IT 321 - Human Computer Interaction
(inulit ang information).
HCI emerges in 1980s
HCI specialist - consider how to develop and
deploy computer systems that satisfy human
users.
HUMAN
Primary factors
1. Senses
Touch
- Information processing and
Communication. It provides us with vital
information about our environment
Vision
- physical reception – we see physically
- interpretation of stimulus - act of responding.
The process of what we see.
Hearing
- auditory nerve – use in sense of hearing
- 3 sections of ears
Inner ear - cilia
Middle ear - tympanic membrane and
cochlea
Outer ear - pinna and auditory canal
2. Human memory
Sensory memory
- process stimulus, senses
Short term memory
- how many chunks of information can we
store in our short term memory? 5-7 chunks of
information
Long term memory
- two types of long term memory
episodic memory represents memory of
events and experiences.
semantic memory is a structured record of
facts, concepts and skills.
3 main activities related to LTM
- Storage – where we store the memory.
- Forgetting
decay – suggests that information held in
LTM may eventually be forgotten. (sira, bulok,
nawawala)
interference - this is forgetting old
memory when you have new information
- Retrieval
recall - produced form memory
recognition - presentation of knowledge
3. Thinking: Reasoning and Problem Solving
Thinking - can require different amounts of
knowledge.
Reasoning - process which we use to draw
conclusion
Different types of reasoning
Deductive reasoning - notion to our notion of
truth.
Inductive – reasoning to the cases we didn’t
see. has no basis
Abductive - based upon observation, things
that we observed
Problem Solving
Gestalt theory - Our insights are needed to
solve a problem to solve a gestalt theory
- productive
- reproductive
Problem space theory - It means enabling
someone to discover new things through
Legal state transitions operators. Enabling
someone to learn new things.
Use of analogy - mapping knowledge
relating to similar known domain
dog:bark; cat: meow
4. Emotion - refers to our bodies response to
stimulus
COMPUTER
INTERACTION
3 components of human computer
interaction
the user (human)
the tools (computer)
the context (interaction)
7 principles of HCI
- Utilize mental and wordly knowledge
- Streamlining task structures
- make everything clear
- make the mapping accurate
- convert limitations into benefits
- design for mistake
- standardize if everything else fails
Human Computer Interaction aims to
maximize how people and computer
communicate.
Interaction Design
- Communication between the user and
device.
5 Dimensions of Interaction Design
Words (1d) – textual info.
Visual Representation (2d) – graphical
elements like icons.
Physical object/space (3d) – device that
we use.
Time (4d) – elements that use time like
videos and animations.
Behavior (5d) – need to interaction works
Positioning in 3D Space
Cockpit and Virtual controls
3D mouse – rotate the mouse and tip it
forward and backward. 6 degrees of
freedom, position can be tracked.
Virtual Reality Helmets – used to watch
everything in 3d.
Paper – printing and scanning
Printing
3 common types of dot-based printers
Dot metrix – this used an ink ribbon but
instead a character head aligned of pin is
used. Ex. Typewriter.
Ink jet and bubble jet – this operates the
common printer we have now.
Laser – for scanning and photocopying.
Still part of paper.
Memory
Fonts and Page description languages -
Some printers print ASCII-characters and
bitmaps ‘by itself’. Many more complex
documents are translated into suitable
bitmaps by the computer. More
sophisticated printers can accept a page
description language, e.g. PostScript.
The programming-language for printing
includes standard-programming constructs,
which means that less data has to be send to
the printer in comparison to using a bitmap.
Scanners – these accept paper and convert
it into a bitmap
Two sorts of scanner exist:
Flat bed – paper is placed on a glass plate
with whole page converted into bitmap.
Hand held – scanner is passed over paper.
digitizing strip typically 3-4" wide
Shines light at paper and note intensity of
reflection with color or greyscale
Typical resolutions are from 600-2400 dpi
Scanners are used in desktop publishing for
incorporating photographs and other
images.
Optical character recognition (OCR) converts
bitmap back into text with different fonts
creating problems for simple "template
matching" algorithms.
Memory
RAM and Short Term Memory (STM) – most
current active information is held in the
random access memory (RAM). RAM is
volatile: contents are lost when the power is
turned off. However, there are more
expensive of low-power consuming memory
techniques that can hold their contents when
the power is off.
Disks and Long Term Memory – there are 2
main techniques in disks: magnetic disks
(floppy, hard disk, tape) and optical disks
(CD-ROM/DVD). In comparison to RAM, the
computers LTM is rather slow.
Understanding speed and capacity – the
capacity of RAM is limited and therefore
multitask-systems tend to swap background-
running programs for RAM to the hard disk.
When the program is fully activated it has to
be swapped back, which can cause delays
(von Neumann bottleneck)
for example by matching a key to a
database index which corresponds closely.
Most currently active information is held in
silicon-chip random access memory (RAM).
Different forms of RAM differ as to their
precise access times, power consumption
and characteristics. Typical access times are
of the order of 10 nanoseconds, that is a
hundred-millionth of a second, and
information can be accessed at a rate of
around 100 Mbytes (million bytes) per
second. Typical storage in modern personal
computers is between 64 and 256 Mbytes.

Processing and Networks

Compression
Compression techniques can be used ti
reduce the amount of storage required
for text, bitmaps and video. In text, logical
contractions in the sentence can be
replaced by a short code. In video,
deference’s between frames can be
recorded instead of the whole frames. If
fractal compression is used, the quality can
even improve in the process.

Storage format and standards

The basic standard for text storage is the
ASCII character codes, which assign
to each standard printable character and
several control characters an internationally
recognized 7 bit code. UNICODE is an
extended version of this system and can also
code for foreign characters. However, this is
all unformatted text. All editors which
produce formatted texts have their own Öle
format. Also for images there exists a wide
range of formats.

Methods of access
Standard database access is by special key
Öelds with an associated index. The user has
to know the key before the system can Önd
the information. Indices on databases are
limited due to the storage costs, privacy and
security. The user’s mistakes in searching can
be compensated by using forgiving systems,