Exploring

Renewable
Energy
Types, Benefits, and Disadvantages
Introduction
Define Renewable Energy

Renewable energy is derived

from resources that are naturally
replenished, such as sunlight,
wind, water, geothermal heat,
and organic materials.
Importance of Renewable
Energy
Emphasize the significance of
renewable energy in addressing
climate change and energy
sustainability.
Types of Renewable
Energy

1. Solar Energy
Solar panels capture
sunlight and convert it into
electricity through the
photovoltaic effect.
Image: Solar panels on a
residential rooftop.
Types of Renewable
Energy

2. Wind Energy
Wind turbines harness
wind's kinetic energy to
generate electricity.
Types of Renewable
Energy

3. Hydroelectric Power

Dams and turbines use the

flow of water to generate
electricity.
Image: A dam with water
flowing.
Types of Renewable
Energy

5. Biomass Energy
Organic materials, such as
wood or agricultural
residues, are used for
energy production.
Environmental
Benefits
Reduced carbon emissions,
cleaner air, and
conservation of natural
resources.
Economic Benefits
Job creation, economic
growth, and cost savings.
Social Benefits
Improved air quality and
community development.
 ‫‪Solar Energy‬‬
‫اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‬
 ‫اﻟﺸﻤﺲ‬
‫• ﻫـــﻲ اﻟـــﻨﺠﻢ اﻟﻤﺮﻛـــﺰي ﻟﻠﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋـــﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴـــﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻫـــﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒــﺎً ﻛﺮوﻳــﺔ وﺗﺤــﻮي ﺑﻼزﻣــﺎ ﺣــﺎرة ﻣﺘﺸــﺎﺑﻜﺔ ﻣــﻊ اﻟﺤﻘــﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻣــﻦ اﻟﻨﺎﺣﻴــﺔ اﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻴــﺔ ﻳﺸــﻞﻜ اﻟﻬﻴــﺪروﺟﻴﻦ ﺛﻼﺛــﺔ أرﺑــﺎع‬

‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻟﻜﺘﻠﺔ اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻬـﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻤﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﻫﻴﻠﻴﻮم ﻣﻊ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ‪ %1.69‬ﻣﻦ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ اﻷﺛﻘﻞ ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ‬
‫اﻷﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ واﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮن واﻟﻨﻴﻮن واﻟﺤﺪﻳﺪ وﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ أﺧﺮى‪.‬‬

‫• ﻳﺼﻞ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﺸﻤﺴـﻲ إﻟـﻰ ﺳـﻄﺢ اﻷرض ﺑﻜﺜﺎﻓـﺔ ﺗـﺪﻓﻖ‬

‫ﻗﺼﻮى ﺗﺒﻠﻎ ‪ 1000‬واط ﻟﻠﻤﺘﺮ اﻟﻤﺮﺑﻊ اﻟﻮاﺣﺪ‪.‬‬

‫• ﻳﺴﺘﻐﺮق اﻻﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ ‪ 8‬دﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺼﻞ اﻟﻰ اﻷرض‪.‬‬

‫• اﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎت ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎت ﻏﺎﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ ﺗﻨﺘﻤﻲ ﻟﻌﻮاﻟﻢ ﻣـﺎ دون‬

‫اﻟﺬرة‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺗﻤﻜﻦ رؤﻳﺘﻬﺎ وﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﻘﻖ رؤﻳﺔ ﺷﻲء دوﻧﻬـﺎ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻧﻬـﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺆوﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻟﻌـﻴﻦ اﻟﺘـﻲ ﺗﺤﻮﻟـﻪ إﻟـﻰ‬
‫ﻧﺒﻀﺎت ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻄﻮل اﻟﻤﻮﺟﻲ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺘﺞ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎج اﻟﻨﻮوي ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠﺐ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ اﻟﻨﺸﻂ درﺟﺎت ﺣﺮارة داﺧﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ‪107‬ﻠﻛﻔﻦ وﺗﺪﻓﻖ إﺷﻌﺎع‬
‫ﻣﺘﺴﺎو‪.‬‬
‫ٍ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﻲ ﺑﺘﻮزﻳﻊ ﻃﻴﻔﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ‬
 ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬

‫• ‪ Direct Beam,‬اﻻﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬

‫• ‪ Radiation Diffuse‬اﻻﺷــــــﻌﺎع‬
‫اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ‬
‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎت اﻹﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻬﻢ اﻟﺘﻌﺮف ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧـﺎت اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔـﺔ ﻟﻺﺷـﻌﺎع‬
‫اﻟﺸﻤﺴﻲ وﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺬي ﻳﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻹﺷﻌﺎع‬

We use subscripts as illustrated in figure b for

beam, d for diffuse, t for total, h for the
horizontal plane and c for the plane of a
collector.
 ψ longitude
φ latitude
ω hour angle

ω hour angle: is the angle through which the Earth has

rotated
Since the Earth rotates at 360/24 h = 15 ℎ−1 ,

the hour angle is given by:

Declination angle

δ0
It is the angle between the
horizontal projection of
the solar beam and the
south.
Solar zenith angle
The solar zenith angle is the
zenith angle of the sun, i.e., the
angle between the sun’s rays
and the vertical direction.
Find altitude and azimuth angles at 2:15 solar time on 21st of April for the
location (50 N, 65 E).
Photovoltaic
system
The sun delivers its energy to us in two main forms: heat and light. There are
two main types of solar power systems, namely, solar thermal systems that
trap heat to warm up water, and solar PV systems that convert sunlight directly
into electricity as shown in

When the PV modules are exposed to sunlight, they generate direct current (“DC”)
electricity. An inverter then converts the DC into alternating current (“AC”) electricity,
so that it can feed into one of the building’s AC distribution boards (“ACDB”) without
affecting the quality of power supply.
Types of Solar PV
System
1. Grid-connected solar PV systems
A building has two parallel power supplies,
one from the solar PV system and the other
from the power grid. The combined power
supply feeds all the loads connected to the
main ACDB.
The ratio of solar PV supply to power grid
supply varies, depending on the size of the
solar PV system. Whenever the solar PV
supply exceeds the building’s demand,
excess electricity will be exported into the
grid.
When there is no sunlight to generate PV
electricity at night, the power grid will supply
all of the building’s demand.
Types of Solar PV
System
2. Off-grid solar PV systems
ff-grid solar PV systems are applicable for
areas without power grid. Currently, such
solar PV systems are usually installed at
isolated sites where the power grid is far
away, such as rural areas or off-shore
islands.
Solar PV Technology

semiconductor is a material conductor is an object or type

insulator is a material in
which has an electrical of material that allows the flow
which electric current does not flow
conductivity value falling between of charge (electric current) in one
freely. The atoms of the insulator
that of a conductor, such or more directions. Materials made
have tightly bound electrons which
as copper, and an insulator, such of metal are common electrical
cannot readily move.
as glass. conductors.
Solar PV Technology
PV cells are made of light-sensitive semiconductor materials that use photons to dislodge
electrons to drive an electric current. There are two broad categories of technology used
for PV cells:
• 1. Crystalline silicon, which accounts for the majority of PV cell production
• 2. Thin film, which is newer and growing in popularity.
Crystalline Silicon
Mono-crystalline Panels
The “mono” in monocrystalline refers to the process of
using a single silicon crystal during production. The crystal
is processed in a lab and molded into a cylinder-like shape
called an ingot.

Poly-crystalline Panels

Polycrystalline solar cells are composed of multiple

fragmented silicon crystals. These fragments sometimes
include the wasted silicon from the mono panel process.