, while
a female possessing both recessive genes on both the X-chromosomes will be
colour blind which is very rare.
Q. 8. (1) Ramapithecus was on direct line of evolution of man and was called an ape-man
like primate.
(2) Its fossils were obtained in the form of teeth and jaw bones in the rocks of Siwalik
Hills in India by Lewis and also in Kenya.
(3) It existed during late Miocene and early Pliocene epoch about 14 to 12 million
years ago.
(4) It walked erect on its hind limb.
Q. 9. (1) Root is the water absorbing organ of the plant. Root system helps in the absorption
of water and minerals.
(2) Terrestrial plants absorb liquid water from soil with root hairs while epiphytes like
orchids, have special hygroscopic tissue velamen that absorbs water vapour from
atmosphere.
(3) There are four zones in the root. Root cap is situated at tip of the root. Behind the
root caps is (a) zone of meristematic region, (b) zone of elongation, (c) zone of
absorption or root hair zone and (d) zone of maturation in the sequence.
Q. 10. (1) Mechanical means : Cervical caps, Diaphragms
(2) Chemical means : Foams, Jellies
(3) Intra-uterine devices : Lippe’s loop, Multiload 375
Q. 11. (1) Tidal Volume (TV) : It is the volume of air inspired or expired during normal
breathing. It is 500 ml.
(2) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) : The maximum or the extra volume of air
that is inspired during forced breathing in addition to TV (2000 to 3000 ml).
Q. 12. Pharynx and Larynx.
Pharynx Larynx
1. Pharynx is a short, vertical tube. 1.
Larynx is a sound producing organ
located at the end of pharynx.
2. Mouth leads to the pharynx. 2. Larynx leads to the oesophagus.
3. Vocal cords are absent. 3. Vocal cords are present.
4. Pharynx does not increase in size at the 4. Larynx increases in size at the time of
time of puberty. puberty.
5. Pharynx does not show Adam’s apple. 5. Larynx shows Adam’s apple in adult
males.
Q. 13. (1) In toxicology field, transgenic animals are used for detection of toxicants. They
are used as responsive test animals.
(2) They are used to evaluate a specific genetic change in molecular biology studies.
(3) In pharmaceutical industry, transgenic animals are used for targeted production
of pharmaceutical proteins, drug production and product efficacy testing.
(4) They are also used in study of mammalian developmental genetics.
Q. 14. (a) Succession is a spatial pattern which occurs over the time.
(b) Pioneer species are the species which occupy the ecosystem in the initial times.

SECTION – C
Q. 15. (1) Internally it shows four chambers called microsporangia or pollen sacs.
(2) The anther consists of two main parts, viz., anther wall and microsporangium or
pollen sac.
Fig. T.S. of angiospermic anther
(3) The wall of the anther can be differentiated into four layers, viz., epidermis,
endothecium, middle layers and tapetum.
(4) The epidermis is the outermost layer of the anther wall. It is made up of flattened
cells which are protective in function.
(5) The endothecium lies internal to the epidermis. It is made up of a single layer of
cells. The cells of endothecium show fibrous thickenings on radial walls.
(6) Internal to the endothecium, lie 1 to 3 layers of parenchymatous cells forming
middle layers of the anther wall. The cells of middle layers degenerate at maturity
during the formation of microspores.
Q. 16. Spermatogenesis Oogenesis

1. Spermatogenesis takes place in testis 1.
Oogenesis takes place in ovaries in
in mature and fertile males. mature and fertile females.
2.
From one spermatogonium four 2. From one oogonium one haploid ovum
haploid sperms are formed during and a polar body is formed during
spermatogenesis. oogenesis.
3.
Developed spermatid undergoes 3.
There is no such process of
metamorphosis in the process of metamorphosis in oogenesis.
spermiogenesis.
4.
Spermatid development takes place 4. Ootid development does not take place
which later becomes a functional during oogenesis. It develops only
sperm. after fertilization.
5. Spermatogonia, primary and secondary 5.
Oogonia, primary and secondary
spermatocytes and spermatid are the oocytes are the stages formed during
stages of sperms formed during oogenesis. Ootid formation occurs
spermatogenesis. only after fertilization.

Q. 17. (1)
Lac operon includes the structural genes and their control elements. Control
elements are promoters and operators. Lac means lactose.
(2) The structural genes code for proteins, r-RNA and t – RNA that are necessary for
all the cells.
(3) Promoters are signal sequences in DNA. They start the RNA synthesis. They also
act as sites where the RNA polymerases are bound during transcription.
(4) Operators are present between the promoters and structural genes.
(5) There is repressor protein that binds to the operator region of the operon.
(6) There are regulatory genes which are responsible for the formation of repressors
which interact with operators.
Q. 18. (1) Water is a compound and it is in liquid state at room temperature.
(2) It is an inert inorganic compound with neutral pH.
(3) It has high specific heat, high heat of vapourization, high heat of fusion.
(4) It has high surface tension.
(5) Water molecule has good adhesive and cohesive forces of attraction.
(6) The various properties of water are result of weak hydrogen bonding between the
water molecules.
Q. 19. (1) Abscissic acid is the full form of ABA.
(2) ABA is the natural growth inhibiting hormone.
(3) ABA is responsible for causing efflux of K+ ions from guard cells of stomata.
(4) As a result of this, osmotic changes occur and guard cells become flaccid resulting
in closure of stomata.
(5) Transpiration mainly occurs through open stomata and due to closure the activity
is checked. Hence it is described as antitranspirant.
Q. 20. (1) Abscissic acid (ABA) is a natural growth inhibiting hormone.
(2) It was observed by Carns and Addicott that shedding of cotton balls occur due to
chemical substance abscission I and II.
(3) From the buds of Acer, Wareing isolated substance that causes bud dormancy and
named it as dormin.
(4) These two chemical substances were identical and now known as abscissic acid.
(5) ABA is synthesized in leaves, fruits and seeds from mevalonic acid.

Q. 21. (1) About 70% of CO2 is transported in the form of sodium bicarbonates / potassium
bicarbonates from tissue cells to lungs.
(2) In the RBCs, CO2 combines with water in the presence of a Zn containing enzyme,
carbonic anhydrase to form carbonic acid. This action is rapid in RBCs as compared
to that in the plasma.
(3) Carbonic acid being unstable, immediately dissociates into HCO3– and H+ in the
presence of same enzyme, leading to large accumulation of HCO3– inside the
RBCs. It thus moves out of RBCs. This can bring about imbalance of the charge
inside the RBCs.
(4) To maintain the ionic balance between the RBCs and the plasma, Cl– diffuses into
the RBCs. This movement of chloride ions is known as chloride shift or
Hamburger’s phenomenon.
(5)
HCO3– that comes in the plasma joins to Na+/ K+ forming NaHCO3 / KHCO3 which
can maintain pH of blood. The remaining H+ ions in the RBCs are buffered by
haemoglobin by the formation of oxyhaemoglobin.
(6) At the level of lungs, due to the low partial pressure of carbon dioxide of the
alveolar air, hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ions combine to form carbonic acid and
under the influence of carbonic anhydrase again yields carbon dioxide and water.
Q. 22. (1) There are scattered endocrine cells in different parts of alimentary canal.
(2)
These cells secrete four peptide hormones which are gastrin, secretin,
cholecystokinin (CCK) and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP).
(3)
Gastrin stimulates gastric glands for the secretion of hydrochloric acid and
pepsinogen.
(4) The secretin acts on exocrine pancreas and stimulates secretion of water and
bicarbonate ions to form pancreatic juice.
(5) CCK acts on pancreas and gall bladder and stimulates the secretion of pancreatic
enzymes and bile juice respectively.
(6) GIP inhibit gastric secretion and motility.

Q. 23. Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system
1. Sympathetic nervous system is formed 1.
Parasympathetic nervous system has
by 22 pairs of sympathetic ganglia, 2 nerve fibres which run along with
sympathetic cords which run parallel cranial and spinal nerves.
to vertebral column.
2.
Sympathetic nervous system works 2. Parasympathetic nervous system works
through neurotransmitter, adrenaline. through release of acetylcholine.
3. Sympathetic nervous system enhances 3.
Parasympathetic nervous system
all the involuntary functions. retards all the involuntary functions.
4. It brings about fight, fright and flight 4.
It brings about relaxation, comfort,
responses. pleasure, etc.
5.
The pre-ganglionic nerve fibres are 5.
The pre-ganglionic nerve fibres are
short and the post-ganglionic nerve long and the post-ganglionic nerve
fibres are long in sympathetic nervous fibres are short in parasympathetic
system. nervous system.
Q. 24.
Tubular tower fermenter
Q. 25. Gene therapy is being used as follows :

(1) Replacement of missing or defective genes.
(2) Delivery of genes that speed the destruction of cancer cells.
(3) Supply of genes that cause cancer cells to revert back to normal cells.
(4) Delivery of bacterial or viral genes as a form of vaccination.
(5) Delivery of DNA to antigen expression and generation of immune response.
(6) Supply of gene for impairing viral replication.

Q. 26. (1) Tropical regions are bestowed by thicker vegetation and ample food due to
available sunlight and humidity.
(2) Polar regions are covered over with snow, with almost no vegetation.
(3) Only handful species of animals can survive here due to their adaptations.
(4) Species richness always shows latitudinal gradient for many plants and animal
species. It is high at lower latitudes and there is a steady decline towards the poles.
Therefore, tropical regions show more species richness.
SECTION – D
Q. 27. 1. Chromosomes are classified into the following four types according to the position
of the centromere in them :
Types of Chromosome Name of Chromosome
Metacentric
Sub-metacentric
Acrocentric
Telocentric
(1) Metacentric : In metacentric chromosome, the centromere is situated in the

middle of the chromosome. The two arms of the chromosome are nearly equal.
It appears ‘V’-shaped during anaphase.
(2) Sub-metacentric : In sub-metacentric chromosome, the centromere is situated
some distance away from the middle. Due to this, one arm of the chromosome
is shorter than the other. It appears ‘L’-shaped during anaphase.
(3) Acrocentric : In acrocentric chromosome, the centromere is situated near the
end of the chromosome. One arm of the acrocentric chromosome is very short
while the other is long making it appear like ‘J’-shaped during anaphase.
(4) Telocentric : In telocentric chromosome, the centromere is situated at the tip
of the chromosome. Telocentric chromosome has only one arm thus it appears
rod-shaped.
2. Based on the functions, chromosomes are divided into autosomes and allosomes.
Autosomes are somatic chromosomes which decide the body characters. Allosomes
are sex chromosomes which decide the sex of the individual.

Q. 28. (1) Modern synthetic theory of evolution is the result of modification of Darwinism
and theory of mutations by taking into consideration studies of genetics, ecology,
anatomy, geography and palaeontology.
(2) Five key factors of modern synthetic theory are gene mutations, mutations in the
chromosome structure and number, genetic recombinations, natural selection and
reproductive isolation. All these lead to speciation.
(3) The genotype of an organism in a population is constant, but the gene pool
constantly undergoes change due to different factors such as mutations,
recombination, gene flow, genetic drift, etc.
(4) Any change in the gene frequency in the gene pool affects population.
(5) The five main factors are broadly divided into three main concepts as follows :
Genetic variations caused due to mutation, recombination and migration.
(i)
These cause change in the gene frequency. Gene mutations or point mutation
change the phenotype of the organism, leading to variation. Recombination is
caused due to crossing over and by sexual reproduction. Gene flow is
movement of genes into or out of the population, either due to migrations or
dispersal of gametes. Genetic drift is a random change which occurs by pure
chance. Chromosomal aberrations are structural or morphological changes in
the chromosomes causing rearrangement of the sequence of genes.
Natural selection is the main driving force in evolution. It selects favourable
(ii)
gene combinations by differential reproduction of genes. This results in
changes in gene frequency.
(iii) Isolation means the separation of the population of a particular species into
smaller units which prevents interbreeding between them. This leads to
speciation or formation of new species.
Q. 29. 1. Opioids :
(1) Opioids bind to specific opioid receptors present in the central nervous system
and in gastrointestinal tract.
(2) They are depressants and slow down the body functions.
2. Cannabinoids :
(1) Cannabinoids interact with receptors in the brain.
(2) They affect cardiovascular system of the body.
3. Morphine :
(1) Morphine is an effective sedative and painkiller when used for medicinal
purpose.
(2) When abused it affects physical, physiological and psychological functions.

Q. 30. Signs and symptoms of filariasis :
(1) As the lymphatic drainage does not take place, there is oedema with thickening
of skin and underlying tissue.
(2) Extremities like legs, arms, breasts, scrotum, etc. are affected by nematode causing
lymphatic filariasis, i. e. Wuchereria bancrofti.
(3) Lymph vessels and lymph nodes are enlarged and swollen.
(4) Elephantiasis is seen in which limbs are swollen like legs of elephant.
(5) Lymphoedema, i.e. accumulation of lymph fluid is seen in tissue causing swelling.
(6) Hydrocele condition develops in which testis are enlarged due to accumulation of
lymphatic fluid in testis.
I.
Diagnosis and Treatment : For the patient, diethyl-carbamazine citrate is the
drug used for twice a day for three weeks. Thereafter for five days every six
months the same treatment is repeated. This becomes effective against filarial
worms.
II. Prevention and Control :
(1) Mosquito eradication should be done for controlling filariasis.
(2) In the areas with mosquitoes, avoid mosquito bite by using mosquito nets and
insect repellents.
Q. 31. To survive and propagate further in any environment, organisms show one of the four
possible ways, viz. regulate, conform, migrate and suspend.
(1) Regulate : In this method, organisms maintain homeostasis by physiological and
behavioural changes. due to homeostatic regulation, they can perform
thermoregulation or osmoregulation. E.g. all birds and mammals show constant
body temperature and osmotic concentration irrespective of external temperature.
(2) Conform : most of the animals and plants are unable to maintain a constant
internal environment. Their body parameters change according to outside
environment. E.g. Poikilothermic animals cannot maintain body temperature but
they are simple conformers. In few aquatic animals, the osmotic concentration of
the body fluids changes according to surrounding osmotic concentration. Few
conformers can regulate the parameters in limited range.
(3) Migrate : When organism is unable to cope up with surrounding temperatures,
they migrate temporarily from such stressful habitat to a more favourable habitat.
After the stressful period is over, they return back. Birds show long-distance
migrations during severe winter.

(4) Suspend : Suspending the life activities for particular period is one of the methods
to cope up with stressful conditions. Seeds of plants remain dormant over
unfavourable period and once favourable conditions are resumed they start
growing. This state is called dormancy during which metabolic activities are
suspended. Hibernation and aestivation seen in some animals is also for escaping
severe winter or summer respectively. E.g. Polar bear shows hibernation while
snails and fish show aestivation. These are also suspension measures.
————

BIOLOGY
SECTION – A
Q. 1. (i) (a) Biotic community
(ii) (a) Down’s syndrome = 44  XY
(iii) (c) Heterochromatin has 2 to 3 times more DNA than in the euchromatin.
(iv) (a) Prosimi
(v) (a) Avena curvature test
(vi) (a) P
(vii) (c) Insulin-Hyperglycaemia
(viii) (d) Interfascicular cambium
(ix) (c) Climax community
(x) (c) ovulation
Q. 2. (i) (1) IVF : In Vitro Fertilization.
(2) AI : Artificial Insemination
(ii) During replication of DNA, SSBP proteins remain attached to both the separated
strands and prevent them from coiling back.
(iii) In bioassay of cytokinins, chlorophyll retention test is used.
(iv) Hypersecretion of growth hormones in adults causes abnormal elongation of long
bones of arms and legs and of lower jaw i.e. acromegaly
(v) Ganga-3 (maize), CO-12 (Jowar), Niphad (Bajra)
(vi) Transfection is the insertion of a vector into the eukaryotic cells whereas
transduction is inserting a viral vector in cloning procedures.
(vii) (1) Tissue culture (2) In vitro fertilization of eggs (3) Cryopreservation.
(viii) Bioethics is the study of moral vision, decision and policies of human behaviour
in relation to biological phenomena or events.
SECTION – B
Q. 3. (1) Polyembryony is the development of more than one embryo inside the seed.
(2) When such polyembryonic seeds germinate then multiple seedlings are produced
for increasing the chances of survival of new plants.
(3) Nucellar embryos are genetically identical to parent plants hence uniform plants
are obtained.
(4) In horticulture these are used as rootstock for grafting, hence they have significant
role in fruit breeding programmes e.g. Citrus, Mango.
Q. 4. Morula Blastula
1. Morula is the embryonic stage formed 1. Blastula is the embryonic stage formed
after the completion of cleavage. after the completion of blastulation.
2. Morula is formed 4 to 6 days after the 2. Blastula is formed 6 to 7 days after the
fertilization. fertilization.
3. Morula consists of 16 cells. 3. Blastula consists of more than 64 cells.
4. Morula is solid ball of cells. 4. Blastula is a hollow ball of cells.
Q. 5. Homozygous Heterozygous
1. Individuals with similar gene pairs are 1.
Individuals with different gene pairs
called homozygous. are called heterozygous.
2.
Homozygous individuals form only 2.
Heterozygous individuals form more
one type of gametes. than one type of gametes.
3. Individuals with similar gene pairs TT, 3. Individuals with dissimilar gene pairs
tt, RR and rr are homozygous. Tt and Rr are heterozygous.
4.
Homozygous are also called pure 4.
Heterozygous are referred to as
breed. hybrids.
Q. 6. (1) The ape-like characteristics of Australopithecus were as follows :

(i)
The jaws and teeth were larger than those of modern man, along with
prognathous face.
(ii) The chin was absent and the eyebrow ridges were prominent.
(iii) Their cranial capacity ranged from 450-600 c.c. like that of an ape.
(2) The man-like characteristics of Australopithecus were as follows :
(i) Walking completely straight in a erect posture due to the vertebral column
having distinct lumbar curve with broad basin-like pelvic girdle.
(ii) Dentition was man-like with the smoothly rounded parabolic dental arch and
Simian gap was absent.
Since Australopithecus shows characters of both ape and man therefore it was called
man with ape brain.
Q. 7. (1) The four zones of root are
(i) Maturation zone
(ii) Absorption zone
(iii) Zone of elongation
(iv) Meristematic region.
(2) Maturation zone shows cells that mature leading to growth.
(3) In the zone of absorption, epidermal cells form unicellular hair like extensions
called root hairs, through which the water is absorbed.
(4) In zone of elongation there is rapid growth of cells leading to lengthening of the
roots.
(5)
Meristematic region consists of dividing cells and thus new cells are added
continuously here.
Q. 8. (1) It has high specific heat, high heat of vapourization, high heat of fusion.
(2) It has high surface tension.
(3) Water molecule has good adhesive and cohesive forces of attraction.
(4) The various properties of water are result of weak hydrogen bonding between the
water molecules.
Q. 9. (1) Ethylene promotes ripening of fruits like bananas, apples and mangoes.
(2) It initiates growth of lateral roots.
(3) Dormancy of buds and seeds is broken by its application.
(4) It accelerates formation of abscission layer and thus abscission of leaves, flowers
and fruits is observed.
Q. 10. (1) Larynx – (c) Sound box
(2) Trachea – (d) Windpipe
(3) Alveoli – (b) Air sacs
(4) Epiglottis – (a) Lid of larynx
Q. 11. Functions of spinal cord :
(1) Spinal cord is the main pathway for conduction of sensory and motor nerve
impulses.
(2) The sensory impulses travel from the body to the brain and the motor impulses
travel from the brain to the body.
(3) Spinal reflexes are controlled by spinal cord.
(4) The spinal cord reduces the load on the brain by taking appropriate actions in a
reflex way.
Q. 12. Causes of Cancer :
(1) Chemicals : Chemicals such as nicotine, caffeine, polycyclic hydrocarbons and
products of combustion of coal and oil, are cancer causing. Sex hormone and
steroids, if given or secreted in excess, can cause breast cancer. Addictive
substances, such as alcohol, drugs. are also carcinogenic.
(2) Radiation : Radiations such as X-rays, gamma-rays, cosmic rays, ultra-violet
rays are carcinogenic.
(3) Viruses : Virus possessing oncogenes (v-onc genes) are carcinogenic. e.g. EBV
(Epstein Barr Virus), HPV (Human Papiloma Virus) are oncogenic viruses.
(4) Oncogenes : Cellular oncogenes (c-onc genes) or proto-oncogenes can cause
cancer. They are present in normal cells but if activated they lead to oncogenic
transformation of cells.
Q. 13. Ill effects of alcohol on body :
(1) Alcohol in any form is toxic for the body, the liver therefore tries to detoxify it.
The chronic impact of alcohol on liver results into cirrhosis.
(2) In low doses it acts as a stimulant but in high dose, it acts on central nervous
system, especially the cerebrum and cerebellum. Still higher dose can induce a
comatose condition.
(3) Alcohol affects the gastrointestinal tract by causing inflammation and damage to
gastric mucosa. Ulceration and painful condition arises in alcoholics.
(4) Excessive doses of alcohol induce vomiting.
Q. 14. Biocontrol agents :
(1) Biocontrol agents are the organisms like (bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoans)
act which are employed for controlling pathogens, pests and weeds.
(2) They cause disease to the pest or compete or kill them.
(3)
The use of biocontrol measures greatly reduces use of toxic chemicals and
pesticides that are harmful to human beings and also pollute our environment.
(4) Some examples :
(a) Bacteria (Bacillus thuringiensis, B. papilliae and B. lentimorbus act on host
caterpillars, cabbage worms, adult beetles
(b) Fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Entomophothora, pallidaroseum, Zoophthora
radicans) act on host Aphid crocci, A. unguicilata, mealy bugs, mites, white
flies, etc.
(c) Protozoans (Nosema locustae) act on host Grasshoppers, caterpillars, crickets
(d)
Viruses (Nucleopolyhedro virus-nPV, Granulovirus-GV) act upon host
caterpillars, Gypsy moth, ants and beetles.

SECTION – C
Q. 15.
Fig. Development of male gametophyte
Q. 16. Column A Column B
(1) Mutualism Lichen having alga and fungus, Bumblebee and flowering
plant.
(2) Commensalism Epiphytic orchid and mango tree, Egret and cattle.
(3) Parasitism Ascaris and human, Plasmodium vivax and man.
Q. 17. (1) Statement of Law of Dominance : When two homozygous individuals with one
or more sets of contrasting characters are crossed, the alleles that appear in F1 are
dominant and those which do not appear in F1 are recessive.
(2) Statement of Law of Segregation or Law of purity of gametes : When F1
hybrid forms gametes, the alleles segregate from each other and enter in different
gametes. The gametes formed are pure because they carry only one either dominant
allele or recessive allele each. Due to this the law is also called “Law of purity
of gametes”.
(3) Statement of Law of Independent Assortment : When hybrid possessing two
(or more) pairs of contrasting alleles forms gametes, these alleles in each pair
segregate independently of the other pair.

Q. 18. (1) Pre-zygotic or pre-mating isolating mechanisms do not allow individuals to mate
with each other at all.
(2) By various mechanisms the two groups remain isolated. These mechanisms are
of following types :
Habitat isolation : Habitat isolation is the phenomenon in which members of
(i)
a population living in the same region occupy different habitats. Hence the
potential mates do not interbreed among themselves.
Seasonal isolation : In seasonal isolation, members of a population share the
(ii)
same region but attaining sexual maturity at the different times of the year.
They thus remain isolated reproductively preventing interbreeding among
themselves.
(iii) Ethological isolation : Ethological isolation is seen when members of two
populations have different mating behaviours. This prevents interbreeding.
(iv) Mechanical isolation : Mechanical isolation is seen when the members of
two populations have differences in the structure of reproductive organs. Due
to such differences interbreeding is not possible.
Q. 19. Plants absorb water from following regions :
(1)
Rhizosphere water : The microenvironment surrounding the root is called
rhizosphere. Water present here is absorbed by plants.
(2) Water present in the deep soil is gravitational water. This is not available to plants
for absorption as it percolated deep down in to the soil due to gravity.
(3) Other types of water occur in the form of hygroscopic water, combined water and
capillary water.
(4) Hygroscopic water is present in the fine soil particles of soil.
Water present in the form of hydrated oxides of silicon and aluminium is called
combined water.
(5) Both these types of water is not available to plants.
(6) Capillary water which is present in the pores present between the neighbouring
soil particles, due to capillarity is available for the plants.
Q. 20. Chemical Category Effect Example

Substance
(1) NAA Auxins Flowering induced Pineapple/Litchi
(2) GA3 Gibberellins Causes parthenocarpy Tomato, apple, pear
(3) Kinetin Cytokinin Callus proliferation Tobacco
(4) ABA Abscisic acid Induce bud dormancy Acer

Q. 21.
Fig. Conducting system of human heart
Pacemaker : Pacemaker is the region that has power of generation of wave of

contraction. In human heart, sinoatrial node is called pacemaker.
Q. 22. (1) Adrenal medulla originates from embryonic neuro-ectoderm.
(2) It consists of rounded group of large granular cells called chromaffin cells. They
are modified post-ganglionic cells of sympathetic nervous system which have lost
normal processes and acquired glandular function.
(3)
These cells are connected with pre-ganglionic fibres of sympathetic nervous
system.
(4) Hence adrenal medulla is an extension of sympathetic nervous system.
(5) Thus adrenal medulla and sympathetic nervous system functions as a closely
integrated system.
Q. 23. (1) Biogas is a cheap, safe, non-conventional and renewable source of energy.
(2) It can be easily generated, stored and transported.
(3) Biogas burns with a blue flame without producing smoke.
(4) Biogas is of great help in improving the sanitation of the surrounding.
(5) Biogas is an eco-friendly gas. It does not cause pollution and imbalance of the
environment.
(6) Leftover sludge can be used as fertilizer.
(7) It is used as domestic and industrial fuel. Biogas can be used for domestic lighting,
street lighting, cooking, small scale industries, etc.
Q. 24. There are three types of endosperm, viz., nuclear, cellular and helobial.
(1) Nuclear endosperm :
(i) Nuclear endosperm is formed by the primary endosperm nucleus (PEN) when
it undergoes free nuclear division forming a large number of triploid nuclei
which remain freely suspended in the common cytoplasm of central cell.

(ii) A central vacuole pushes the nuclei towards periphery. Later wall formation
takes place around these nuclei to form a cellular mass. E.g. Seen in maize,
sunflower, wheat, coconut, etc.
(2) Cellular endosperm : The endosperm is formed by the triploid primary
endosperm nucleus in which the development occurs in cellular form. Tt is less
common and seen in dicot plants like Datura, Petunia, Balsam, Adoxa.
(3) Helobial endosperm :
(i) In helobial type of endosperm, the first division of the primary endosperm
nucleus is followed by the formation of cell wall.
(ii) The central cell then divides into a large micropylar cell and a small chalazal
cell. In both micropylar and chalazal chamber, the further development of the
endosperm is of nuclear type. The walls develop between nuclei in micropylar
chamber.
E.g. Seen in plants of order Helobiales of Monocots. e.g. Asphodehis.
Q. 25. Primary succession Secondary succession
1.
The primary succession starts in the 1.
The secondary succession starts in an
area where no living organisms ever area which has lost all the living organisms
existed. once existed.
2. Areas where primary succession starts 2. Abandoned farm, cut or burnt forest,
are bare rock, newly formed pond, flooded land, etc. are areas where
newly cooled lava, etc. secondary succession begins.
3.
Primary succession is a very slow 3. Secondary succession is comparatively
process. a faster process.
Q. 26.
Fig. Graph showing species – area relationship
(1) Scientists have tried to establish relationship between species diversity and the
size of the habitat. It is considered that number of species present is directly
proportional to the area.

(2) It is understood that larger areas may have more resources that can be distributed
amongst the inhabitant species.
(3) Alexander von Humboldt observed that species richness does increase with the
increase in area but only till a certain limit.
(4) For many species this curve is a rectangular hyperbola.
(5) If we consider S to be species richness, A as area under study, C as the Y intercept
and Z as the slope of the line, this relationship can be described by the equation,
log S=log C  Z log A.
(6) On logarithmic scale this relationship is a straight line, as observed in the figure
above. For smaller areas, value of Z ranges between 0.1 to 0.2 regardless of
species or region under study.
(7) But for the larger areas like the entire continents, slopes are closer to vertical axis
i.e. steeper.
(8) This observation indicates that in very large areas, number of species found,
increase faster than the area explored.
SECTION – D
Q. 27. (1) Parturition is the act of expelling out the mature foetus from the uterus of mother
via the vagina.
(2) When the foetus is fully mature, it starts secreting ACTH (Adreno Cortico Trophic
Hormone) from its pituitary.
(3) ACTH stimulates adrenal glands of foetus to produce corticosteroids.
(4)
These corticosteroids diffuse from foetal blood to mother’s blood across the
placenta. Corticosteroids accumulate in mother’s blood that results in decreased
amount of progesterone. Corticosteroids also increase secretion of prostaglandins.
(5) Simultaneously estrogen levels rise bringing about initation of contractions of
uterine muscular wall.
(6)
Reduced progesterone level and increased estrogen level cause secretion of
oxytocin from mother’s pituitary. This causes greater stimulation of myometrium
of uterus.
(7) Prostaglandins cause increased forceful contraction of uterus which expels the
foetus out of the uterus.
(8) Hormone relaxin secreted by the placenta makes the pubic ligaments and sacroiliac
joints of the mother loosen. This causes widening of birth canal which facilitates
the normal birth of the baby.

Q. 28. (1) Hershey and Chase worked with bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria and
which are composed of DNA and protein coat).
(2) They cultured E. coli bacteria in medium containing radioactive phosphorus 32P .
By infecting these bacteria with bacteriophages, Hershey and Chase could develop
bacteriophages having DNA labelled with 32P . As DNA contains phosphorus and
proteins do not.
(3) They also cultured E. coli bacteria in medium containing radioactive sulphur 35S.
By infecting these bacteria with bacteriophages, they developed bacteriophages
whose protein coat was labelled with 35S, as proteins contain sulphur and DNA
does not.
[Note : Viruses cannot be cultivated in medium.]
(4) Experiment involved three steps.
(a) Infection : Both the types of radioactive phages were allowed to infect E.coli
bacteria grown on the medium containing normal ‘P’ and ‘S’.
(b) Blending : Then bacterial cultures were agitated in blender to break contact
between bacteria and parts of viruses that did not enter bacterial cells.
(c) Centrifugation : It was done to separate bacterial cells as a pellet. Parts of
viruses which did not enter bacteria remained in the suspension.
(5) Observation :
(a) Radioactive ‘S' remained in suspension.
(b) Only radioactive ‘P’ was found inside the bacterial cell in the pellet.
(6) Thus it was proved that DNA is the genetic material which enters bacterial cell
and not protein.
Q. 29. (1) In human beings, there is double circulation because blood passes twice through
the heart during one cardiac cycle.
(2) The blood follows two routes, viz. pulmonary and systemic.
(3) Pulmonary circulation is circulation between heart and lungs. Systemic circulation
is the circulation between the heart and body organs (except lungs).
(4) During pulmonary circulation, the blood passes from the right ventricle to the left
atrium of the heart through lungs.
(5) The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary trunk which carries
it to lungs for oxygenation. The oxygenated blood from the lungs is brought to left
atrium by two pairs of pulmonary veins.
(6) During systemic circulation, the blood from the left ventricle passes to the right
atrium of heart through body organs.
(7) The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the systemic aorta which carries
it to all body organs except lungs. The deoxygenated blood from the body organs
is brought to right atrium by superior and inferior venae cavae.
Q. 30. 1. Different parts of brain :
(1) There are three divisions of the brain, viz. forebrain (prosencephalon), midbrain
mesencephalon) and hindbrain (rhombencephalon).
(2)
Forebrain is divided into cerebrum (telencephalon) and diencephalon
(thalamencephalon). Underdeveloped olfactory lobes (rhinencephalon) can
also be seen in the anterior region.
(3) Midbrain consists of corpora quadrigemina and crura cerebri.
(4) Hindbrain has cerebellum (metencephalon) and brain stem. It is divided into
pons varolii and medulla oblongata (myelencephalon).
2. Functions of mid brain :
Corpora quadrigemina controls and coordinates the eye movement. It also controls
and coordinates auditory reflexes. Crura cerebri is the relay centre of impulses and
it controls the muscle tone.
Q. 31. (1) Biopatent is a biological patent awarded for strains of microorganisms, cell lines,
genetically modified strains, DNA sequences, biotechnological processes, product
processes, product and product applications.
(2)
It allows the patent holder to exclude others from making, using, selling or
importing protected invention for a limited period of time.
(3) Duration of biopatent is five years from the date of the grant or seven years from
the date of filing the patent application, whichever is less.
(4)
Awarding biopatents provides encouragement to innovations and promote
development of scientific culture in society. It also emphasizes the role of biology
in shaping human society.
(5) First biopatent was awarded for genetically engineered bacterium ‘Pseudomonas’
used for clearing oils spills.
(6) Patent jointly issued by Delta and Pineland company and US department of
agriculture having title ‘control of plant gene expression’, is based on a gene that
produces a protein toxic to plant and thus prevents seed germination.
This patent was not granted by Indian government. Such a patent is considered
morally unacceptable and fundamentally unequitable. Such patents would pose a
threat to global food security as financially powerful corporations would acquire
monopoly over biotechnological process.
————

BIOLOGY
SECTION – A
Q. 1. (i) (c) Hypohydrophilous
(ii) (b) ampulla
(iii) (a) complete sex linkage
(iv) (d) Uracil
(v) (a) Pithecanthropus
(vi) (c) Random mating
(vii) (b) gravitational
(viii) (b) leaf fall and dormancy
(ix) (b) palatine
(x) (c) Streptomyces venezuelae
Q. 2. (i) Condoms in male, cervical caps and vaults in females.
(ii)
Two molecules each of histone proteins, viz. H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 are the
nucleosomal 'core' histones.
(iii) Gamete mortality, zygote mortality are the two types of post-zygotic isolating
mechanisms.
(iv)
Root hairs are ephemeral structures in the roots.
(v)
The layer of squamous epithelium lining the alveolus, basement membrane and
a layer of squamous epithelium lining the capillary wall help in gaseous exchange
between the alveolar air and the blood.
(vi)
The soil characteristics along with pH, mineral composition and topography, and
climatic factors determine the vegetation of an area.
(vii) Lice, mosquito feeding on human blood and ticks parasitic on dogs.
(viii)
India has three of world’s biodiversity, viz. Western Ghats, Indo-Burma and
eastern Himalayas.
SECTION – B
Q. 3. (1) Microsporogenesis : The process in which each microspore mother cell divides
meiotically to form tetrad of haploid microspores (pollen grains).
Megasporogenesis : It is the process of formation of haploid megaspores from
(2)
diploid megaspore mother cell.

Q. 4. Pleiotropy :
(1) When a single gene controls two or more different traits, it is called a pleiotropic
gene and the phenomenon is known as pleiotropy or pleiotropism. The pleiotropic
ratio is always 1 : 2 instead of normal 3 : 1. In pleiotropy a single gene produces
two different expressions.
(2) Sickle-cell anaemia is caused by the gene HbS. The healthy or normal gene which
is dominant is HbA. The heterozygotes or carriers i.e., HbA/Hbs show anaemia as
there is deficiency of haemoglobin due to sickling of RBCs. Abnormally low
concentration of oxygen can cause sickling of RBCs.
(3) The homozygotes possessing the recessive gene HbS die because of fatal anaemia
because the gene for sickle-cell anaemia is lethal in homozygous condition and
causes sickle-cell trait in heterozygous carrier.
(4) When two carriers are married they will produce normal carriers and sickle-cell
anaemic children in the ratio of 1 : 2 : 1. Out of these three children sickle-cell
anaemic child will die leaving the ratio 1 : 2 instead of 3 : 1.
Q. 5. (1) Endosperm, that is developed after fertilization is a nutritive tissue for developing
embryo.
(2) Endosperm stores food material.
(3) In some seeds this reserved food is partially utilized by embryo for development,
E.g; Castor.
(4) The endosperm remains in the seed and it is utilized further during seed germination.
Hence the seed is endospermic or albuminous.
Q. 6. (1) Graafian follicle – (d) Release of secondary oocyte
(2) Uterus – (a) Site of implantation
(3) Fallopian tube – (c) Site of fertilization
(4) Vagina – (b) Birth canal
Q. 7.
Fig. Structure of root hair

Q. 8. Effects after application of gibberellins :
(1) Gibberellins break dormancy of bud, dormancy of seed.
(2) They promote seed germination in cereals by activating or synthesising enzyme
amylase to produce sugar.
(3) Gibberellins induce elongation of the cells in stem hence increase in internode
length is noticed.
(4) In rosette plants like cabbage it causes ‘bolting’ that is increase in internode length
before flowering.
Q. 9. Apical dominance :
(1) The presence of apical bud inhibits the growth of lateral buds. This phenomenon
in which the apical (terminal) bud is active and lateral buds remain inactive is
called apical dominance.
(2) It is believed that apical dominance is controlled by an auxin which is synthesized
in the apical bud.
(3) From the apical bud, the auxin migrates to the lateral buds and inhibits their
growth.
(4)
When apical bud is removed, the lateral buds grow and form branches. For
producing more branches therefore, the apical buds are removed.
Q. 10. Pacemaker :
(1) Pacemaker is the region in the heart which initiates the beating.
(2) The natural pacemaker of the heart is sinoatrial node (SA node).
(3) The pacemaker is autorhythmic, it is able to repeatedly and rhythmically generate
impulses.
(4) SA node is responsible for initiation of cardiac excitation. Therefore, it is called
a pacemaker.
Q. 11. Nervous system of Planaria :
(1) Planaria is a flatworm and belongs to the phylum Platyhelminthes.
(2) It is the most primitive animal with a Central nervous System (CNS) located on
the ventral side of body.
(3) Nervous system consists of a mass of cerebral or cephalic ganglion appearing like
an inverted U-shaped brain.
(4) Ventrally from below the ganglia arise a pair of Ventral nerve Cords (VNC) or
long nerve cords. These are interconnected to each other by transfer nerve or
commissure in a ladder like manner.
(5) The PNS include sensory cells arranged in lateral cords in the body.

Q. 12. Typhoid is caused due to Salmonella typhi which is a Gram-negative bacterium,
transmitted from a patient or carrier to another healthy person through contaminated
food or water. Flying insects, mostly houseflies transmit the bacteria from faeces to
the food. Poor hygienic habits and improper public sanitation system spreads typhoid.
Therefore, it is said to be food and water-borne disease.
Q. 13.
Fig. Formation of antigen-antibody complex
Q. 14. Alcoholic beverages :

(1)
Alcoholic beverages are the products of alcoholic fermentation of particular
substrates.
(2) Tubular tower fermenters are used to produce alcoholic beverages on a large scale.
(3) Wine and whisky are prepared respectively from grapes and fermenting mixed
grains of wheat, barley and corn followed by the distillation of the products of
fermentation.
(4) Liquors like beer, wine are produced without distillation while whisky, rum and
brandy are distilled alcoholic beverages. Beer is produced from barley by
fermentation. For the production of beer, strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are
used.
(5) Toddy is prepared by fermenting the sugar sap extracted from palms and coconut
palms while fenny is fermented by fleshy pedicels of cashew fruits.
SECTION – C
Q. 15. (1) Apomixis : The phenomenon of formation of embryo(s) by asexual methods
without formation of gametes and fertilization is termed as apomixis.
(2) There are three main categories of apomixis. (a) Recurrent (b) Non-recurrent and
(c) Adventive embryony.
(a) Recurrent apomixis : in this diploid sporophytic cell, archesporial cell or
nucellus form embryos, when diploid megaspore mother cell forms embryo
sac it is known as diplospory. It is also called apospory.

(b) Non-recurrent apomixis : Haploid embryo sac is formed but the embryos
arise either from egg cell or any other haploid cell. It is also known as
apogamy.
(c) Adventive Embryony : In this in addition to normal zygotic embryo,
additional embryos develop from nucellus or integuments. It results in
polyembryony.
Q. 16. Column ‘A’ Column ‘B’
(A) Autosomal disorder Edward’s syndrome, Down’s syndrome
(B) Sex chromosomal disorder Turner’s syndrome, Klinefelter’s syndrome
(C) Mendelian disorder Sickle-cell anemia, Thalassemia
Q. 17. Industrial melanism :

(1) Industrial melanism is the best example of natural selection which was studied by
Kettlewell in U.K.
(2) Before industrialisation, in Great Britain, greyish white Biston betularia were
more in number than melanic Biston carbonaria..
(3) White-winged moth can camouflage well with the lichen covered whitish barks
of trees. They thus escaped the attention of the predatory birds. But at the same
time melanic forms were visible due to white barks of the trees. Their number
was thus reduced as they were preyed upon by birds.
(4)
Later due to industrial revolution, which ultimately there was air pollution,
resulting into dark barks and destruction of lichens. This was advantageous for
melanic forms and their number increased.
(5) White-winged moths became clearly seen in changed colours of the trees and thus
they were easily caught by predatory birds. This caused decrease in their number.
(6) Natural selection thus acted in changed environmental conditions and helped in
the establishment of a phenotypic traits.
Q. 18. (1)
Rhizosphere water : The microenvironment surrounding the root is called
rhizosphere. Water present here is absorbed by plants.
(2) Water present in the deep soil is gravitational water. This is not available to plants
for absorption as it percolated deep down in to the soil due to gravity.
(3) Other types of water occur in the form of hygroscopic water, combined water and
capillary water.
(4) Hygroscopic water is present in the fine soil particles of soil. Water present in the
form of hydrated oxides of silicon and aluminium is called combined water.
(5) Both these types of water is not available to plants.

(6) Capillary water which is present in the pores present between the neighbouring
soil particles, due to capillarity is available for the plants.
Q. 19. (a) ABA includes the plant to bear the adverse environmental conditions. It inhibits
flowering on long day plants. It accelerates the senescence of leaves, flowers and
fruits therefore it is called stress hormone.
(b) Auxin has primary effect of cell enlargement on the plants. It stimulates growth
of stem and root. It induces multiplication of cells and stimulates formation of
lateral and adventitious roots. Therefore, it is called a growth regulator.
Q. 20. (1)
Double circulation : Movement of blood twice through the heart during one
circulation cycle is called double circulation. Body  heart  lungs  heart 
body is the course of double circulation.
(2) Significance of double circulation :
(a) Double circulation is more effective type of circulation in which oxygenated
and deoxygenated type of blood do not intermix.
(b) The systemic circulation i.e. from body to heart and back to body while the
pulmonary circulation i.e. from heart to lungs and back to heart circulate the
blood uniformly.
(3) Coronary and hepatic portal circulation is also achieved due to double circulation.
Q. 21. I. Heart :
(1) Heart walls secrete Atrial natriuretic hormone / ANF.
(2) ANF increases sodium excretion [natriuresis] along with water.
(3) It acts along with kidneys and reduces blood pressure by lowering blood
volume.
II. Kidney :
(1) Kidney produces renin, erythropoietin and calcitriol (calcitriol is the active
form of vitamin cholecalciferol (D3).
(2) Renin along with angiotensin helps in maintaining the blood pressure in the
renal artery by vasoconstriction.
(3) Erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis.
(4) Calcitriol helps in absorbing calcium from the stomach.
Q. 22. (1) Biogas is a mixture of methane CH4 (50 – 60%), CO2 (30 – 40%), H2S (0 – 3%) and
other gases (CO, N2, H2) in traces.
(2) Biogas production process :
(a) A typical biogas plant consists of digester (made up of concrete bricks and
cement or steel and is partly buried in the soil) and gas holder (a cylindrical
gas tank to collect gases).
(b) Raw materials like cow dung is mixed with water in equal proportion to make
slurry which is fed into the digester through a side opening (charge pit).
(c) Anaerobic digestion involves following processes :
i. Hydrolysis or solubilization : Anaerobic hydrolyzing bacteria like
Clostridium and Pseudomonas hydrolyse carbohydrates into simple
sugars, proteins into amino acids and lipids into fatty acids.
ii. Acidogenesis : Facultative and obligate anaerobic, acidogenic bacteria
convert simple organic substances into acids like formic acid, acetic acid,
H2 and CO2.
iii. Methanogenesis : Anaerobic methanogenic bacteria like
Methanobacterium, Methanococcus convert acetate, H2 and CO2 into
Methane, CO2 and H2O and other products.
12 mol CH3COOH 12CH4 + 12CO2
4 mol H.COOH CH4 + 3CO2 + 2H2O
CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2H2O
Q. 23.
Q. 24. (a) The job of t-RNA is to pick up amino acids and transport them to ribosomes.
t-RNA is an adapter molecule. It reads the codons of m-RNA and also
simultaneously transfer specific amino acid to m-RNA ribosome complex. It
binds with amino acid at its 3’ end,
(b) In prokaryotes, translation can start before transcription is complete, as both these
processes occur in the same compartment, i.e. cytoplasm. But in eukaryotes,
transcription and processing of hnRNA occurs in nucleus. hnRNA then comes out
of the nucleus through nuclear pores and then it is translated at ribosomes in the
cytoplasm.
(c) (1) Translation is the process in which sequence of codons of m-RNA is decoded
and accordingly amino acids are added in specific sequence to form a
polypeptide on ribosomes.
(2) Ribosome has one binding site for m-RNA. It orients m-RNA molecule in
such a way that all the codons are properly read.
(3) Ribosome has three binding sites for t-RNA : P-site (peptidyl t-RNAsite),
A-site (aminoacyl t-RNA-site) and E-site (exit site).
(4) t-RNAs place the required amino acids in correct sequence and translate the
coded message of RNA.
(5) In eukaryotes, a groove which is present between two subunits of ribosomes,
protects the polypeptide chain from the action of cellular enzymes and also
protects m-RNA from the action of nucleases.
(6) Thus ribosome plays an important role in translation.
Q. 25. Behavioural adaptation in animals :
(1) Behavioural responses to cope with variations in their environment are shown by
few animals.
(2) Desert lizards manage to keep their body temperature fairly constant by behavioural
adaptations. They bask in the sun and absorb heat, when their body temperature
drops below the comfort zone, but move into shade, when the ambient temperature
starts increasing. Even snakes also show basking during winter months.
(3) Since they are ectothermic, this kind of behaviour saves them from extreme
temperatures.
(4) Many smaller animals show burrowing behaviour to adapt to the temperature
extremes.
(5) Some species burrow into the sand to hide and escape from the heat.
(6) Migrations shown by the birds and mammals are also behavioural responses for
adapting to severe winter temperatures.
Q. 26. Succession in aquatic habitat :
(1)
In aquatic habitats the pioneer species in primary succession are the small
phytoplankton.
(2) Phytoplankton are replaced by rooted-submerged plants (e.g. Hydrilla), rooted-
floating angiosperms (e.g. Lotus) followed by free-floating plants (e.g.Pistia),
then reed swamp (e.g. Typha), marsh-meadow (e.g. Cyperus), scrub (e.g. Alnus)
and finally the trees (e.g. Quercus) in a very systematic and gradual way.
(3) The climax again would be formation of forest. With passage of time, the water
body is converted into land.

SECTION – D
Q. 27.
(1) The DNA segment and excess of two primer molecules, four types of dNTPs, the
thermostable DNA polymerase are mixed together in ‘eppendorf tube’.
(2) One PCR cycle is of 3 – 4 minutes duration and it involves following steps :
Denaturation : The reaction mixture is heated at 90° – 98°C. Due to this
(a)
hydrogen bonds in the DNA break and two strands of DNA separate. This is
called denaturation.
(b) Annealing of primer : When the reaction mixture is cooled to 40° – 60°C,
the primer pairs with its complementary sequences in ssDNA. This is called
annealing.
(c) Extension of primer : In this step, the temperature is increased to 70° – 75°C.
At this temperature thermostable Taq DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to
3’end of primer using single-stranded DNA as template. This is called primer
extension. Duration of this step is about two minutes.

(3) In an automatic thermal cycler, the above three steps are automatically repeated
20 – 30 times.
(4) Thus, at the end of ‘n’ cycles 2n copies of DNA segments, get synthesized.
Q. 28. Griffith's transformation experiment :
(1) In 1928, Frederick Griffith, carried out experiments with bacterium Streptococcus
pneumoniae (which causes pneumonia in humans and other mammals).
(2) Griffith used two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae :
(a) S-type (Virulent, smooth, pathogenic and encapsulated).
(b) R-type (Non-virulent, rough, non-pathogenic and non-capsulated).
(3) Experiments carried out by F. Griffith :
(a) Mice were injected with R-strain bacteria and they survived (no pneumonia).
(b) Mice injected with S-strain bacteria developed pneumonia and died.
(c) When heat-killed S-strain bacteria were injected in mice, the mice survived.
(d) On injecting a mixture of heat-killed S-bacteria and live R bacteria, the mice
died.
(4) Griffith obtained live S-strain bacteria from the blood of the dead mice.
(5) He concluded that the live R-strain bacteria must have picked up something
(which he called transforming principle) from the heat killed S bacterium, and got
changed into S-type. Transforming principle allowed R-type to synthesize capsule
and it became virulent.
(6) Thus, F. Griffith first demonstrated genetic transformations.
Q. 29. Blood corpuscles are of three types, viz. erythrocytes (RBCs), white blood corpuscles
(WBCs) and thrombocytes (platelets).
I. Erythrocytes or Red blood cells :
(1)
They are circular, boconcave and enucleated cells with 7 µm diameter and
thickness of 2.5 µm
(2) The RBC count varies in two different sexes but ranges between 4 to 6 million
RBCs / cubic mm of blood.
(3) RBCs are formed in bone marrow by process of erythropoiesis. In young, they
are formed in liver and spleen too.
Functions of RBCs :
(i) Transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to
lungs with the help of haemoglobin.
(ii) Maintenance of blood pH as haemoglobin acts as a buffer.

II. Leucocytes or White blood cells :
Fig. Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
(1) WBCs are colouriess, nucleated, amoeboid and phagocytic cells.

(2) Their size ranges between 8 to 15 µm. Total WBC count is 5000 to 9000 WBCs/
cu mm of blood. The average life span of a WBC is about 3 to 4 days.
(3) They are formed by leucopoiesis in red bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils,
thymus and payer’s patches, whereas the dead WBCs are destroyed by phagocytosis
in blood, liver and lymph nodes.
(4) Leucocytes are mainly divided into two types, viz., granulocytes and agranulocytes.
Granulocytes are of three subtypes, viz. neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
while agranulocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes.
(5) The main function of WBC is to protect the body by the production of antibodies
and also by phagocytosis.
III. Thrombocytes or platelets :
(1) Thrombocytes or platelets are non-nucleated, round and biconvex blood corpuscles.
(2) They are smallest corpuscles measuring about 2.5 to 5 mm in diameter with a
count of about 2.5 lakhs/cu mm of blood.
(3) Their life span is about 5 to 10 days.
(4) Thrombocytes are formed from megakaryocytes of bone marrow. They break
from these cells as fragments during the process of thrombopoiesis.
(5) They help in blood coagulation.

Q. 30. (1) Before conduction of nerve impulse, the cell membrane is in the polarized state.
(2) When a stimulus is applied at a site on the polarised membrane, the membrane at
that site becomes freely permeable to Na+.
(3) This leads to a rapid influx of Na+ followed by the reversal of the polarity at that
site, i.e., the outer surface of the membrane becomes negatively charged and the
inner side becomes positively charged.
(4) The polarity of the membrane at that site [site A] is thus reversed and hence
depolarised. The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane at the
site of stimulation is called the action potential, which is in fact termed as a
nerve impulse.
(5) At sites immediately ahead [site B], the axon membrane has a positive charge on
the outer surface and a negative charge on its inner surface. As a result, a current
flows on the inner surface from site A to site B.
(6) On the outer surface current flows from site B to site A to complete the circuit
of current flow. Hence, the polarity at the site is reversed, and an action potential
is generated at site B. Thus, the impulse (action potential) generated at site A
arrives at site B.
(7) The sequence is repeated along the length of the axon and consequently the
impulse is conducted.
(8) The rise in the stimulus-induced permeability to Na+ is extremely short-lived. It
is quickly followed by a rise in permeability to K+.
(9) Within a fraction of a second, K+ diffuses outside the membrane and restores the
resting potential of the membrane at the site of excitation and the fibre becomes
once more responsive to further stimulation.

Q. 31. Process of fertilization in human beings :
(1) Fertilization is the process of fusion of the haploid male and female gametes
which results in the formation of a diploid zygote (2n).
(2) In human beings fertilization is internal. Sperms deposited in vagina, swim across
the uterus and fertilize the ovum in ampulla of the fallopian tube. Deposition of
sperms by male into female genital tract is called insemination.
Fig. Process of Fertilization
(3) The following events occur during the process of fertilization :

(i) Movement of sperms towards the egg : Sperm undergoes capacitation due
to which acrosome membrane becomes thin allowing the entry of Ca++ ions
in it. Due to capacitation sperm reaches ampulla of fallopian tubes.
(ii) Entry of sperm into egg : Hyaluronidase is produced by sperm head due to
which cells of corona radiata are separated. Fertilizin of zona pellucida and
antifertilizin of sperminteraction takes place.
(iii) Acrosome reaction : Sperm head produces lytic enzyme called acrosin or
zona lysin which dissolves the egg membrane. Vitelline membrane is changed
into fertilization membrane. This prevents polyspermy.
(iv) Activation of ovum : Ovum is activated to undergo meiosis II. Now it
becomes true ovum.
(v) Fusion of egg and sperm : In this event, syngamy, i.e fusion of male and
female nuclei takes place forming a zygote.
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SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 1

Q. 1. (i) (d) Pollen grain

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 1

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 3

Epidermis Endothecium Middle Layer Tapetum

Outer layer Layer with fibrous Layer of thin Innermost Layer

Function Protection Function Nutrition

4 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 5

Q. 23. Substance Potential benefit Crop Transgene

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 7

8 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

Fig. Internal structure of human heart

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 9

10 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 11

SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 2

Q. 1. (i) (b) prevent fertilization

(ii) (c) synapsis

(iii) (b) i, iv, iii, ii

(iv) (c) Simian gap

(v) (d) meristematic region.

(vi) (d) anti-gibberellin

(viii) (a) Invasive species

(ix) (b) latitudinal gradient

(x) (c) Climax community

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 1

Q. 3. Autogamy (Self-pollination) Xenogamy (Cross pollination)

Q. 4. (a) Non-disjunction : Non-disjunction is the phenomenon in which chromosomes

Q. 6. (1) Water is in liquid state at room temperature.

2 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 3

Q. 14. (1) Walter Rosen – (d) Coined the term biodiversity.

(2) David Tillman – (c) Productivity stability Hypothesis.

(3) Paul Ehrlich – (b) Rivet Popper Hypothesis.

(4) Edward Wilson – (a) Popularisation of term biodiversity.

(3) Heteromorphy : In same plants different types of flowers are produced. In these

(4) Herkogamy : In bisexual flowers we may come across mechanical device to

4 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

Gametophytic cell produces embryo Sporophytic cell produces embryo

Q. 17. (1) A : Seminiferous tubule

Q. 18. X-chromosome Y-chromosome

Q. 19. A : Infection B : Blending C : Centrifugation

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 5

6 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

Q. 24. Organism Habitat Respiratory surface/organ

Q. 25. (a) Enzyme is EcoRI.

Q. 26. Factors affecting blood pressure are :

Biology 2021 Paper & Solution

Biology 2021 Paper & Solution

Q. 4. (a) Non-disjunction : Non-disjunction is the phenomenon in which chromosomes

(3) Heteromorphy : In same plants different types of flowers are produced. In these

(4) Herkogamy : In bisexual flowers we may come across mechanical device to

Q. 17. (1) A : Seminiferous tubule

Q. 19. A : Infection B : Blending C : Centrifugation

(6) Successive divisions produce a solid ball of cells called morula of 16 cells. It

(1) Metacentric : In metacentric chromosome, the centromere is situated in the

Pacemaker : Pacemaker is the region that has power of generation of wave of