UTS REVIEWER - It is an extension of self, in it, we can directly
connect ourselves.
THE MATERIAL SELF
According to William James
- A man’s self is the sum total of all that he can
call his mine, not only his body and his
psychic powers, but his clothes and his house,
his wife and children, his ancestors and
friends, his reputation and works, his lands and
houses, and yacht and bank account.
The Material Self
- William James, wrote in the book, the
principles of psychology in 1890 that
understanding the self can be examined
through its different components namely:
1. Its constituents
2. The feelings and emotions they aroused self-
feelings
3. The actions for which they prompt the seeking
and self-preservation.
The constituents of self are composed of:
- Material self
- The social self
- The spiritual self, and;
- The pure ego.
The material self, according to William James
primarily is about:
1. Body
- Body the innermost part of the material self.
You are directly attached to this commodity
that you cannot live without. You have strived
hard to make sure that this body functions
well.
2. Clothes
- Influenced by “the philosophy of dress” by
Herman Lotze.
- William James believed that an essential part
of the material self is clothing.
3. Immediate family
- Immediate Family is the third in the hierarchy.
- Parents and siblings hold.
- Another very important part of yourself.
4. Home
- Home is the fourth component of material self.
- Home is where your heart is.
- It is the earliest nest of your selfhood.
The Material Self
- The material self refers to tangible objects,
people, or places that carry the designation my
or mine.
- Anything that we evoke emotional feelings to,
like things, persons and experiences that we
have in our lives are part of the Self.
Two Subclasses of the Material Self
1. The Bodily Self
- Speaks of entities that are clearly an intimate
part of who a person is. Ex. My arm, my legs
(physical entity).
2. The Extracorporeal (beyond the body) Self
- A person’s sense of self is not only limited to
the physical entities but also includes their
psychological ownership of them.
The Role of Consumer Culture to Self
- It can be the reason why people tend to want
more than they have.
- It can create a sense of identity through
consumption of goods and services.
- Influence one's self-esteem and self-worth
through the comparison of one's possessions
and lifestyle to those of others.
How Consumer Culture Affects Us?
1. Identity expression
2. Environmental Impact
3. Emotional Fulfillment
THE PHYSICAL AND SEXUAL SELF
- It has been believed that the sex chromosomes
of humans define the sex (female or male) and
their secondary sexual characteristics.
- From childhood, we are controlled by our
genetic makeup.
- It influences the way we treat ourselves and
others.
- There are individuals who do not accept their
innate sexual characteristics and they tend to
change their sexual organs through
medications and surgery.
Abstraction
- Marieb, E.N. (2001) explains that the gonads
(reproductive glands that produce the gametes;
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 testis or ovary) begin to form until about the
eighth week of embryonic development.
- During the early stages of human
development, the embryonic reproductive
structures of males and females are alike and
are said to be in the indifferent stage.
- When the primary reproductive structures are
formed, development of the accessory
structures and external genitalia begins.
- The formation of the male or female structures
depends on the presence of testosterone.
- Any intervention with the normal pattern of
sex hormone production in the embryo results
in strange abnormalities.
- A genetic male develops the female accessory
structures and external genitalia if the
embryonic testes fail to produce testosterone.
- A genetic female is exposed to testosterone (as
in the case of a mother with an androgen
producing tumor of her adrenal gland), the
embryo has ovaries but may develop male
accessory ducts and glands, as well as male
reproductive organs and an empty scrotum.
- Pseudohermaphrodites are individuals who
have accessory reproductive structures that do
not "match" their gonads while true
hermaphrodites are individuals who possess
both ovarian and testicular tissues but this
condition is rare in nature.
- Pseudohermaphrodite undergo sex change
operations to have their outer selves (external
genitalia) fit with their inner selves (gonads).
- A critical event for the development of
reproductive organs takes place about one
month before birth wherein the male testes
formed in the abdominal cavity at
approximately the same location as the female
ovaries, descend to enter the scrotum. If this
normal event fails, it may lead to
cryptorchidism.
- Abnormal separation of chromosomes during
meiosis can lead to congenital defects of the
reproductive system. For instance, males who
possess extra female sex chromosomes have
the normal male accessory structures, but
atrophy (to shrink) of their testes causes them
to be sterile.
- Other abnormalities result when a child has
only one sex chromosome.
- An XO female appears normal but lacks
ovaries.
- YO males die during development.
- Other much less serious conditions also affect
males primarily such as phimosis, which is
due to a narrowing of the foreskin of the male
reproductive structure and misplaced urethral
openings.
Puberty
- Puberty is the period of life, generally between
the ages of 10 and 15 years old, when the
reproductive organs grow to their adult size
and become functional under the influence of
rising levels of gonadal hormones
(testosterone in males and estrogen in
females). After this time, reproductive
capability continues until old age in males and
menopause in females.
Changes Occur During Puberty
- In males, as they reach the age of 13, puberty
is characterized by the increase in the size of
the reproductive organs followed by the
appearance of hair in the pubic area, axillary,
and face. The reproductive organs continue to
grow for two years until sexual maturation
marked by the presence of mature semen in
the testes.
- In females, the budding of their breasts usually
occurring at the age of 11 signals their puberty
stage. Menarche is the first menstrual period
of females which happens two years after the
start of puberty. Hormones play an important
role in the regulation of ovulation and fertility
of females.
Disease Associated with the Reproductive System
- Vaginal infections are more common in young
and elderly women and in those whose
resistance to diseases is low.
- The usual infections include those caused by
Escherichia coli which spread through the
digestive tract; the sexually transmitted
microorganisms such as syphilis, gonorrhea,
and herpes virus; and yeast (a type of fungus).
- Vaginal infections that are left untreated may
spread throughout the female reproductive
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 tract and may cause pelvic inflammatory
disease and sterility.
- Problems that involve painful or abnormal
menses may also be due to infection or
hormone imbalance.
- In males, the most common inflammatory
conditions are prostatitis, urethritis, and
epididymitis, all of which may follow sexual
contacts in which sexually transmitted disease
(STD) microorganisms are transmitted.
- Orchiditis, or inflammation of the testes, is
rather uncommon but is serious because it can
cause sterility.
- Neoplasms are a major threat to reproductive
organs.
- Tumors of the breast and cervix are the most
common reproductive cancers in adult females
and prostate cancer (a common sequel to
prostatic hypertrophy) is a widespread
problem in adult males.
- Most women hit the highest point of their
reproductive abilities in their late 20s.
- A natural decrease in ovarian function usually
follows, characterized by reduced estrogen
production that causes irregular ovulation and
shorter menstrual periods.
- Ovulation and menses stop entirely, ending
childbearing ability. This event is called
menopause, which occurs when females no
longer experience menstruation.
- The production of estrogen may still continue
after menopause but the ovaries finally stop
functioning as endocrine organs.
- The reproductive organs and breasts begin to
atrophy or shrink if estrogen is no longer
released from the body.
- The vagina becomes dry, which causes
intercourse to become painful, and vaginal
infections become increasingly common.
- Other consequences of estrogen deficiency
may also be observed including imitability and
other mood changes (depression in some);
intense vasodilation of the skin's blood
vessels, which causes uncomfortable sweat-
drenching hot flashes: gradual thinning of the
skin and loss of bone mass; and slowly rising
blood cholesterol levels, which place
postmenopausal women at risk for
cardiovascular disorders.
- There is no counterpart for menopause in
males.
- Aging men show a steady decline in
testosterone secretion, their reproductive
capability seems unending.
- Healthy men are still able to father offspring
well into their 80s and beyond.
Human Sexual Behavior
- Human Sexual Behavior is defined as any
activity solitary, between two persons, or in a
group that includes sexual arousal, (Gebhard,
P.H. 2017).
Types of Behavior
Usually classified according to the gender and number
of participants:
1. Solitary Behavior
- Involving only one individual
2. Sociosexual Behavior
- Involving more than one person
Two Major Factors of Human Sexual Behavior
1. Inherited Sexual Response patterns have
evolved as a means of ensuring reproduction
and that become part of each individual's
genetic inheritance.
2. The degree of restrain or other types of
influence exerted on the individual by society
in the expression of his sexuality.
Sociosexual Behavior
- Generally divided into heterosexual behavior
(male with female) and homosexual behavior
(male with male or female with female).
- If three or more individuals are involved, it is,
possible to have heterosexual and homosexual
activity simultaneously (Gebhard, P.H. 2017).
- Heterosexual behavior is the greatest amount
of sociosexual behavior that occurs between
only one male and one female.
- It usually begins in childhood and may be
motivated by curiosity, such as showing or
examining genitalia.
Solitary Behavior
- Self-gratification means self-stimulation that
leads to sexual arousal and generally, sexual
climax.
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 - Most self-gratification takes place in private as
an end in itself, but can also be done in a
sociosexual relationship.
Self-Gratification
- Generally beginning at or before puberty, is
very common among young males, but
becomes less frequent or is abandoned when
sociosexual activity is available.
- It is most frequent among the unmarried.
- There are more males who perform acts of
self-gratification than females.
- The frequency greatly varies among
individuals and it usually decreases as soon as
they develop a sociosexual relationship.
- The majority of males and females have
fantasies of some sociosexual activity while
they gratify themselves.
- The fantasy frequently involves idealized
sexual partners and activities that the
individual has not experienced and even might
avoid in real life.
- Physical contact involving necking or petting
is considered an ingredient of the learning
process and eventually of courtship and the
selection of a marriage partner.
- Petting differs from hugging, kissing, and
generalized caresses of other clothed bodies to
practice involving stimulation of the genitalia.
- Petting may be done as an expression of
affection and a source of pleasure, preliminary
to coitus.
- Petting has been regarded by others as a near-
universal human experience and is most
important not only in selecting a partner but as
a way of learning how to interact with another
person sexually.
A 1956 Study Defined:
- Necking as "kissing and light caressing above
the neck", and;
- Petting as "more intimate contact with the
erogenous zones, short of sexual intercourse".
Coitus
- The intersection of the male reproductive
structure into the female reproductive organ.
Extramarital Coitus
- Involving wives is generally condemned and,
if permitted, is allowed only under exceptional
conditions or with specified person.
Postmarital Coitus
- Such that coitus by separated, divorced, or
widowed persons is almost always ignored.
Physiology of Human Sexual Response
1. Excitement (Phase)
2. Plateau (Phase)
3. Sexual (Climax)
4. Resolution (Phase)
Nervous System Factors
- The entire nervous system plays a significant
role during sexual response.
- The Brain will interpret the sensory message
and dictate that it will be the immediate and
appropriate response of the body.
Hypothalamus and Limbic System
- Responsible for regulating the sexual
response.
Two (2) Sexual Response Patterns
- Mounting (Masculine)
- Mounted (Feminine)
Reflex Sexual Response
- Mediated by the lower spinal cord and leads to
erection and ejaculation for Men.
- Vaginal discharge and lubricant for females.
Sexual Problems
- May be classified as physiological,
psychological, and social in origin.
1. Physiological
- Only a small number of people suffer from
diseases that are due to abnormal development
of the genitalia.
- Some common conditions include vaginal
infection, retroverted uterus, prostatitis,
adrenal tumors, diabetes, senile changes of the
vagina, and cardiovascular problems.
2. Psychological
- Usually caused by socially included
inhibitions, maladaptive attitudes, ignorance,
and sexual myths held by society.
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3. Social in Origin
- Sexual Folklore
- Premature Emission of Semen
- Erectile Impotence; Fear of Impotence
- Ejaculatory Impotence
- Vaginismus
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
- Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are
infections caused by sexual contact, causing
diseases like gonorrhea, genital herpes, HIV,
AIDS, chlamydia, and syphilis, which are
global health priorities due to their impact on
women and infants.
Sign and Symptoms of STDs
Men
1. Groin pain
2. Burning during urination
3. Milky discharge
4. Irritation around opening of penis
5. Testicular pain/swelling
6. Sore throat
7. Anal itching
Women
1. Milky discharge
2. Burning during urination
3. Lower abdominal/back pains
4. Nausea and Fever
5. Painful intercourse
6. Spotting between periods
7. Sore throats/anal itch
Chlamydia
- In 2016, the CDC reported 1,598,354 cases of
Chlamydia Trachomatis infection, making it
the most common notifiable condition in the
US. The rate increased by 4.7% from 2015 to
2016, with the highest rates among adolescent
and young adult females. Men generally have
lower reported cases than women.
Gonorrhea
- In 2016, gonorrhea cases increased by 18.5%
from 2015, with 22.2% among men and 13.8%
among women. The highest rates were
reported among African Americans and
American Indians/Alaska Natives. Rates
increased across all racial and ethnic groups
from 2012 to 2016, with antimicrobial
resistance being a significant concern in
treatment.
Syphilis
- In 2016, 27.814 Primary and Secondary
syphilis cases were reported, a 17.6% increase
from 2015. The rate increased among both
men and women, with 14.7% among men and
35.7% among women. The highest rates were
among 20-29-year-olds, 15-64-year-olds,
African Americans, and Native
Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islanders.
Chancroid
- Haemophilus Chancroid, caused by ducre
chancinical infection, causes genital ulcers and
inguinal lymphadenopathy. Reports declined
between 1987 and 2001, with 7 cases reported
in the US in 2016.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
- HPV is the most common sexually transmitted
infection in the US, with over 40 types
infecting the genital tract. Despite
asymptomatic infections, 42.5% of adults aged
18-59 had HPV infection in 2013-2014. Some
types cause cancer and genital warts.
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
- A prevalent sexually transmitted infection,
causing genital and/or anal lesions, with most
cases recurrent and typically acquired during
childhood.
Trichomonas Vaginalis
- A prevalent sexually transmitted infection,
causing preterm birth and symptomatic
vaginitis. Initial visits have been stable since
the 1990s, reaching 139,000 in 2015.
Natural and Artificial Methods of Contraceptive
Natural Method
- The natural family planning methods do not
involve any chemical body introduction into
the human body.
- People who are very conscious of the religious
beliefs are more inclined to use the natural
way of birth control and others follow such
natural methods because they are more cost
effective.
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 1. Abstinence
- This natural method involves abstaining from
sexual intercourse and is the most effective
natural birth control method with an ideal 0%
fail rate.
- It is also the most effective way to avoid STIs,
(Sexually Transmitted Infections).
Calendar Method
- Also called the rhythm method, this natural
method of family planning involves refraining
from coitus during the days that the woman is
fertile.
2. Basal Body Temperature (BBT)
- The basal body temperature is the woman’s
temperature at rest.
- According to the menstrual cycle, 3 or 4 days
before and 3 or 4 after ovulation, the woman is
likely to conceive.
- BBT falls at 0.5°F before the day of ovulation
and during ovulation, it rises to a full degree
because of progesterone and maintains its
level throughout the menstrual cycle, and this
is the basis for the method.
3. Cervical Mucus Method
- The basis of this method is the changes in the
cervical mucus during ovulation.
- To check if the woman is ovulating, the
cervical mucus must be copious, thin, and
watery.
- The cervical mucus must exhibit the property
of spinnbarkeit, wherein it can be stretched up
until at least 1 inch and feels slippery.
4. Symptothermal Method
- The symptothermal method is simply a
combination of the BBT method and the
cervical mucus method.
- Symptothermal method has an ideal failure
rate of 2%.
5. Ovulation Detection
- The ovulation detection method is an over-the-
counter kit that can predict ovulation through
the surge of luteinizing hormone that happens
12 to 24 hours before ovulation.
- The kit is 98% to 99% accurate and is fast
becoming the method of choice by women.
Artificial Method
1. Oral Contraceptive
- Also known as pills, contain synthetic estrogen
and progesterone, which suppress ovulation by
suppressing FSH and LH, and limit sperm
access to the ova, typically taken on the first
Sunday after menstruation.
2. Transdermal Patch
- Containing estrogen and progesterone, should
be applied weekly for three weeks on clean,
dry, and irritation-free areas, avoiding the
fourth week due to menstrual flow.
3. Vaginal Ring
- A silicon ring that releases estrogen and
progesterone, is inserted into the female
reproductive organ, releasing these hormones,
and causing fertilization.
4. Subdermal Implants
- Made with etonogestrel, desogestrel, and
progestin, are rod-like devices inserted under
the skin during menstruation to prevent
pregnancy lasting three to five years.
5. Hormonal Injection
- Containing medroxyprogesterone, is
administered intramuscularly every 12 weeks,
causing changes in endometrium and cervical
mucus and potentially preventing ovulation.
6. Intrauterine Device (IUD)
- Is a small T-shaped object containing
progesterone trices, fitted by a physician, to
prevent instilization and zygote implantation,
lasting five to seven years.
7. Chemical Barrier
- Spermicides, vaginal gels, creams, and
glycerin films kill sperms and lower female
reproductive organ pH, but they do not prevent
sexually transmitted infections.
8. Diaphragm
- A rubber disk, used to prevent sperm entry
into female reproductive organ, best when
combined with spermicide, and should be
fitted by a physician.
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 9. Cervical Cap
- Made of soft rubber and fitted on the rim of
the cervix. It was shaped like a thimble with a
thin rim, and could stay in place for no more
than 48 hours.
10. Male Condom
- Rubber Sheaths used to trap sperm during
ejaculation, prevent STIs, with an ideal 2% fail
rate, typical due to sheaths breaks.
11. Female Condom
- Latex rubber sheaths pre-lubricated with
spermicide, bound by two rings to prevent egg
fertilization by sperm cells.
12. Surgical Method
- Vasectomy involves making small incisions on
the scrotum to block sperm passage, while
tubal ligation is performed after menstruation
and before ovulation. Both procedures involve
cutting, cauterizing, cutting, or blocking the
fallopian tube to inhibit sperm and ova
passage.
SPIRITUAL SELF
Ritual
- Is the performance of ceremonial acts
prescribed by a tradition or sacred law
(Britannica 2017).
- Observable mode of behavior exhibited by all
known societies.
- There are three fundamental characteristics of
rituals according to Penner (Britannica 2017).
Ritual has the characteristics of:
1. A feeling or emotion of respect, awe,
fascination, or dread in relation to the sacred.
2. Dependence upon a belief system that is
usually expressed in the language of myth.
3. Is symbolic in relation to its reference the self
can be described as a ritual being who exhibits
a striking parallel between their ritual and
verbal behavior. Just as language is a system
of symbols that is based upon arbitrary rules,
ritual may be viewed as a system of symbolic
acts that is based upon arbitrary rules.
Participation in rituals is expressions of
religious beliefs.
Buddhism
- Root word “budh” meaning awake.
- Buddha is not the Buddhist God.
- It is one of the major religions in the world.
- It is the 4th largest religion of the world and
has about 300,000,000 followers.
Beliefs
- Buddhism believes that life is not a bed of
roses.
- They want to experience the goodness of life
and avoid disappointments.
- It becomes a habit known as the reactive cycle
of wanting and hating.
- They also believed in Rebirth or
Reincarnation.
Customs and Practices
There are two types of mediation practices:
1. Samatha
- Is practiced as mindfulness of breathing and
development of loving kindness (Metta
Bhavana).
2. Vipassana
- Practices aim at developing insight into reality.
Spiritual Self
- Is one of the four constituents of the “self”
according to William James in his book, 'The
principle of Psychology in 1890’.
- The spiritual self is the most intimate, inner
subjective part of self.
- It is the most intimate version of the self
because of the satisfaction experienced when
thinking of one’s ability to argue and
discriminate of one’s moral sensibility and
conscience, and of our unconquerable will is
purer than all other sentiments of satisfaction.
- The ability to use moral sensibility and
conscience may be seen through the
expressions of religion, its beliefs and
practices.
Religion
- Rebecca Stein works on the definition of
religion as a set of cultural beliefs and
practices that usually includes some or all of
basic characteristics.
1. A belief in anthropomorphic supernatural
beings, such as spirit and Gods.
2. A focus on the sacred supernatural, where
sacred refers to a feeling of reverence and awe.
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 3. The presence of supernatural power or energy
that is found on supernatural beings as well as
physical beings and objects.
4. The performance of ritual activities that
involves the manipulation of sacred objects to
communicate to supernatural beings and or to
influence or control events.
5. The articulation of worldview and moral codes
through narratives and other means.
Judaism
- The Jews believe in the God of Abraham,
Isaac, and Jacob.
- The same God that liberated the Hebrew
slaves from Egypt to Canaan, the Promised
Land through the leadership of Moses and
later, Joshua.
- The Jews believe in the coming of the
Messiah, the Savior.
- The Sacred scripture of the Jews is called the
Torah or the Law.
Customs and Practices
There are five major festivals observed by the
Jews:
1. Rosh Hashanah - The new year
2. Yom Kippur - The day of atonement
3. Pesach - Passover
4. Shavuot - Pentecost
5. Sukkot - Tabernacles the Jewish Sabbath
begins on Friday evening at sunset and is an
important time when families gather for the
sabbath meal
- Religious beliefs, rituals, practices, and
customs are all part of the expression of the
spiritual self.
- What to believe and how to manifest is
entirely dependent on the individual, on the
self.
- A person might believe that there is a higher
being, a supernatural being, usually termed as
God, but not necessarily wanting to be
affiliated or identified with a certain religious
group.
- Others may have other religious practices
which are perceived to be contrary to the
practices of other groups.
Judaism
- Monotheistic religion believed in one God.
- Oldest monotheistic religion in the world.
Belief
- Jews believe in the coming of the Messiah.
Torah
- The guide of the Jewish Living.
Islam
- Comes from the Arabic root word meaning
“peace” and “submission”.
- Followers of Islam called Muslims.
Beliefs
- Muslims believe in Allah, who is their “One
God”.
- They believe in the universality of God.
- Muslims have a strong sense of community or
“Ummah” and can be aware of their solidarity
with all muslims worldwide.
- Quran (Doctrine)
Customs and Practices
1. Shahadah - Statement of faith: “There is no
God but the one true God and Mohammed is
his messenger.
2. Salat - The prayer that is practiced five times a
day.
3. Zakat - The monetary offering for the benefit
of the poor.
4. Hajj - The yearly pilgrimage of mecca.
5. Sawm - The fasting. Muslim do fasting During
Ramadan.
Two Major festivals in Islam
1. Eidul-Fitr
2. Eidul-Adha
Logoteraphy
- A psychotherapy introduced by Dr. Viktor
Frankl, who is considered the Father of
Logotherapy.
- The main belief of logotherapy is that “man’s
primary motivational force is search for
meaning.”
- Logotherapy aids individuals to find personal
meaning of life, whatever life situation they
may be.
- In logotherapy, meaning can be discovered by
creating a work or doing a deed, experiencing
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 something or encountering someone and the
attitude toward unavoidable suffering.
- According to the Victor Frankl Institute of
Logotherapy (n.d.), it uses the philosophy of
optimism in the face of tragedy, where people
are capable of "turning suffering into human
achievement and accomplishment deriving
from guilt the opportunity to change oneself
for the better; and deriving from life's
transitoriness an incentive to take responsible
action."
Resurrection (Easter)
- Resurrection Sunday (depends on the lunar
calendar, sometime in March or April)
celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Christ from
death.
Christmas
- Usually on December 25, commemorates the
birth of Jesus Christ

Basic Concepts of Franklian Psychology Hinduism (Example)

- The Franklian Psychology has the basic
concepts.
These are the following:
- Life has meaning under all circumstances.
- Main motivation for living is our will to find
meaning in life.
- Freedom to find meaning.
Franklian Psychology aims to:
1. Become aware of spiritual resources.
2. Make conscious spiritual resources.
3. Use "defiant power of the human spirit" and
stand up against adversity.
Christianity
- An Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on
the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth.
Beliefs
- Christian believe in Trinitarian God.
- One God in three personas: God the Father
(creator), God the Son (savior), and God the
Holy Spirit (sustainer).
- Portrait of Vishu
- Portrait of Shri Radha-Krishna
- Mariamman Hindu Temple
Beliefs
- Hindus believe that existence is a cycle of
birth, death and rebirth, governed by Karma.
Karma
- A concept where the reincarnated life will
depend on how the past life was spent.
Customs and Practices
Diwali and Navratri
- Are the most celebrated festivals of Hindus.
- Diwali is the festival of lights while;
- Navratri is the festival of nine nights, which
celebrates the triumph of good or evil.
- Hindus have set dates to honor particular
manifestations of God.

- Eternal life after death will be achieved

through faith in Jesus Christ.

Customs and Practices

Holy Baptism
- The Sacrament of Baptism symbolizes the
birth in Christian World.

Holy Communion
- The Sacrament of Communion is an act of
remembrance of Jesus Christ's sacrificial love.
- Jesus Christ teaches in unconditional love that
is expressed in loving the poor, oppressed, and
outcast of the society.
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