Unit 1: PHYSICAL SELF: THE BEAUTIFUL ME

Unit 1: PHYSICAL SELF: THE BEAUTIFUL ME

Beginning of Life Human Development Human anatomy

• Life begins at • The formation of male • Puberty is the period of

fertilization. It refers
to the meeting of the
female sex cell and
the male sex cell.
These sex cells are
developed in the
reproductive organs
called GONADS.
• The male sex cell • The embryonic testes
called spermatozoa
are produced in the
male gonads called
testes. On the other
hand, the female sex
cells called ova are
produced in the • The same with female
female gonads known
ovaries.
• The fertilized egg cell
known as zygote
contains all the
hereditary potentials
from the parents. This
zygote goes to the • Pseudo
uterus and continues
to grow during the
gestation period of
about 280 days or 36
weeks or 9 calendar
months.
• Both male and female
chromosomes contain
several thousands of
genes – called
deoxyribonucleic
acid which is the
code of heredity.
Maturation is the
unfolding of the
inherent traits.
or female structures
depends on the
presence of
testosterone (A
substance called
hormone that occurs
naturally in men and
male animals).
release testosterone
once formed and the
formation of the duct • At the age of 13, male
system and external
genitalia follows.
embryos that form
ovaries, it will cause
the development of the
female ducts and
external genitalia since
testosterone hormone
is not produce.
hermaphrodites are
formed who is an • For the female, the
individual having
accessory
reproductive structures
that do not “match”
their gonads while true
Hermaphrodites are
individuals who
possess both ovarian
and testicular tissues
but this condition is
rare in nature.
life when the
reproductive organs
grow to their adult size
and become functional
under the influence of
rising levels of gonadal
hormones [testosterone
in male and estrogen in
female] and generally
between the age of 10-
15 years old.
puberty is characterized
by the increase in the
size of the reproductive
organs followed by the
appearance of hair in
the pubic area, axillary
and face. The
reproductive organs
continue to grow for two
years until sexual
maturation marked by
the presence of mature
semen in the testes.
budding of their breasts
usually occurring at the
age of 11 as a sign of
their puberty stage.
Menarche is the first
menstrual period of
females which happens
two years after the start
of puberty. Hormones
play an important role in
the regulation of
ovulation and fertility of
females.
 Factors in development of
the physical self
Infections are the most common problems associated with the
The development of the reproductive system in adults.
individual is caused by two
interacting forces: heredity and
environment.
 Heredity [nature] is the
transmission of traits
from parents to
offspring it provides the
raw materials of which
the individual is made
up.
 Environment [nurture]
is the sum total of the
forces or experiences
that a person
undergoes from
conception to old age. It
includes family, friends,
school, nutrition and
other agencies one is in
contact with.
Diseases associated with the reproductive systems
 Vaginal infections are more common in young and
elderly women and those whose resistance to diseases
is low, like, Escherichia coli which spread through the
digestive tract, the sexually transmitted microorganisms
such as syphilis, gonorrhea and herpes virus and yeast
fungus.
 Pelvic inflammatory disease and sterility are also the
effect of vaginal infections. For males, the most common
inflammatory conditions are prostatitis, urethritis, and
epididymitis, STD, Orchiditis.
 Major threat to reproductive organs is:
 Neoplasms
 Tumor of the Breast
 Cervix cancers in adult females
 Prostate cancers in adult males
 Most women hit the highest point of their reproductive
abilities in their late 20’s. Irregular ovulation and shorter
menstrual periods – menopausal period.
 The production of estrogen may continue after
menopause but the ovaries finally stop functioning as
endocrine organs. The reproductive organ and breast
begin to atrophy or shrink if estrogen is no longer
released from the body. With this case, the vaginal
becomes dry that causes intercourse to become painful if
frequent and the vaginal infections become increasingly
common.
 Signs of estrogen deficiency:
 Irritability and mood changes (depression in
some)
 Intense vasodilation of the skins blood vessels
 Gradual thinning of skin and loss of bone mass
 Slowing rising high blood levels etc.
Erogenous Zones
- primarily receptive and increase sexual arousal when touched in a sexual
manner.
Ex. mouth, breast, genitals, anus

- Erogenous zones may vary from one person to another. Some people may
desire and enjoy being touched in certain area more than the other area, like,
neck, thighs, abdomen and feet.

Human Sexual Behavior

- It defined as any activity – solitary, between two persons, or in a group – that
induces/ brings sexual arousal. This behavior is classified according to gender
and number of participants.

Types of behavior:

• Solitary behavior (involving one individual)

 Self – gratification (begins at or before puberty) means self –

stimulation that leads to sexual arousal and generally, sexual
climax. This takes place in personal and private as an end in itself,
but can also be done in a socio-sexual relationship.

 This is common for males but becomes less frequent or is

abandoned when socio-sexual activity is available.

 Self-gratification is most frequent among the unmarried. However,

this self-gratification usually decreases as soon as an individual
develop socio-sexual relationship.

• Socio – sexual Behavior (more than one individual)

 It is the greatest amount of socio-sexual behavior that occurs

between only one male and one female. This usually begins in
childhood and may be motivated by curiosity, such as showing or
examining genitalia.

 Physical contact involving necking and petting is considered as an

ingredient of the learning process and eventually of courtship and
selection of a marriage partner.

 Petting differs from hugging, kissing and generalized caresses of

the clothed body to produce stimulation of the genitals. This is done
due to affection as source of pleasure, preliminary to coitus [this is
an insertion of male reproductive organ into female organ]. This is
regarded as an important aspect in selecting partner but also a way
of learning how to interact with another person sexually.

 A behavior may be interpreted by society or individual as erotic

depending on the context in which the behavior occurs.
 Ex. kissing as a gesture of intimacy between couples while other
sees this as respect and reverence.

Physiology of human sexual response

Sexual response follows a pattern of sequential stages or phases when
sexual activity is continued

1. Excitement Phase
- it is caused by increase in pulse and blood pressure; a sudden rise in blood
supply to the surface of the body resulting in increased skin temperature,
flushing, and swelling of all distensible body parts particularly noticeable in
the male and female reproductive system, rapid breathing, secretion of genital
fluids, vaginal expansion, and a general increase in muscle tension.

2. Plateau Phase
- it is generally of brief duration. If stimulation is continued, orgasm usually
occurs.

3. Sexual Climax
- a feeling of abrupt, intense pleasure, and rapid increase in pulse rate and
blood pressure, and spasms of the pelvic muscles causing contractions of the
female reproductive organ and ejaculation by the male that last only for few
seconds normally not over ten.

4. Resolution Phase
- it refers to the return to a normal or subnormal physiological state. Whereas
males return to normal even if stimulation continues, but continued
stimulations can produce additional orgasms in females. Females are
physically capable of repeated orgasms without the intervening “rest period”
required by males.
Nervous system factors
- The nervous system plays a significant role during sexual response. The
autonomic system is involved in controlling the involuntary responses.

- The efferent cerebrospinal nerves transmit the sensory messages to the brain to
create stimulus and later initiating a sexual response. The brain will interpret the
sensory message and dictate what will be the immediate and appropriate
response of the body. The muscles contract in response to the signal coming
from the motor nerve fibers while glad secretes their respective product. So,
sexual response is dependent the activity of the nervous system.

- Hypothalamus and limbic system are part of the brain believed to be responsible
for regulating the sexual response, but there is no specialized “sex center” that
has been located in the human brain.
 - Apart from brain-controlled sexual responses is the reflex. This reflex is mediated
by the lower spinal cord that leads to erection and ejaculation for male, vaginal
discharges and lubricant for female when the genital areas are stimulated. But
still, the brain can overrule and suppress such reflex activity, when sexual
response is socially inappropriate.

Sexual Problems
- These may be classified as physiological, psychological and social in origin.
Physiological problems are the least among the three categories. Small number
of people suffering from diseases due to abnormal development of the genitalia
or that part of the neurophysiology controlling sexual response. Example: vaginal
infection, retroverted uteri, prostatitis, adrenal tumors, diabetes, senile changes
of the vagina and cardiovascular problems.

Medication: Through Surgery

- Psychological problems: usually caused by socially induced inhibitions,
maladaptive attitudes, ignorance and sexual myths held by society.

Example: mature sex must involve rapid erection, prolonged coitus and
simultaneous orgasm.

Methods: magazines, married books and general sexual folklore often strengthen
these demanding ideals which are not always achieved; therefore, can give rise
to feeling of inadequacy anxiety and guilt. Hence, resulting negative emotions
can definitely affect the behavior of an individual.

- Premature emission of semen is a common problem for young males. Why?

Because of the natural result of excessive tension in a male who has been
sexually deprived. Erectile impotence is almost always a psychological problem
in males under 40. The impotence may be the result of disinterest in the sexual
partner, fatigue, and distraction because of nonsexual worries, intoxication and
other causes such as occasional impotency is common and requires no therapy.

- Ejaculatory impotence (inability to ejaculate in coitus) is uncommon and usually

of psychogenic origin. Why? It is due to the past traumatic experiences. Warning!
Occasional ejaculatory inability can be possibly expected in older men or in any
male who has exceeding his sexual capacity.

- Vaginismus is a strong spasm (contraction) of the pelvic musculature constricting

the female reproductive organ so that penetration is painful or impossible. It can
be due to anti-sexual conditioning or psychological trauma as an unconscious
defense against coitus.

Medication: through psychotherapy and by gradually dilating/widening the female

organ with increasing large cylinders.
Sexual Reproductive diseases are the following:
1. Chlamydia
2. Gonorrhea
3. Syphilis
4. Chancroid
5. Human Papillomavirus
6. Herpes simplex virus
7. Trichomonas vaginalis

Natural and artificial methods are the following:

1. Abstinence
2. Calendar method
3. Basal body temperature
4. Cervical mucus method
5. Hypothermal method
6. Ovulation detection
7. Coitus interruptus

Artificial methods are the following:

1. Oral contraceptive
2. Transdermal patch
3. Vaginal ring
4. Subdermal implants
5. Hormonal injections
6. Intrauterine device
7. Chemical barriers
8. Diaphragm
9. Cervical cap
10. Male condoms
11. Female condoms
12. Surgical methods (vasectomy and ligation)
SPIRITUAL SELF
- The spiritual self is the most intimate, inner subjective part of self – the most
intimate version of the self because of the satisfaction experienced when thinking
of one’s ability to argue and discriminate, of one’s moral sensibility and
conscience, and our unconquerable will is purer than all other sentiments of
satisfaction.

Religion
Rebecca Stein works on the definition of religion ‘as a set of beliefs and
practices’ that usually includes some or all of basic characteristics.

These characteristics are:

1) A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural being, such as spirit and gods

2) A focus on the sacred supernatural, where sacred refers to a feeling of
reverence and awe
3) The presence of supernatural power or energy that is found on supernatural
beings as well as physical beings and objects
4) The performance of ritual activities that involves the manipulation of sacred
object to communicate to supernatural beings and/or to influence or control
events
5) The articulation of worldview and moral codes through narratives and other
means
6) Provide the creation and maintenance of social bonds and mechanism of
social control within a community; provide explanation for unknown and a
sense of control for individuals

Ritual
It is the performance of ceremonial acts prescribed by a tradition or sacred
law. Ritual is a specific, observable mode of behavior exhibited by all known
societies. It is thus possible to view ritual as a way of defining or describing
humans.

There are three fundamental characteristics of rituals according to Penner. Ritual

has the characteristics of:

1) A feeling or emotion of respect, awe, fascination, or dread in relation to the

sacred
2) Dependence upon a belief system that is usually expressed in the language
of myth
3) Is symbolic in relation to its reference

Some World Religious Beliefs and Practices

- There are different religious with different beliefs and practices. Some of the
major world religions are Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, and
Judaism.
 Buddhism Christianity Hinduism

Core Beliefs Core Beliefs Core Beliefs

- Buddhism believes that
life is not a bed of roses.
Instead, there are
suffering, pain, and
frustrations. When
people suffer, they want
to experience the
goodness of life and
avoid disappointments. It
becomes a habit known
as the reactive cycle of
wanting and hating, like
and dislike, band craving
and aversion. This
reactive cycle can be
broken through the
practice of mediation,
acquiring more wisdom
and deeper
understanding, and
acceptance of things as
they are.
Customs and Practices
• Two types of practices:
 samatha
 vipassana
- The Samatha is
practiced as mindfulness
of breathing and
development of loving
kindness.
- Vipassana practices
aim developing insight
into reality.
- Christians believe in
Trinitarian God. One God in
three personas: God the
Father (Creator), God the
Son (Savior), and God the
Holy Spirit Sustainer).
Eternal after death will be
achieved through faith in
Jesus Christ. Jesus Christ
is, God the Son, who came
into flesh, to spread the
good news of salvation. He
died on the cross for the
sins of the humanity but
resurrected from the death,
so that anyone who
believes in him will be
saved in have eternal life.
The holy bible is a selection
of books, which is divided in
to two, the Old Testament
and New Testament.
Customs and Practices
Customs and Practices
- Sacrament of Baptism and
Sacrament of Communion
are practiced by Christian
churches. The sacrament of
Baptism symbolizes the
birth in Christian world,
while the sacrament of
communion is an act of
remembrance of Jesus
Christ 's sacrificial love.
- Hinduism covers a
wide range of
traditional beliefs and
religious groups; thus,
there is no single
founder or leader.
Hindus believe that
existence is a cycle of
birth, death and rebirth,
governed by Karma.
Karma is a concept
where the reincarnated
life will depend on how
the past life was spent.
Hindus believe that the
soul passes through a
cycle of successive
lives and it's next in
carnation is always
dependent on how the
previous life was lived.
- Diwali and Navrati are
the most celebrated
festivals of the Hindus.
Diwali is the festival of
lights while Navrati is
the festival of nine
nights, which celebrate
the triumph of good
over evil. Hindus have
set dates to honor
particular
manifestations of God.

Islam
Core Beliefs
- Muslims believe in Allah, who is their
"One God" They believe in the unity and
universality of God. Muslims also have a
strong sense of community or "ummah"
and an awareness of their solidarity with
all Muslims worldwide. Islam means
"willing submission to God".
- Muslims believe that Mohammed is the
last and final prophet sent by God.
Mohammed was born in Mecca in 570 CE
and received revelations from God
through the Angel Gabriel over a period of
23 years. The Holy Bible of Islam is called
the Quran, which was taught to be recited
Judaism
Core Beliefs
- The Jews believe in the God of
Abraham, the same God that liberated
the Hebrew slaves from Egypt to
Canaan, the promised land through
the leadership of Moses and later,
Joshua.
- The Jews believe in the coming of
Messiah, the Savior. The sacred
scripture of the Jews is called the
Torah or the Law. The Torah is the
guide of the Jewish living. The study
and interpretation of Torah is part of
the Jewish culture.
 Dilemma
- is a problematic/complex situation in which a difficult choice must be made. The
kind of responses taken or made when one is in a quandary/ predicament serves
as a good test of a person’s level of moral development.
Moral
- is related to a sense or standard that determines what is right and what is wrong.
It distinguishes correct/ right/ good from incorrect/ wrong/ evil from inappropriate.

- Morality refers to system of beliefs and values that ensures that individuals will
keep their obligations to others in the society and behaves in ways that do not
interfere with the right and interest others.
Decision – Making
- is understandably difficult, the degree of w/c depending on the situation.

- an individual who has a good sense of what is right and wrong will be an honest
and upright member of the community possessing a better moral self.

Moral Reasoning
- It refers to the judgment people make about what courses of action are correct or
incorrect in particular situations.

- Reasoning is a cognitive skill, but influences moral development

Parenting Style
- It is known as the parent’s strategies

There are three parenting styles according to Diana Baumrind:

1) Authoritarian - parents attempt to shape, control and evaluate the behaviors

and attitudes of their children in accordance with an absolute or respected
authorities, thus, obedience becomes a virtue.
2) Authoritative - parents direct their children’s activities in a rational and
intelligent way. They are supportive, loving and committed; support a give-
and-take relationship; discuss their rules and policies w/ children and
encourage children to present their viewpoints.
3) Permissive - parents are less controlling and behave with an accepting and
non-punishing attitude towards their children’s desires, actions and impulses.
The fourth style was introduced by Maccoby and Martin in 1993:
4) Uninvolved or Neglectful - parents who take on a hands-off stand in the
affairs of their children.
Who is a Filipino?
- According to the 1973, of Philippine Constitution, Filipino citizens are;

a. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines.

b. Those born before January 17, 1973 of Filipino mother.
c. Who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority.
d. Those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
Filipino Values and Traits
- Philippines is a lush island paradise famous for its grandiose mountain views,
pristine beaches, and rich and diverse culture changing from province to
province. Philippines well known for its awe-inspiring beauty, perhaps the
Filipinos unique traits, reputable values, and laudable talents make the country a
place to be.

- “Mabuhay!” and “Salamat" the common Filipino phrases. “Po” and “Opo” habits
saying to the elders. “Kumain ka na ba?” meaning “Have you eaten yet?” and
importunate asking of a Filipino.
The Filipino Hospitality
- Filipino’s brand of hospitality is known everywhere. Filipinos welcome their
guests and tourists as if they are their own brothers and sisters.

- They always make their guests feel at home, offering them something to eat, and
or even a place to stay. They are also fond of giving pasalubong or tokens and
pabaon or farewell gifts to their visitors.
Respect for Elders
- Filipinos greet their elders by kissing their hand while saying “Mano Po!”
constantly using “Po" and “Opo” in conversation.

- There is also a wide array of references to elder people such as ate for elder
sister; kuya for older brother; Tito and Tita for uncle and aunt; Lolo and Lola for
grandparents; and Manong and Aling for older people outside the family.
Close Family Ties
- Filipino maintains a tight relationship with their families regardless if the children
are old enough and already have a family of their own.
Cheerful Personality
- Filipinos have a habit of smiling and laughing a lot. Smiling is a coping strategy
for many Filipinos especially during trying Times and calamities. Filipino always
tries to maintain a positive outlook in life which makes them resilient and able to
manage almost everything with a simple smile.

Self – Sacrifices
- The self-sacrificing attitude of Filipinos can be seen as an extension of the
Filipino hospitality. Filipinos go out of their way to extend help to their friends,
families, and loved ones.
Bayanihan
- Is the spirit of communal unity and cooperation of Filipinos. Giving without
expecting something in return. Filipinos are always ready to share and help their
friends and loved ones who are in need.
‘Bahala Na’ Attitude
- “Bahala na” is a Filipino version of the famous line “Hakuna Matata,” meaning no
worries. The phrase said originated from the “Bathala na,” where Bathala means
God, and the phrase meaning leaving everything into God's hands. It can also
view as cheerful and positive attitude of Filipinos and allowing situations take
care ofthemselves instead of worrying about them.
Colonial Mentality
- It is regarded as the lack of patriotism and the attitude where Filipinos favor
foreign products more than their own. It does not only concern goods, but also
the desire to look more foreign than local and keep up with foreign beauty trends.
It is attributed to the centuries of colonization Filipinos had experienced under the
Spanish, American and Japanese rule.
‘Mañana’ Habit
- Filipino term for procrastination. It was derived from a longer Filipino phrase
called “Mamaya na” means dawdling things, which could have been done at an
earlier time. It was a poor habit of laziness that results in heavier workloads.
Ningas Kugon
- Ningas" is a Filipino term for flame and “Kugon" is a Filipino term for Cogon grass
that easily burns out after it is put into flames. It is refers to the attitude of eagerly
starting things but quickly losing eagerness soon after experiencing difficulty.
Filipinos are regarded as “Juan Tamad” or Lazy Juan because of laziness.
Pride
- When two parties are not in good terms, they find it so hard to apologize and
wait until the other party asks for an apology first.
Crab Mentality
- Where one resents the achievement of another, instead of feeling happy for that
person. They pull each other down and ruin each other reputation rather than
bringing them up, resulting to no progress.
Filipino Time
- Filipinos have this common attitude of arriving late at commitments, dinner, or
parties especially if they are meeting someone close to them. They tend to not
observe punctuality altogether.

Filipino Makers
1. Proverbs or Salawikain - Damiana Eugenio, regarded as the mother of
Philippine Folklore, classified proverbs into six categories
a. Proverbs expressing a general attitude toward life and the laws that govern
life;
b. Ethical proverbs recommending certain virtues and condemning certain vices;
c. Proverbs expressing a system of values;
 d. Proverbs expressing general truths and observations about lifeand human
nature;
e. Humorous proverbs; and
f. Miscellaneous proverbs.

2. Superstitions – Filipinos subscribe to their own set of superstitious passed down

from generation to generation. Some of the superstitious influenced by beliefs
from other cultures, but Filipinos have retold according to their own experiences
and they sometimes end up even more interesting.

3. Myths and legends

4. Heroes and Icons – Heroes serve as a reminder of true patriotism and

nationalism as they have sacrificed their lives for the sake of their country‟s
freedom and progress.

How to be a Good Filipino

The following are a few ways on how to be a good Filipino;
1. Be an active Filipino citizen.
2. Study the Philippine history.
3. Support local products.
4. Speak the Filipino language.
5. Do not spread fake news and be democratic in engaging with dissent
ONLINE IDENTITY
- is actually the sum of our characteristics and our interaction.

PARTIAL IDENTITY
- is a subset of characteristics that make up our identity.

PERSONA
- is the partial identity we create that represents ourselves in a specific situation.

Selective Self-Presentation and Impression Management

According to Goffman (1959) and Leary (1995), self-presentation is the
"Process of Controlling how one is Perceived by other people" and is the key to
relationship inception and development. To construct positive images, individuals
selectively provide information about them and carefully cater this information in
response to other's feedback.

• PERSONAL IDENTITY - is the interpersonal level of self which differentiates the

individual as unique from others.

• SOCIAL IDENTITY - is the level of self whereby the individual is identified by his
or her group membership.

Gender and Sexuality Online

According to Marwick (2013), the term “sex”, “gender” and “sexuality” are
often thought of as synonymous, they are actually quite distinct. The differences
b/w the common understandings of these terms and how researchers think about
them yield insights about the social functioning of gender.

• SEX - is the biological state that corresponds to what we might call a “man” or
a “woman”.

• Gender - is the social understanding of how sex should be experienced and

how Sexuality is an individual expression and understanding of desire. While
like gender, this is often viewed as binary (homosexual or heterosexual), in
reality, sexuality is often experienced as fluid. sex manifests in behavior,
personality, preferences, capabilities and so forth.

Setting Boundaries to your Online Self: Smart Sharing

The ff. guidelines will help you share information online in a smart way that
will protect yourself and not harm others. Before posting or sharing anything
online, consider the ff.
1. Is this post / story necessary
2. Is there a real benefit to this post? Is it funny, warm- hearted, teachable-or
am I just making noise online without purpose?
 3. Have we (as a family or parent/ child) resolved this issue? An issue that is
still being worked out at home, or one that is either vulnerable or highly
emotional, should not be made public.
4. Is it appropriate? Does it stay within the boundaries of our family values?
5. Will this seem as funny in 5, 10, 15 yrs.? Or is this post better suited for
sharing with a small group of family members? Or maybe not at all?

Rules to Follow
Here are additional guidelines for proper sharing of information and ethical
use of the Internet according to New (2014)
• Stick to safer sites
• Guard your passwords
• Limit what you share
• Remember that anything you put online post on a site is there forever,
even if you try to delete it.
• Do not be mean or embarrass other people online.
• Always tell if you see strange or bad behavior online.
• Be choosy about your online friends.
• Be patient
Social Psychology
- the study of relationship or interactions
- is the study of group and intergroup phenomena.

• Lahey [2007] defines social psychology as the branch of psychology that

studies individuals as they interact with others.

• Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian [2014] state that it is a broad field whose goal is
to understand and explain how thoughts, feelings, perceptions and
behaviors are influenced by the presence or, interactions with others.

• Gerrig and Zimbardo [2002] it is the study of the effect of social factors on
individual behavior, attitudes, perceptions, and motives.

• Interaction - refers to the mutual and reciprocal exchange of communication or

action between two or more persons or groups.
• Relationships - refers to a particular way in which two or more individuals, groups
or even countries talk to behave toward or deal with each other.

Person Perception
- In Psychology, refers to forming impressions and making judgment about another
person’s likability after seeing or meeting him/her.

Social Norms
- Norms - are patterns or traits characterized as typical or usual for a group. Other
terms associated with norms are “average” and normal.
- Social norms - refer to spoken and unspoken rules for behaving in particular
situations.

Conformity
- It refers to yielding to group pressure to act as everyone does, even when no
direct request has been made. It is the tendency to behave like others in the
group do.

This is brought about by two motivations:

 to gain reward [approval]
 avoid punishment [disapproval]
 to gain information
Some factors make conformity more likely to exist in a group:
1] size of the group
2] unanimous group
3] culture
4] gender
Social roles and Social Norms
- Social roles specify the part or position of a person in society.
- It specifies behavior expected to be exhibited by an individual in practicing his
role.

Familiarity
- It refers to being comfortable with another person and is necessary condition for
a close relationship to develop. Research has shown that people like to associate
w/ others who are similar to them in terms of the following: attitudes, behavior
patterns, personal characteristics, taste in fashion, intelligence, personality and
the like.

Attraction
- Attraction may lead to deeper relationship.
Love
It is a special attachment one has for himself/herself or for somebody else.
It is an intense felling of deep affection and welfare of the other.
Three of the most common kinds of love are as follows:
1. Romantic love – called as passionate love, it includes an intermingling
of different emotions: fear, anger, sexual desire, joy and jealousy
among others.
2. Affectionate love – referred to as compassionate love, it is a type of
love that occurs when someone has deep and caring affection for a
person and desires to have her near constantly.
3. Consummate love – the strongest and fullest type of love. This ideal
form of love involves passion, intimacy and commitment.
Triangular Theory of Love
Robert Sternberg postulated that love is made of 3 components passion,
intimacy, and commitment.
• Passion has something to do w/ physical and sexual attraction to another.
• Intimacy - is characterized by emotional feelings of warmth, closeness,
and sharing of the relationship.
• Commitment - is the cognitive appraisal of the relationship and the intent
to maintain it even in the face of problems.
Interpretations on the illustration are as follows:
1. If passion is the only ingredient present, the feeling is infatuation, as in
a fling or an affair
2. Intimacy and commitment w/o passion show affectionate love.
3. The combination of passion and commitment w/o intimacy results in
fatuous love.
4. Consummate love is achieved if all three components are present
Attitudes
- are beliefs that predispose people to act and feel in certain ways towards people,
objects or ideas.
- It can either be positive or negative
- A positive attitude reflects a happy, pleasant and optimistic disposition, while a
negative attitude associates with pessimism or general feeling of dislike.
Three distinct features of an attitude:
 Belief
 Feelings
 Disposition
How attitudes originate?
- Attitudes of a person develop over time and have emotional components.
However, they are normally acquired from 2 sources – 1st hand experience and
accounts by others.

- People develop positive or negative attitude towards certain an object because of

a direct experience with it. Attitudes are learned from others through modeling
and reinforcement.

Persuasion and attitude change

- Attitudes are not permanent. It can be changed or modified even after they have
been formed.

- Persuasive communication plays a big part in this process. The extent of change
in the attitude depends on the speaker, the message, and the listener. If a
speaker is a credible source of information, s/he is more likely persuaded to
change. The more credible the speaker is, the more persuasive the message
becomes. An attractive speaker is more effective in changing opinions.

Stereotypes
- It is a generalization in which the same traits or characteristics are assumed to
be possessed by all members of a group.

- Some stereotypes are based on an outsiders experience w/ a number of people

in a group, w/c were concluded as encompassing of all members of the group
and oftentimes proven inaccurate.

- Negative stereotypes are accompanied by prejudice and discrimination.

• Prejudice - is an unfair, biased, intolerant attitude or opinion towards

members of a group.
• Discrimination - is an unfair behavior or treatment towards the members
of a group.
• Discrimination against people based on their skin, color or race or ethnic
heritage is called racism.
• Discrimination against people because of their gender is referred to as
sexism.