Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.

P102
Lab Exercise 6
(SUMMARY OF FINDINGS p. 25)
I. Descriptive Statistics

Statistics
What is What

What is your type of How well Do you require Do you require

your current dwelling do you help/assistance help/assistance with Do you require

What is your current marital do you speak with self-care body movement help/assistance with

gender? age? status? live in? English? activities? activities? communication?

N Valid 82 82 82 82 82 82 82 82

Missing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Median 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 3.00 3.00 3.00

Mode 2 2 1 1 1 3 3 3

Minimum 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Maximum 2 3 5 5 2 3 3 3

Table 1. Descriptive Statistics.

Table 1 shows the descriptive statistics for key variables (demographic and assistance needs)
of immigrants in the city suburb on a sample size of 82. Median and mode are preferred over the
mean in situations where the data is categorical, ordinal, or skewed, as is often the case with assistance
needs variables. In this context, the mean might not be meaningful or interpretable. "For the 'Gender'
variable, the median and mode were both 2.00, denoting a predominant representation of females in
the dataset. Similarly, the 'Current Age' variable, with a median and mode of 2.00, shows a
concentration within the 18-64 years old age group. 'Marital Status' has a median of 1.00, suggesting
a central tendency towards individuals who have never been married, and this is reinforced by the
mode also being 1.00. 'Type of Dwelling' and 'English Proficiency' variables shows the same pattern,
with modes and medians both at 1.00, highlighting a predominant category for separate house
dwelling and very well English proficiency, respectively.

II. Frequency Table (Demographics)

What is your gender?
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Male 40 48.8 48.8 48.8
Female 42 51.2 51.2 100.0
Total 82 100.0 100.0
Table 2. Gender Frequency Table.

Table 2 presents the distribution of gender within the sample of 82 respondents. Out of
the total sample, 40 respondents (48.8%) identified as Male, while 42 respondents (51.2%)
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
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Lab Exercise 6
identified as Female. There are no missing or invalid entries for the 'Gender' variable, as shown
by the ‘Valid Percent’ column.

What is your current age?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid 0-17 YEARS 27 32.9 32.9 32.9
18-64 YEARS 49 59.8 59.8 92.7
65+ 6 7.3 7.3 100.0
Total 82 100.0 100.0

Table 3. Age Distribution Frequency Table.

Table 3 shows the age distribution within the sample of 82 respondents. It reveals that
32.9% of respondents are in the '0-17 YEARS' category, 59.8% fall into the '18-64 YEARS'
category, and 7.3% are in the '65+' category. There are no missing or invalid entries for the
'Current Age' variable, as all age categories have the same valid percent values.

What is your current marital status?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid NEVER MARRIED 71 86.6 86.6 86.6
WIDOWED 6 7.3 7.3 93.9
DIVORCED 1 1.2 1.2 95.1
SEPARATED BUT NOT 3 3.7 3.7 98.8
DIVORCED
MARRIED 1 1.2 1.2 100.0
Total 82 100.0 100.0
Table 4. Marital Status Distribution Frequency Table.

Table 4 provides the marital status distribution within the sample of 82 respondents. The
majority of respondents (86.6%) are 'NEVER MARRIED,' followed by 'WIDOWED' (7.3%),
'DIVORCED' and 'MARRIED' (each at 1.2%), and 'SEPARATED BUT NOT DIVORCED'
(3.7%). The 'Valid Percent' column confirms that there are no missing or invalid entries for the
'Current Marital Status' variable.

What type of dwelling do you live in?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Separate House 52 63.4 63.4 63.4
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
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Lab Exercise 6
Semi-detached/townhouse 1 1.2 1.2 64.6
Apartment/Unit/Flat 26 31.7 31.7 96.3
Caravan/Cabin/Houseboat 1 1.2 1.2 97.6
Improvised home/tent 2 2.4 2.4 100.0
Total 82 100.0 100.0
Table 5. Type of Dwelling Frequency Table.

Table 5 offers insights into the living arrangements of the 82 respondents. Among the
dwelling categories, 'Separate House' emerges as the predominant choice, representing 63.4% of
the respondents. Other dwelling types include 'Apartment/Unit/Flat' (31.7%), 'Improvised
home/tent' (2.4%), 'Semi-detached/townhouse' (1.2%), and 'Caravan/Cabin/Houseboat' (1.2%).
There are no missing or invalid entries for the 'Type of Dwelling' variable, as assured by the
‘Valid Percent’ column.

How well do you speak english?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid very well 79 96.3 96.3 96.3
well 3 3.7 3.7 100.0
Total 82 100.0 100.0
Table 6. English Proficiency Frequency Table.

Table 6 pertains the distribution of data in English proficiency. The table indicates that a
significant majority of respondents (96.3%) self-report a high proficiency level, specifically
denoting proficiency as 'very well.' A smaller, yet notable, percentage (3.7%) signifies
proficiency at the 'well' level. Noteworthy is the absence of respondents indicating lesser
proficiency levels such as 'not well' or 'not at all.' At the same time, there are no missing or
invalid entries.

III. Frequency Table (Type of Assistance)

Do you require help/assistance with self care activities?
Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Need for assistance always 3 3.7 3.7 3.7
Need for assistance 2 2.4 2.4 6.1
sometimes
No need for assistance 77 93.9 93.9 100.0
Total 82 100.0 100.0
Table 7. Self-care Activities Frequency Table.
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
P102
Lab Exercise 6
Table 7 presents the requiring assistance with self-care activities provides valuable
insights into the preferences of the 82 respondents. A small percentage (3.7%) always requires
assistance, another subset (2.4%) sometimes needs assistance, and the majority (93.9%) states
no need for assistance. Importantly, there are no missing or invalid entries for this variable,
ensuring a complete representation of responses.

Do you require help/assistance with body movement activities?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Need for assistance always 3 3.7 3.7 3.7
Need for assistance 2 2.4 2.4 6.1
sometimes
No need for assistance 77 93.9 93.9 100.0
Total 82 100.0 100.0

Table 8. Body Movement Activities Frequency Table.

Table 8 shows the need for assistance with body movement activities to the preferences
of the 82 respondents. A small percentage (3.7%) always requires assistance, another subset
(2.4%) sometimes needs assistance, and the majority (93.9%) states no need for assistance.
Importantly, there are no missing or invalid entries for this variable, ensuring a complete
representation of responses.

Do you require help/assistance with communication?

Cumulative
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Percent
Valid Need for assistance always 1 1.2 1.2 1.2
Need for assistance 4 4.9 4.9 6.1
sometimes
No need for assistance 77 93.9 93.9 100.0
Total 82 100.0 100.0

Table 9. Communication Activities Frequency Table

Table 9 displays insights into respondents' preferences regarding assistance with

communication. A small percentage (1.2%) consistently requires assistance, another subset
(4.9%) sometimes needs assistance, while the majority (93.9%) states no need for assistance.
The absence of missing or invalid entries ensures representation of responses, with the
cumulative percent reaching 100.0%.
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
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Lab Exercise 6
V. Cross Tabulation

Case Processing Summary

Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
What is your gender? * Do 82 100.0% 0 0.0% 82 100.0%
you require help/assistance
with self care activities?
What is your gender? * Do 82 100.0% 0 0.0% 82 100.0%
you require help/assistance
with body movement
activities?
What is your gender? * Do 82 100.0% 0 0.0% 82 100.0%
you require help/assistance
with communication?
What is your current age? * 82 100.0% 0 0.0% 82 100.0%
Do you require
help/assistance with self
care activities?
What is your current age? * 82 100.0% 0 0.0% 82 100.0%
Do you require
help/assistance with body
movement activities?
What is your current age? * 82 100.0% 0 0.0% 82 100.0%
Do you require
help/assistance with
communication?
How well do you speak 82 100.0% 0 0.0% 82 100.0%
english? * Do you require
help/assistance with self
care activities?
How well do you speak 82 100.0% 0 0.0% 82 100.0%
english? * Do you require
help/assistance with body
movement activities?
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
P102
Lab Exercise 6
How well do you speak 82 100.0% 0 0.0% 82 100.0%
english? * Do you require
help/assistance with
communication?

Table 10. Case Processing Summary.

VA. Cross Tabulation on Gender and Self-care Activities Assistance Needs

Hypotheses
H0: There is no significant association between gender and the need for assistance with self-
care activities.
H1: There is a significant association between gender and the need for assistance with self-care
activities.

Crosstab
Do you require help/assistance with self care
activities?
Need for
Need for assistance No need for
assistance always sometimes assistance Total
What is your Male Count 1 1 38 40
gender? Expected Count 1.5 1.0 37.6 40.0
Female Count 2 1 39 42
Expected Count 1.5 1.0 39.4 42.0
Total Count 3 2 77 82
Expected Count 3.0 2.0 77.0 82.0

Table 11. Crosstabulation Analysis on Gender and Self-Care Activities Assistance Needs.

Table 11 displays a crosstabulation of gender and self-care assistance needs for 82

participants. In the male group, one (1) always requires assistance, one (1) needs assistance
sometimes, and 38 reports no need. For females, two (2) always require assistance, one (1) needs
assistance sometimes, and 39 report no need. Overall, three (3) always need assistance, two (2)
need assistance sometimes, and 77 report no need. Expected counts under no association are also
provided in the table above. Overall, the total expected counts match the total reported responses.
Further statistical analyses, like the chi-square test, may explore the significance of these
associations.
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
P102
Lab Exercise 6

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value Df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .298a 2 .862
Likelihood Ratio .304 2 .859
Linear-by-Linear Association .244 1 .622
N of Valid Cases 82
a. 4 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .98.

Table 12. Chi-square test between gender and assistance needed with self-care activities.
A chi-square test of independence was conducted to examine the association between
gender and needed assistance with self-care activities, X²(2, N = 82) = 0.298, p = .862. There is
no significant association between gender and the need for assistance with self-care activities.
Furthermore, the p-value exceeds the significance level of .05, suggesting that there is not
enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis.

Figure 1. Graph on Gender and Self-Care Assistance Needs.

Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
P102
Lab Exercise 6
In Figure 1, the distribution of responses regarding the need for assistance with self-care
activities based on gender is depicted. Among participants categorized under “Need for
assistance always,” there was one (1) male and two (2) female participants. In the “Need for
assistance sometimes” category, one (1) male and one (1) female participant were reported. The
majority of both male (38) and female (39) participants indicated “No need for assistance.” Based
on the figure, it can be interpreted that the distribution reveals a higher prevalence of participants
reporting “No need for assistance” in comparison to those indicating a need for assistance,
whether it be always or sometimes.

VB. Cross Tabulation on Gender and Body Movement Activities Assistance Needs

Hypotheses
H0: There is no significant association between gender and the need for assistance with body
movement activities.
H1: There is a significant association between gender and the need for assistance with body
movement activities.

Crosstab
Do you require help/assistance with body movement
activities?
Need for Need for
assistance assistance No need for
always sometimes assistance Total
What is your Male Count 1 1 38 40
gender? Expected Count 1.5 1.0 37.6 40.0
Female Count 2 1 39 42
Expected Count 1.5 1.0 39.4 42.0
Total Count 3 2 77 82
Expected Count 3.0 2.0 77.0 82.0

Table 13. Crosstabulation Analysis on Gender and Body Movement Activities Assistance Needs.

Table 13 presents the relationship between gender and the need for assistance with body
movement activities for 82 participants. In males, one (1) always requires assistance, one (1)
needs assistance sometimes, and 38 reports no need. Among females, two (2) always require
assistance, one (1) needs assistance sometimes, and 39 report no need. Overall, three (3) always
need assistance, two (2) need assistance sometimes, and 77 report no need. Expected counts
under no association are also provided in the table above. Moreover, the total expected counts
match the total reported responses. Further analyses, like the chi-square test, may assess the
significance of these associations.
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
P102
Lab Exercise 6

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .298a 2 .862
Likelihood Ratio .304 2 .859
Linear-by-Linear Association .244 1 .622
N of Valid Cases 82
a. 4 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .98.

Table 14. Chi-square test between gender and assistance needed with body movement activities.
A chi-square test of independence was conducted to investigate the association between
gender and needed assistance with body movement activities, X²(2, N = 82) = 0.298, p = .862.
The analysis indicates no significant association between gender and the need for assistance
with body movement activities. Furthermore, the p-value exceeds the significance level of .05,
suggesting that the null hypothesis should not be rejected.
 Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
P102
Lab Exercise 6
Figure 2. Graph on Gender and Body Movement Activities Assistance Needs.

Figure 2 illustrates the distribution of assistance needs with body movement activities
among participants based on their gender. For males, 38 out of 40 reported no need for assistance,
while one participant always requires assistance, and another needs assistance sometimes.
Among females, 39 out of 42 also reported no need for assistance, two always require assistance,
and one needs assistance sometimes. Both males and females predominantly report no need for
assistance, and the differences in the distribution of assistance needs between the two genders
appear to be minimal.

VC. Cross Tabulation on Gender and Communication Activities Assistance Needs

Hypotheses
H0: There is no significant association between gender and the need for assistance with
communication activities.
H1: There is a significant association between gender and the need for assistance with
communication activities.

Crosstab
Do you require help/assistance with communication?
Need for Need for
assistance assistance No need for
always sometimes assistance Total
What is your Male Count 1 1 38 40
gender? Expected Count .5 2.0 37.6 40.0
Female Count 0 3 39 42
Expected Count .5 2.0 39.4 42.0
Total Count 1 4 77 82
Expected Count 1.0 4.0 77.0 82.0

Table 15. Crosstabulation analysis between gender and assistance needed with communication
activities.

Table 15 presents a crosstabulation analysis examining the relationship between gender

and the need for assistance with communication activities. For males, one (1) participant always
needs assistance, one (1) needs assistance sometimes, and 38 report no need. Among females,
none always need assistance, three (3) need assistance sometimes, and 39 report no need.
Overall, one participant always needs assistance, four need assistance sometimes, and 77 report
no need. Expected counts under no association are also provided in the table above. Moreover,
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
P102
Lab Exercise 6
the total expected counts match the total reported responses. Further statistical analyses, like the
chi-square test, may be considered to assess the significance of these associations.

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 1.965a 2 .374
Likelihood Ratio 2.397 2 .302
Linear-by-Linear Association .003 1 .958
N of Valid Cases 82
a. 4 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .49.

Table 16. Chi-square test between gender and assistance needed with communication activities.
A chi-square test of independence was conducted to investigate the association between
gender and the need for assistance with communication activities, X²(2, N = 82) = 1.965, p =
.374. The analysis indicates no significant association between gender and the need for
assistance with communication activities. Furthermore, the p-value exceeds the significance
level of .05, suggesting that the null hypothesis should not be rejected.

Figure 3. Graph on Gender and Communication Activities Assistance Needs.

Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
P102
Lab Exercise 6

Figure 3 illustrates the distribution of assistance needs with communication activities

across different genders. The graph shows that, among males, one (1) participant always needs
assistance, one (1) needs assistance sometimes, and 38 report no need. For females, the graph
indicates that none always need assistance, three (3) need assistance sometimes, and 39 report
no need.

VD. Cross Tabulation on Age and Self-Care Activities Assistance Needs

Hypotheses
H0: There is no significant association between age and the need for assistance with self-care
activities.
H1: There is a significant association between age and the need for assistance with self-care
activities.

Crosstab
Do you require help/assistance with self care
activities?
Need for Need for
assistance assistance No need for
always sometimes assistance Total
What is your 0-17 Count 1 0 26 27
current age? YEARS Expected Count 1.0 .7 25.4 27.0
18-64 Count 0 0 49 49
YEARS Expected Count 1.8 1.2 46.0 49.0
65+ Count 2 2 2 6
Expected Count .2 .1 5.6 6.0
Total Count 3 2 77 82
Expected Count 3.0 2.0 77.0 82.0

Table 17. Crosstabulation analysis between age and assistance needed with self-care activities.

Table 17 presents a crosstabulation analysis examining the relationship between age and
the need for assistance with self-care activities in 82 participants. In the 0-17 years age group,
one (1) participant always needs assistance, 26 report no need, and none need assistance
sometimes. For the 18-64 years age group, none report needing assistance always or sometimes,
and 49 report no need. In the 65+ age group, two (2) participants always need assistance, two (2)
need assistance sometimes, and two (2) report no need. Expected counts under no association
are also provided in the table above. Moreover, the total expected counts match the total reported
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
P102
Lab Exercise 6
responses. Further statistical analyses, like the chi-square test, may be considered to assess the
significance of these associations.

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 44.122a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 22.654 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 8.116 1 .004
N of Valid Cases 82
a. 6 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .15.

Table 18. Chi-square test between age and assistance needed with self-care activities.
A chi-square test of independence was conducted to examine the association between age
and the need for assistance with self-care activities, X²(4, N = 82) = 44.122, p = .000. The
analysis reveals a significant association between gender and the need for assistance with self-
care activities. Furthermore, the p-value is less than .05, indicating that the null hypothesis
should be rejected.
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
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Lab Exercise 6

Figure 4. Graph on Age and Self-Care Activities Assistance Needs

Figure 4 illustrates the distribution of assistance needs with self-care activities across
different age groups. In the "Need for assistance always" category, there is one (1) participant in
the 0-17 years age group and two (2) participants in the 65+ age group. The "Need for assistance
sometimes" category had no participants in the 0-17- and 18-64-years age groups, while two (2)
participants in the 65+ age group reported needing assistance sometimes. The majority of
participants in all age groups (26 in 0-17 years, 49 in 18-64 years, and 2 in 65+) indicated "No
need for assistance" with self-care activities. Overall, the graph suggests that the need for
assistance with self-care activities varies across age groups, with a higher proportion of
participants reporting no need for assistance, particularly in the 18-64 years age group. However,
among those aged 65 and above, there is a notable presence of individuals requiring assistance,
either always or sometimes.

VE. Cross Tabulation on Age and Body Movement Activities Assistance Needs

Hypotheses
H0: There is no significant association between age and the need for assistance with body
movement activities.
H1: There is a significant association between age and the need for assistance with body
movement activities.

Crosstab
Do you require help/assistance with body
movement activities?
Need for Need for
assistance assistance No need for
always sometimes assistance Total
What is your 0-17 Count 1 0 26 27
current age? YEARS Expected Count 1.0 .7 25.4 27.0
18-64 Count 0 0 49 49
YEARS Expected Count 1.8 1.2 46.0 49.0
65+ Count 2 2 2 6
Expected Count .2 .1 5.6 6.0
Total Count 3 2 77 82
Expected Count 3.0 2.0 77.0 82.0

Table 19. Crosstabulation analysis between age and assistance needed with body movement activities.
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
P102
Lab Exercise 6
Table 19 shows a crosstabulation analysis examining the relationship between age and
the need for assistance with body movement activities among 82 participants. Participants aged
0-17 years have one person always needing assistance, none needing assistance sometimes, and
26 reporting no need. In the 18-64 years age group, no participants reported needing assistance,
and all 49 participants indicated no need. In the 65+ age group, two (2) participants always need
assistance, two (2) need assistance sometimes, and two (2) report no need. Expected counts under
no association are also provided in the table above. Moreover, the total expected counts match
the total reported responses. Further statistical testing, such as chi-square analysis, is necessary
to determine the significance of this relationship.

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 44.122a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 22.654 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 8.116 1 .004
N of Valid Cases 82
a. 6 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .15.

Table 20. Chi-square test between age and assistance needed with body movement activities.
A chi-square test of independence was utilized to investigate the association between age
and the need for assistance with body movement activities, X²(4, N = 82) = 44.122, p = .000.
The results reveal a significant association between age and the need for assistance with body
movement activities. Furthermore, the p-value is below the .05 significance level, suggesting
that the null hypothesis should be rejected.
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
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Lab Exercise 6

Figure 5. Graph on Age and Body Movement Activities Assistance Needs

Figure 5 illustrates the relationship between age and the need for assistance with body
movement activities. It is evident that the majority of participants in the 0-17 years and 18-64
years age groups do not require assistance, as indicated by the high bars in the “No need for
assistance” category. In contrast, in the 65+ age group, there is a notable presence of individuals
who always or sometimes need assistance with body movement activities, as reflected by the
shorter bars in the “Need for assistance always” and “Need for assistance sometimes” categories.
Based on the figure, it can be suggested that most individuals in the 0-17 and 18-64 age groups
don't need assistance with body movement. However, among those aged 65 and above, there is
a notable presence of individuals requiring assistance, either always or sometimes.

VF. Cross Tabulation on Age and Communication Activities Assistance Needs

Hypotheses
H0: There is no significant association between age and the need for assistance with
communication activities.
H1: There is a significant association between age and the need for assistance with
communication activities.
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
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Lab Exercise 6

Crosstab
Do you require help/assistance with
communication?
Need for Need for
assistance assistance No need for
always sometimes assistance Total
What is your 0-17 Count 1 0 26 27
current age? YEARS Expected Count .3 1.3 25.4 27.0
18-64 Count 0 0 49 49
YEARS Expected Count .6 2.4 46.0 49.0
65+ Count 0 4 2 6
Expected Count .1 .3 5.6 6.0
Total Count 1 4 77 82
Expected Count 1.0 4.0 77.0 82.0

Table 21. Crosstabulation analysis between age and assistance needed with communication
activities.

Table 21 shows a crosstabulation analysis examining the relationship between age and
the need for assistance with communication activities among 82 participants. In the 0-17 years
age group, one participant reported needing assistance always, and 26 reported no need for
assistance. In the 18-64 years age group, none reported needing assistance, and 49 reported no
need. In the 65+ age group, four participants reported needing assistance sometimes, and two
reported no need. Expected counts under no association are also provided in the table above.
Moreover, the total expected counts match the total reported responses. Further statistical
analyses, such as the chi-square test, may be considered to assess the significance of these
associations.

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 55.258a 4 .000
Likelihood Ratio 26.473 4 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 4.851 1 .028
N of Valid Cases 82
a. 6 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .07.
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
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Lab Exercise 6
Table 22. Chi-square test between age and assistance needed with communication activities.
A chi-square test of independence was conducted to investigate the association between
age and the need for assistance with communication activities, X²(4, N = 82) = 55.258, p = .000.
The results reveal a significant association between gender and the need for assistance with
communication activities. Furthermore, the p-value is below the .05 significance level,
suggesting that the null hypothesis should be rejected.

Figure 6. Graph on Age and Communication Activities Assistance Needs.

Figure 6 illustrates the distribution of assistance needs with communication activities

across different age groups. In the “Need for assistance always” category, one (1) participant in
the 0-17 years age group is reported. In the “Need for assistance sometimes” category, four (4)
participants in the 65+ age group reported needing assistance sometimes. The majority of
participants in all age groups (26 in 0-17 years, 49 in 18-64 years, and 2 in 65+) indicated "No
need for assistance" with communication activities. The graph suggests that the need for
assistance with communication activities varies across age groups, with a higher proportion of
participants reporting no need for assistance, particularly in the 18-64 years age group.

VG. Cross Tabulation on English Proficiency and Self-care Activities Assistance Needs

Hypotheses
H0: There is no significant association between English proficiency and the need for assistance
with self-care activities.
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
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Lab Exercise 6
H1: There is a significant association between English proficiency and the need for assistance
with self-care activities.

Crosstab
Do you require help/assistance with self care
activities?
Need for
Need for assistance No need for
assistance always sometimes assistance Total
How well do you very well Count 1 2 76 79
speak english? Expected Count 2.9 1.9 74.2 79.0
well Count 2 0 1 3
Expected Count .1 .1 2.8 3.0
Total Count 3 2 77 82
Expected Count 3.0 2.0 77.0 82.0

Table 23. Crosstabulation analysis on English proficiency and assistance needed with self-care
activities.
Table 22 presents a crosstabulation analysis examining the relationship between English
proficiency and the need for assistance with self-care activities among 82 participants.
Participants who speak English "very well" predominantly report no need for assistance (76 out
of 79), with 2 reporting needing assistance sometimes and 1 reporting needing assistance always.
Those who speak English "well" comprise 2 participants who report needing assistance always.
Expected counts, assuming no association between English proficiency and self-care assistance
needs, are provided. Further statistical analyses, such as the chi-square test, may be considered
to assess the significance of these associations.

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 35.083a 2 .000
Likelihood Ratio 11.244 2 .004
Linear-by-Linear Association 29.138 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 82
a. 5 cells (83.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .07.

Table 24. Chi-square test between English proficiency and assistance needed with self-care activities.
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
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Lab Exercise 6
A chi-square test of independence was conducted to investigate the association between
English proficiency and the need for assistance with self-care activities, X²(2, N = 82) = 35.083
p = .000. The results reveal a significant association between English proficiency and the need
for assistance with self-care activities. Furthermore, the p-value is below the .05 significance
level, suggesting that the null hypothesis should be rejected.

Figure 7. Graph on English proficiency and Self-care Activities Assistance Needs.

Figure 7 illustrates the distribution of self-care assistance needs based on English
proficiency. Among those who speak English "very well," the majority (76 out of 79) indicate
no need for assistance, while 2 report needing assistance sometimes and 1 needing assistance
always. Participants who speak English "well" are represented by 2 individuals, both reporting
needing assistance always. Based on the graph, it is evident that the majority in this proficiency
group do not require assistance, while a small proportion report needing assistance sometimes
or always.

VH. Cross Tabulation on English Proficiency and Body Movement Activities Assistance
Needs

Hypotheses
H0: There is no significant association between English proficiency and the need for assistance
with body movement activities.
H1: There is a significant association between English proficiency and the need for assistance
with body movement activities.
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
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Lab Exercise 6

Crosstab
Do you require help/assistance with body
movement activities?
Need for Need for
assistance assistance No need for
always sometimes assistance Total
How well do you speak very well Count 1 2 76 79
english? Expected Count 2.9 1.9 74.2 79.0
well Count 2 0 1 3
Expected Count .1 .1 2.8 3.0
Total Count 3 2 77 82
Expected Count 3.0 2.0 77.0 82.0
Table 25. Crosstabulation analysis between English proficiency and assistance needed with body
movement activities.

Table 25 displays a crosstabulation analysis investigating the relationship between

English proficiency and the need for assistance with body movement activities for 82
participants. Among those who speak English "very well," one (1) participant reports needing
assistance always, two (2) report needing assistance sometimes, and the majority (76 out of 79)
express no need for assistance. For individuals who speak English "well," two (2) participants
report needing assistance always, and one participant reports no need for assistance. The
expected counts, assuming no association between English proficiency and body movement
assistance needs, are presented in the table. Moreover, the total expected counts match the total
reported responses. Further analyses, such as the chi-square test, may explore the significance of
these associations.

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 35.083a 2 .000
Likelihood Ratio 11.244 2 .004
Linear-by-Linear Association 29.138 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 82
a. 5 cells (83.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .07.

Table 26. Chi-square test between English proficiency and assistance needed with body movement
activities.
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
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Lab Exercise 6
A chi-square test of independence was conducted to investigate the association between
English proficiency and the need for assistance with body movement activities, X²(2, N = 82) =
35.083 p = .000. The results reveal a significant association between English proficiency and
the need for assistance with body movement activities. Furthermore, the p-value is below the
.05 significance level, suggesting that the null hypothesis should be rejected.

Figure 8. Graph on English proficiency and Body Movement Activities Assistance Needs.

Figure 8 illustrates the distribution of assistance needs with body movement activities
based on English proficiency. Among those who speak English "very well," the majority (76 out
of 79) indicate no need for assistance, while 2 report needing assistance sometimes and 1 needing
assistance always. Participants who speak English "well" are represented by 2 individuals, both
reporting needing assistance always. From this figure, it is evident that the majority of the
participants who speak English "very well" do not require assistance with body movement
activities, as indicated by the high count in the "No need for assistance" category. While the
small number of participants in the "well" category report needing assistance always or no
assistance at all.

VI. Cross Tabulation on English Proficiency and Communication Activities Assistance

Needs

Hypotheses
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
P102
Lab Exercise 6
H0: There is no significant association between English proficiency and the need for assistance
with communication activities.
H1: There is a significant association between English proficiency and the need for assistance
with communication activities.

Crosstab
Do you require help/assistance with
communication?
Need for Need for
assistance assistance No need for
always sometimes assistance Total
How well do you speak very well Count 1 1 77 79
english? Expected Count 1.0 3.9 74.2 79.0
well Count 0 3 0 3
Expected Count .0 .1 2.8 3.0
Total Count 1 4 77 82
Expected Count 1.0 4.0 77.0 82.0

Table 27. Crosstabulation analysis between English proficiency and assistance needed with
communication activities.
Table 27 presents a crosstabulation analysis examining the relationship between English
proficiency and the need for assistance with communication activities. Among those who speak
English "very well," one participant reports needing assistance always, one needs assistance
sometimes, and 77 indicate no need for assistance. For those who speak English "well," three
participants report needing assistance sometimes. The expected counts, assuming no association
between English proficiency and communication activities assistance needs, are presented in the
table. Moreover, the total expected counts match the total reported responses. Further analyses,
such as the chi-square test, may explore the significance of these associations.

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 60.722a 2 .000
Likelihood Ratio 21.239 2 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association 28.656 1 .000
N of Valid Cases 82
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
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Lab Exercise 6
a. 5 cells (83.3%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum
expected count is .04.

Table 28. Chi-square test between English proficiency and assistance needed with communication
activities.
A chi-square test of independence was conducted to investigate the association between
English proficiency and the need for assistance with communication activities, X²(2, N = 82) =
60.722, p = .000. The results reveal a significant association between English proficiency and
the need for assistance with communication activities. Furthermore, the p-value is below the .05
significance level, suggesting that the null hypothesis should be rejected.

Figure 9. Graph on English proficiency and Communication Activities Assistance Needs.

Figure 9 illustrates the distribution of assistance needs with communication activities
based on English proficiency. Among those who speak English “very well,” one participant
reports needing assistance always, one needs assistance sometimes, and 77 indicate no need for
assistance. For those who speak English “well,” three participants report needing assistance
sometimes. The graph represents the variation in assistance needs across different levels of
English proficiency, with a higher proportion of participants reporting no need for assistance,
particularly among those who speak English “very well.”
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
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Lab Exercise 6

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

A government worker has been tasked with gathering data on the well-being of
immigrants residing in a city suburb. The study aims to gather information crucial for
determining the specific types of assistance required by distinct groups within the immigrant
community. With a significance level of 0.05, the study explores the significance of relationships
between demographics (such as gender, age, and English proficiency) and the types of assistance
needed (including self-care activities, body movement activities, and communication activities).

Each crosstabulation generates a hypothesis, and the decision-making process involves

assessing whether the computed p-value (referred to as Asymptotic Significance, 2-sided) is less
than the predetermined level of significance (α = 0.05) using chi-square test of independence. If
the p-value is lower than 0.05, the decision will be to reject the null hypothesis (H 0). Conversely,
if the p-value exceeds the 0.05 threshold, the decision will be not to reject the null hypothesis
(H0).

The following is a summary of results using the chi-square test with a significance level
of 0.05:
Crosstabulation (Demographics*Types of Results
Assistance)
Association between gender and needed X²(2, N = 82) = 0.298, p = .862 (Not
assistance with self-care activities significant, do not reject H0)
Association between gender and needed X²(2, N = 82) = 0.298, p = .862. (Not
assistance with body movement activities significant, do not reject H0)
Association between gender and the need for X²(2, N = 82) = 1.965, p = .374 (Not
assistance with communication activities significant, do not reject H0)
Association between age and the need for X²(4, N = 82) = 44.122, p = .000
assistance with self-care activities (Significant, reject H0)
Association between age and the need for X²(4, N = 82) = 44.122, p = .000 (Significant,
assistance with body movement activities reject H0)
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
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Lab Exercise 6
Association between age and the need for X²(4, N = 82) = 55.258, p = .000 (Significant,
assistance with communication activities, reject H0)
Association between English proficiency and X²(2, N = 82) = 35.083 p = .000 (Significant,
the need for assistance with self-care reject H0)
activities
Association between English proficiency and X²(2, N = 82) = 35.083 p = .000 (Significant,
the need for assistance with body movement reject H0)
activities
Association between English proficiency and X²(2, N = 82) = 60.722, p = .000 (Significant,
the need for assistance with body movement reject H0)
activities

Along with these are the two questions that seeks to be answered:
1. What kind of assistance do the immigrants need the most? Discuss.
2. Which demographic (age, gender or English proficiency) needs the most assistance?
Explain.

For the first question, as shown by Tables 8,9, and 10, the kind of assistance that
immigrants need the most is the communication activities. Based on the frequency table, we
can see that the majority of immigrants do not need assistance in any of the three categories. The
highest percentage of respondents (93.9%) indicated that they have no need for assistance in self-
care activities, body movement activities, and communication activities. However, if we
compare the percentages of those who indicated a need for assistance, we can see that the highest
percentage is in the category of communication activities. 4.9% of respondents indicated that
they sometimes need assistance in communication activities. This suggests that immigrants may
need the most assistance in communication activities. Communication is a crucial aspect of daily
life, especially in a new country where language and cultural barriers may exist. Immigrants may
require assistance in understanding and expressing themselves effectively, whether it be in verbal
or written communication.

For the second question, as shown by Tables 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, and 28, two demographics
stand out as needing the most assistance: (1) age and (2) English proficiency. This conclusion
Mallari, Stephanie Grace D.
P102
Lab Exercise 6
is drawn from the observation that, among the three demographics analyzed, age and English
proficiency exhibit significant associations with all aspects in the crosstabulations and chi-square
tests. The findings imply that age-related differences significantly influence the requirements for
assistance in self-care, body movement, and communication activities. Similarly, English
proficiency emerges as a crucial factor affecting assistance needs across these domains.

Overall, this report will be useful in deciding the type of assistance needed by the specific
groups in the immigrant community.