Lecture - 3 CE

ARAB ACADEMY College of Engineering & Technology
for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport ME 385 Internal Combustion Engines / EG 423 Combustion Engines
Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu Page 2

Engine performance is more precisely defined by:

1. The maximum torque available at each speed.
2. The maximum power vs engine speed.
3. The fuel consumption with respect to engine speed.
Full-load torque, bmep, and power versus The typical performance curves of Jaguar
speed for truck diesel engine. V12 petrol engine of maximum 220 KW

• Engine Cylinder diameter (bore) (D)

• Bottom dead center (BDC)
• Top dead center (TDC)
• Engine Stroke length (S): The nominal distance between TDC
and BDC.
• Swept volume or Engine capacity (VS): The nominal volume
generated when piston travelling from TDC to BDC:
(𝜋𝐷2 )
𝑉𝑠 = ∗ 𝑆 ∗ 𝑛 ; Liters or CC or Cm3
4
where n is the number of cylinders
• Clearance volume (VC): The nominal volume of the
combustion chamber.
• Total Cylinder volume: The sum of swept volume and
clearance volume. 𝑉𝑇 = 𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝐶
• Compression ratio (CR): The numerical value of the cylinder
volume divided by the numerical value of clearance volume.
𝑉𝑠 + 𝑉𝑐
𝐶𝑅 =
𝑉𝑐
Ratio of Connecting rod length to crank radius: 𝑅 = 𝑟 / 𝑎

The stroke and crank radius are related by: 𝑆 = 2𝑎
Indicator Diagram: The Engine cycle on a P-V coordinate.
Work: the work is the result of a force acting through a distance.
=
The indicated work per cycle W is obtained by integrating around the curve
to obtain the area enclosed on the diagram.
The upper loop of the engine cycle of

the indicator diagram, the compression
and power strokes, where output work is
generated is called the Gross indicated
work.

The lower loop, which includes the intake and exhaust is called Pumpwork
and absorbs work from the engine.
The Net Indicated Work = 𝑊𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝑊𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝
and;
Where;
𝑊𝑏 ; Brake work (actual work available at the crankshaft). 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 (watt)
𝑊𝑖 ; Indicated work generates inside the combustion chamber.
𝑊𝑓 ; Work lost due to friction (include the oil pump, air-conditions, alternator, etc).
Indicated Power, IP
The rate of work transfer from the gas within the cylinder to the piston.
Where;
𝐵𝑃; Brake power
𝐹𝐿; friction losses
Indicated Power, IP Brake Power, BP

The performance of an engine is judged by quantifying its efficiencies, five important engine
efficiencies are:
❑ Mechanical efficiency (ηm)
❑ Indicated thermal efficiency (ηith) → Indicated Power
❑ Brake thermal efficiency(ηbth) → Brake Power
❑ Volumetric efficiency (ηv)
Mechanical efficiency (ηm): Mechanical efficiency is the ratio of brake horsepower (delivered power) to
the indicated horsepower (power provided to the piston).
Indicated thermal efficiency (ηith): Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in the indicated
power to the fuel energy.

Brake thermal efficiency (ηbth): Brake thermal efficiency is the ratio of energy in the brake power to
the fuel energy.
Volumetric efficiency (ηv): The engine output is limited by the maximum amount of air that can be taken
in during the suction stroke. Volumetric efficiency is an indication of the ‘breathing’ ability of the engine and
is defined as the ratio of the air actually induced at ambient conditions to the swept volume of the engine.
𝜂𝑣 = 𝑉𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙ൗ𝑉𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙
Where n= 1 for 2 stroke engine and n= 2 for 4 stroke engine
Typical values of volumetric efficiency for an engine at wide-open throttle (WOT) are in the range 75% to
90%, going down to much lower values as the throttle is closed.
Mean piston speed (Up)

Mean effective pressure (MEP or Pm)
Specific power output (Ps)
Specific fuel consumption (sfc)
Fuel-air or air-fuel ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific value of the fuel (CV)
Mean piston speed (𝑼𝑷 ): For an engine with bore (B,m),

crank radius (a,m), stroke length (S,m) and turning at an
engine speed of (N,rpm), hen the mean piston speed is
or

Mean effective pressure, MEP

A more useful relative engine performance measure is obtained by dividing the work
per cycle by the cylinder volume displaced per cycle
Indicated Mean effective pressure, IMEP
Where:
N= Engine speed (rpm)
VD= engine Displacement capacity (m3)
nR= 2 for 4-stroke engines and
Brake Mean effective pressure, BMEP 1 for 2-stroke engines
or

Specific power output, SP

The specific power output of an engine is defined as the power output per unit piston area.
Where Pb= Brake Power (Kw)
Ap= Piston Area (m2)
Specific fuel consumption, (sfc)

Sfc shows how much fuel is consumed by an engine to do a certain amount of work. Specific fuel
consumption represents the mass or volume of fuel an engine consumes per hour while it produces
1 kW of power.
Brake power gives brake-specific fuel consumption
Indicated power gives indicated specific fuel consumption:

Fuel-air or air-fuel ratio, F/A or A/F

The relative proportions of the fuel and air in the engine cylinder are very important from the
standpoint of combustion and the efficiency of the engine. Air-Fuel ratio (AF) or Fuel-Air ratio (FA)
are used to describe the mixture ratio of the charge. 5
A mixture having more fuel than that in a chemically correct mixture is termed a rich mixture and
a mixture that contains less fuel (or excess air) is called a lean mixture.
Calorific value of the fuel , CV

Calorific value of a fuel is the thermal energy released per unit quantity of the fuel when the
fuel is burned completely and the products of combustion are cooled back to the initial
temperature of the combustion mixture.
Other terms used for the calorific value are heating value and heat of Combustion. When the
products of combustion are cooled to 25°C practically all the water vapour resulting from the
combustion process is condensed.

Engine Energy Balance
Sankey Diagram for internal combustion engine

Example 1: The cubic capacity of a four-stroke over-square spark-ignition engine is 245 cc.
The over-square ratio is 1.1 (d/L = 1.1). The clearance volume is 27.2 cc.
Calculate the bore, stroke and compression ratio of the engine.

Example 2- During a test on a four-stroke cycle Indicated mean effective pressure: 576 kN/m²
oil engine, the following data were obtained: Swept volume: 14 litres
Determine: Speed of engine: 396 rpm
Effective brake load: 77 kg
a. The indicated power Effective brake radius: 0.7 m
b. The brake power Fuel Consumption: 0.002 kg/s
c. Mechanical efficiency The calorific value of fuel: 44000 kJ/kg
d. Draw up an energy balance in kJ/s and as a Cooling water circulation: 0.15 kg/s
Cooling water inlet temperature 38°C
percentage Cooling water outlet temperature 71 °C
Specific heat capacity of water 4.18 kJ/kg K
Energy to exhaust gases 33.6 kJ/s
Solution
a) 1 ∗ 14 ∗ 10−3 ∗ 576 ∗ 1000 ∗ 396
𝐼𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = 26.61 𝑘𝑊
60000 ∗ 2
b) 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗𝑛∗𝑇 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑛 ∗ 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 ∗ 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 396 ∗ 77 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.7
𝐵𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = = = 21.916 𝑘𝑊
60 60 60
c) 𝐵𝑃
𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = = 82.4%
𝐼𝑝

Effective Power
Solution Indicated mean effective pressure: 576 kN/m²
Exhaust Gases Swept volume: 14 litres
d) Air & Fuel Cooling Speed of engine: 396 rpm
Engine Others losses Effective brake load: 77 kg
Effective brake radius: 0.7 m
Fuel Consumption: 0.002 kg/s
The calorific value of fuel: 44000 kJ/kg
𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 = 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔.∗ 𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒐𝒓𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 Cooling water circulation: 0.15 kg/s
Cooling water inlet temperature 38°C
𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒇𝒖𝒆𝒍 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐 ∗ 𝟒𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟎 = 𝟖𝟖 𝒌𝑾 Cooling water outlet temperature 71 °C
Specific heat capacity of water 4.18 kJ/kg K
Energy to exhaust gases 33.6 kJ/s
Energy to exhaust gases = 33.6 kJ/s
Energy absorbed by cooling water = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

0.15 ∗ 418 ∗ (71 − 38) = 20.691 kW
𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒘𝒊𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

Any Questions?
Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu

Lecture - 3 CE

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ARAB ACADEMY College of Engineering & Technology

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu Page 2

Engine performance is more precisely defined by:

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu Page 3

• Engine Cylinder diameter (bore) (D)

Ratio of Connecting rod length to crank radius: 𝑅 = 𝑟 / 𝑎

The upper loop of the engine cycle of

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu Page 5

Indicated Power, IP Brake Power, BP

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu Page 7

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu Page 8

Where n= 1 for 2 stroke engine and n= 2 for 4 stroke engine

Mean piston speed (Up)

Mean piston speed (𝑼𝑷 ): For an engine with bore (B,m),

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu Page 10

Mean effective pressure, MEP

Indicated Mean effective pressure, IMEP

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu Page 11

Specific power output, SP

Specific fuel consumption, (sfc)

Brake power gives brake-specific fuel consumption

Indicated power gives indicated specific fuel consumption:

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu Page 12

Fuel-air or air-fuel ratio, F/A or A/F

Calorific value of the fuel , CV

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu Page 13

Engine Energy Balance

Sankey Diagram for internal combustion engine

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu Page 14

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu Page 15

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu Page 16

Energy absorbed by cooling water = 𝑚𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝐶𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ (𝑇2 − 𝑇1 )

𝑪𝒂𝒍𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑷𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒘𝒊𝒉 𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu Page 17

Assoc. Prof. Haytham M. El-Zomor helzomor@aast.edu

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