Thermodynamics 2

By
Shyam Mohan Bhaiya
 Pressure
ftp.t.h.dgyg
- -
-
-
-

kg -6 F
-

- -
- -
=

ta Iaea
-

⇐f±"
- - -
'

- -

-
-

•
Fcm Pressure = = =
g
.EC#ofHg

.ly#hthcmqxgPusse.--
A
-
-

- -
-
-

- -
- -

=
-
-

= =
- - -
- - -

WATER
Lethem of water exenterate )

same pressure as Hcm of Meg .

.

hatshemxtsqpxadocmk-H.mg/3bffo?oay .

Hug -_
¥6 cm .

|hc¥°q÷aat£ Maf # ang

# .

Remember this I
AIR

#=75cmAHg
¥
-1=2731-12
V I ' .
-

#R
-

""
of water

www.peiae?aeIfEhIEncnnwa-arVo--1pr3
÷gcmHg
→
Po =

cm
75cm
Hg +

Effy?
To = 273+4 .

Pressure

is #r , =
+
¥ ) Fitr
.
'

Is -

277

T - K . v '

only
cm
.

wird red then P and V

F- only ratios are

units But T must be wi k

can take any
. .
 "
fight 103
Jmoitk '

PV RT
ltatmmoilk
↳\lt\o
"
-

08 #

es
mixtape 'm

energy
hit that
Tf T.tn/P=rPiYtRkYtUz
= ,

¥÷÷÷÷mF
£nRT=fzn RT,t¥mRTz "÷ "
,

( f=5 depress cffeedom

Oz
→

- .

=3 t 2
linear molecule .

Trans .
RA -

Nonlinear → f=6= 3 t 3
Tr .
Rot
 very fxigh temperatures
At ,
there are vibrations
-
molecule have to
of atoms
-
in a so we

Consider vibrational degrees lffseedomalso .

-
for a molecule hairy N atoms
-

total degrees @ general ) =3 N .

(each atom has 3

velocity compacts)
IN
X z
y .

vibrational degrees = 3N
-
trans -
RA .

For monoatomic
-
vibrational =3 -
3 -

(N
)
=L degrees =D .

For diatomic linear

-
vibrational =3 N - 3 - 2

degrees = 3N -5 .

= 3127-5=1 .

For Non linear

any
-

vibrational = 3N -3-3
=3 N -6
degrees . .
 State variables and Thermodynamic Processes
system Whatever we do to state 2
State
. .

of
-

change state
i

a
gas

ff defines PRICES !
a

f piston piston
P V T
Po Vo To
•@ = heat exchange
# arts
GAGS t
heat

PoVo=nRTo .
PVRT .

P are called

state Variables as
they define state of a AAS .

Process defined set

of external conditions
is
by
imposed on
gas
to
change the state of gas .

I .

w#p¥ut heat from the

gas .

DQ = ④ re if heat is supplied .

oa=o
heat is extracted out
if No
← On = ① ve if
hlht specific Molar
exchange
.

fncdt where
DQ=h COT
Heat of gas
.
= c-
-

2 .

wecanmoethe-pil.tn Patna -

on the piston we have two forces .

SAND

always
µPgasA
Forces on piston will balance .

Pagasa =
Patna tmg
Mg
IS
Pgm Patent sand
'
M -

- mass stout
=
.

'

A
 W = Work done by force of GAS pressure
by gas ang
't

W'
by gas
=
fpgas AI .

Trip A .
.

w.yf.SK Tp
"

W =
fpdv "

fpdv
.
W

wbygai-fpga.dk
= area -_
Area under
P V
-

graph .

an

displaced Volume increase Expansion

-

W = when
by gas
per
-

gas

F
w =
re
during Compression .LV decreased
by gas
. .

#
O if volume is constant -
(pi
wishes
Inte÷µ#
.

3)

U=fznRT .

F
KE
Forcier gas ,
Internal Energy will indicate
only .

Ui d
Ti Utd Tf
Tf Ti
OU LOT
Uf Ui =L -
-
.
 In tore if
-

DU =
ROT WE T rises
.

T falls (
ou re
if coding)
F- constant
thermodynamic ou O
if
-

Three -
.

functions .

DQ w ou .

I 1

these will have diff -

values .

mdarspecikeheatcf gas .

W =
f PDV =
area under
P
- V
graph .

'

Heat
EEE
supplied gain internal
Ehf
= in

.TL/aatofImy
conservation +
energy
I work
bygas .

St Law
DQ = OU t w
µ of thermodynamics

¥¥ !! £§
.

X
Conservation
of Energy
zero
is called First Law
.
dfthemodg .

⑦ Expansion
Halls ① compassion
staffed Lgbtq
Tnsoss
 Some standard processes Sand

t.IS#aEu.mss..PV--nrT
we do
not disturb piston

at all . So all forces on

piston remain constant .

2- constant
VAT ¥ constant
-
-

a) Ex⇐n .

lied ainndoepaislgm goes up .

proportionally
' ,
T m creases .

F- ¥
, Z
Vis
= .
wi
creasing w=④
00=+0
T is
increasing heat is
DQ =out w ⑦ + ⑦ =①
supplied
=
.

Fsxpansigr d =⑦
all ①
ou -

-
⑦ ve .

W
-

-
④

YT Foust
b) Isobaric'm
.

-
.

V decreases w = ① re .

T decreases so =
① re . ,

sQ=outw 00=-0 ve .

be Heat is to

extracted out for Isobaric Compassion .

 Process
Work done by GAS in isobaric .

-W=fpdV
Pf,d%=pCu pUz=nRTz
Contantl =
.

W = PDV = n ROT ( Pu, = ART

,

charge in Internal Energy .

-00=4
Ui -
U
tzu RT UEINRF ¥¥nrz
IT RI
-

= n ,

ou -_
Ign ROT is samefor all processes
as it does not depend
on conditions
of process .

IV is independent of process so is called

TAtEN as it depends arty
on.mil#final state
of gas and
NOT Path taken between States
on .

W is PATH function it depends on process path )

as
( .

• on in Isobaric Process .

# -

DQ = out w
Xo

Iz t ROT
n
= n ROT
= " ROT mono

SQ =

¥2 ) n ROT =
DQ
=7zn ROTT
DIATOMIC
 DQ ne OT
using conceptof sp heat
.

=
.

C
isobaric ⇐ ti
)R .

c
of a
gas depends on Process .
St is diff

for diff .

processes .

It in denoted by Cp = (
isobaric # TDR
-

State & Path functions .

- .

• u → stzk.cn .
.

Depends only
on Staten d-
NOI on
path
(process)
w → Pathfinder stir distant for
diff .

processes .

DQ=o Uta
a - Path function
-
 Process

÷¥" if
2 Iso choric
"
.
.

- n
-

,
a

/ In
.

In Isnhmic
-
Heating ,
-

DU -_
tore as T rises .

volume
W =
fpdv = O as is constant .

GQ =D U t w

= ou to = OU = ① re .

b)
⑥
If Pandtdeease
0=-0 as T decreases
¥ ,

Is@ Ironic Coding

.

NQ = ou to = ① re .

-
.

W
=
Iz n ROT
<T%f=o
tznRBDTBT-OQ-nc.LT
.

won =
Do to =

=fznR DT
MONO (f-
ZR
Cisrhm .c= Cv =

# R
↳A GEER .
3.) Isothermal Process ( F- Constant ) .

p pay ¥77
pm at

¥÷Tm
"
pat
tore .

ou -_ o as F- Constant .

>

✓
.
-

NQ = out w
= Otto = @ ve .
DQ=w .

I
2
b) Is¥ 'm p

↳
.

W = -0k .

DQ= Otw = ① ve .

work done in Isothermal v

W=gpnRT .

W=fnR du =

nRTµdI=aRTlofe¥
Wish =

nRTlofe¥=nRTlgef¥ M¥72,1 .

DU =D
-

I
Q =oUtw Ot w p 2

oe
=
• y

oa=nrThge¥
A

Isothermal curves at
higher -
temperatures are
away from origin .
4.) Adiabatic Process .

(definition) No
heat transfer
DQ=o
takes place
PVI constant
.

where f- Cpd
,
ei
defined as

Cp=⇐4R ratio of sp heats.

Cp and a

ft mono

Custer
8=1
tf ↳ r=
} diatonic

I =uRT and PVR-cousta.it .

[ Combine
PVK-aomtant.TV# constant Trp Iaoustat
''

bronchial Cp Cv=R
- and
4% =p .

¥ Cp= VI
i

G- and
'

, rt

DQad=0 DU -_
Ign ROT
=D Utw W= su
-

BY
W=
In ROT
YrT=PzK
- -

ad -

I -

r
 diabolic
#
Expansion

Tiara . .

HV P becomes
Let f- 2 .

pity ,
doubles , lath .

'
P ants more
tone rapidly
¥171.7
^
" W
.
-

↳
- .

.
DQ = o = out positive
⑦ re in ad
ou =
expansion
.
.

T falls ( coding) in ad .

expansion

Adiabatic Compression .

Fnma o-EEEJELT.IE: .

T rises in ad .

compression .
 state 2 .

Process has
D
Every its own anime equation & P V
. -

Ahh
Process has diff
.

conditions
Every on
gas .

Process has different unique specific

heat C
Every .

fish Isob
.
Isak .
Pittoni .
cu -
ERIE ,

And
.

YEFomHG=¥7R=rR
PVr=AmH
NOI cad -→
-

C =
Iso th

pv-tomttcisofh-a.BWisoban.EDU
' .

not .

-_Yf=RhY
)
-

-
n ROT wad
I -
r

wishbone -_
0
Wish ? hRThg¥=nRTKgRq
=P'YhY%
. .

3) DU
=zIm ROT =
n Roy
Same for all processes .

4) NQisoban.cn GOT =n£foT=tff row

Qisochm =nGoT=n£ OT U .

•
.
,

•
Qad =O
DQis.AE W=nRTlof¥ .

5) cp-ff.BG Cpk ,
-_ r
g
F- I
-1¥ .
 -

⇐ ,
n
-

REE 2cal ma Ik te
-
-

zig iii.issue g- IE
" d '

80°C
'
-

-200C
DQ = nCv0T = * not used as Cuei NOT

isak .
in per mile .

K Cal
•
Qisoch =
m ↳ OT - = .

calgnitk
'
→
'

↳
mass
nigh
=
@ orgy @ 0357cal 100$)
= Cal .

.
-

Wisuh -
-
O DU = DQ in sis ochone .

= same (w =
)
O

=
sobanic
-
DU same as in
.

part @ ) = =
.

DQp=
n
Cp OT
=
Mcp OT = ooo
g) (00-595) Cook)
(
algal kit
= Cal .

W -

-
DQ - ou
Mandar
( Cp craze in Jmctlkt)
Not : Cp CER
- .
mass
inky
Jmittkt
Jkgtk Cp #
'
Cu
'

-
=
in
Sf Cp Cr are
Isma
'
 i
n .

.
"

SQL t 00h23
D
Que 12733
=

DQ , -_nRTby¥ 00=00+4 .

by
J
= 3×8.3 x 273

Daz , =
n GOT = 3
€5 RIOT = xD -

3×15×273-273) .
 I i

heated
-

.IE#BFIIk.Wzz=nR0T=3RGk-T)=-IRT
p§g¥,
Pp
÷¥ghiT
,z=nRTley¥=3RTloy2
W .
. . . -

w = o .

,,
i:
Ewald
i

Wnet
-_ '

Ya YEZV,
=
3RThy2=ZRTt0
D net
=
092 t 0023
t 00ns,
= (3RThy4t3( ZRILI -
T
) + E'G)RIFE)
( same as W ) f- ( ncpot) ( same
or
as
oU=tznR§
neat .

=
3RThy2 -31T
2
Note :
sonnet =
Wnet WHYY ? ? ?
Toorak we can treat the combination as

a single cyclic process

On SINGLE cyclic process .

- GQ = out w

DUnet-tzhROT-tznRCT-J-O.my#-0 .

as we come tackle
sonnet = O + Wnet same temperature
In general ,
D
net
= Wnet for a cyclic process .

= .
 Ftii
h

P .

son .

i
i3Tan!Z
.
II F-

PV-_ court
court .

i
"
V incnan ,
Pdecran .

273
T VAT
F- deoreeny .

D= coma .
c-

It
Yeargin
vomit .
Pat .
Yin .

:*'t ¥Emi
"

;÷÷-

#z
V

T
'
II F- court . Vertical line .
v nice 9 .

both dec VLT

2¥ .
Tdv
Class
-
Example .

A diatomic gas expands from an initial volume 4 litres to final volume 8 litres
maintaining a constant pressure of 2 atmosphere. The initial temperature of gas was
300K. It is then compressed back to original volume at constant temperature.
Finally the gas is brought back to original pressure maintaining a constant volume.

Calculate the maximum pressure attained by gas and the work done during
compression. -

:::÷:e?
c " ..
. . .
:3 (book) .

i
.

Wzz = n RT by ¥ :
ooo.
Vse :

Pzvzlofhf 4 8 Vet
=

= 2×8 loft =
-

Koloff Atatu .

1etatu
Iltatm-lol.CI
= -16 ( lol 3)
-

logged I .

Wiz = POV =
I (8-4)=8 ltatm.tn toff -0.693 .

O wut 1+68101%42
-

Wu =

wi Anticlockwise Wnet ① re @
⑦ re
=

Wnet
-_
more area
Cycle L
P

%EE
.

r in Lompr

ni
Wnet agugg.se
re
.

expansion ( w=t ) is higher

)
as .

p
than compression nuhdFeFp .

-a
↳ are under
compression .
 lsoch isofh
isobaric
. .

Cp Cv CT Cad Cp Cv=.R
-

f ↳ Xo
I

↳
.

• Cpk ⇐ or
,
R f N

)
=rI Rpg
rt r I -

DO n ROT f
= "
n ROT
z
Ty
POV -_ n ROT
Tig
.

W =

i w -0

↳
↳ .=IR=R¥Y
ad .

wad
I -
r

Wipe nRThf¥ .

=
it
All Illustrations necessary .

INE B
( Leave 09,10 )
-

- '

subjective Examples 1- to 5. ( optimal

f- .