1.

2. Sabrina spends all day sitting working at her computer and by the end of the day she notices
that her feet and ankles appear swollen.
(i)By reference to her lymphatic system, explain why Sabrina's feet and ankles are swollen.
(ii) What suggestion would you give to Sabrina to avoid the same thing happening again?

*hint- muscle contraction helps with lymphatic circulation.

3. Diagram 3 represents a diagram of a knee joint.

(i) Name the joint shown above

(ii) Identify F and State its main function
(iii) How does movement of the knee joint differ from the movement of the hip joint.
(iv) Jordan is told by his doctor that he needs to have one of his knees replaced. Suggest two reasons
why this might be necessary.
Points you can use
- Synovial membrane secretes a significantly lower amt of synovial fluid. This results in
increased friction between the bones, causing pain as he walks.
- The articular cartilage present has been worn out, causing increased fiction between bones
as he walks, causing pain.
- The ligaments that make up the capsule in his knee may have gotten weaker, so the bones
will not be held firmly together. This results in pain when he walks.
 4. Shakira works as a shop assistant and goes to the gym each day after work.
(i) Explain how Shakira's elbow joint works as she bends and straightens it repeatedly during her
daily workout using dumbbells.
(ii) Shakira wears high-heeled shoes to work each day. Suggest TWO adverse effect this might have
on her body.

5. Figure 5 shows the structure of the heart

(i) Identify R and S.

(ii) What is the function of the part labelled Q
(iii) Complete the table below comparing the aorta and anterior vena cava.

Aorta(Artery) Anterior Vena

Cava(Vein)
Pressure of blood carried High Low
Thickness of walls Thick (ELASTIC) Thin

6. Jerome is rushed to the hospital complaining of a tight feeling and pain in his chest and pain
in his arms, shoulders and neck.
(i) What might jerome be suffering from?
(ii) Explain what could have led up to Jerome's current situation.
- Fatty deposits known as “atheromas” accumulate on the walls of the coronary arteries,
narrowing the lumen. A blood clot/ thrombus is then formed in the narrow arteries, which
partially or completely blocked the blood flow in the artery. This prevented oxygen from
being supplied to the heart muscles. Hence, the heart muscle tissues started to die, causing
Jerome to suffer from a heart attack.
7. Explain to Naomi why humans need double circulation.

Humans require double circulation because it ensures efficient delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the
body’s tissues and organs, and the removal of waste products such as carbon dioxide. This double
circulation involves the circulation of blood through two separate pathways; the pulmonary circulation
and the systemic circulation. The pulmonary circulation is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood
from the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. The oxygenated
blood is then returned to the heart, which pumps it out to the rest of the body through the systemic
circulation. The systemic circulation is responsible for carrying oxygenated blood to the organs and
tissues of the body, where it provides the necessary nutrients and oxygen for their proper functioning.
It then collects the deoxygenated blood and returns it to the heart to begin the process all over again.

Double circulation is essential for the efficient functioning of the human body. Without it, oxygen-rich
blood would mix with deoxygenated blood, reducing the efficiency of oxygen delivery to the organs
and tissues. The double circulation system ensures that oxygen-rich blood is always delivered to where
it is needed most, while deoxygenated blood is quickly removed and sent to the lungs to be re-
oxygenated.

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