P H I L O S O P H Y

TRUTH AND OPINON

M A R I E C O N N E E L Y D . V I L L A N U E V A
 T R U T H
truth in philosophy refers to a state of
correspondence between a statement or belief and
objective reality. When a statement or belief
accurately describes the way the world is, it is
considered to be true. Conversely, if it does not
correspond to reality, it is considered false.
 T R U T H
it is most often used to mean
being in accord with fact or reality,
or fidelity to an original or standard.
Truth is also sometimes defined
in modern contexts as an idea of
"truth to self", or authenticity.
 P R O P O S I T I O N S

is a statement about the

world or reality. Propositions
may or may notcarry truth.
 K N O W L E D G E

is the clear awareness and

understanding of something.
It is the product of questions
that allow for clear answers
provided by facts.
 F A C T S

are propositions or
statement which are
observe to be real or
truthful
 C L A I M S

Claim is a statement that is

not evidently or immediately
known to be true. Thismeans
that any claim can be proven
by verification and
experimentation.
 F A C T S

Therefore, truthful statements

can be considered as based
on facts.
IN PHILOSOPHY

systematic doubt is employed to help

determine the truth. This means
that every statement, claim, evidence, and
experience is scrutinized and analyzed.

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IN PHILOSOPHY

Philosophers always engaged with the concept of truth. Philosophers consider

truthas a kind of quality or value. Knowledge is the clear awareness and
understanding ofsomething, since it is true knowing that we are able to determine
what is true.
Doubt has a very important purpose in philosophy as it drives our desire to
discover
the truth. In philosophy, systematic doubt is employed to help determine the
truth.
A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s senses.
Another basis for determining truth is a belief or statement is true if it is based on
facts

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FACT

something concrete that can be proven. You

can find facts in legal records, scientific
findings, encyclopaedias, atlases,
etc. In other words, facts are the truth and
are accepted as such.

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FACT

Facts are statements that are

observed to be real or truthful.

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OPINION

An opinion in philosophy refers to a belief,

judgment, or perspective held by an individual or
a group of individuals about a particular matter.
Opinions are subjective and can vary from
person to person based on their personal
experiences, values, emotions, and reasoning

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 OPINION

Opinion applies to what, being true or false, may be other than it is: in fact,
opinion isthe apprehension of an immediate and unnecessary premise
(Aristotle)Opinion, founded in the probable, perhaps also the name of
knowledge (Leibniz)Opinion is a belief that is conscious of being insufficient
both subjectively and objectively (Kant)
An opinion gives for truth something that has been said, although sometimes
theyare absurd words, which mean nothing, impossible to understand
(Hobbes)Public opinion is the convergence of the opinions of the greatest
number of people ina community, so that they form a common and dominant
feeling, exerting diffuse pressure
(Freund)
Opinions are statement that go beyond providing facts.
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A conclusion is a judgment based on certain facts.
 Arguments

are series of statements that provide

explanations to convince the listener
or a reader that the opinion is
truthful.
F A L L A C I E S
Arguments often take the form of
statements that are either claims of facts
and are phrased in such a way that they
seem reasonable. However, a number of
arguments may be based on faulty
reasoning. These kinds of arguments are
called fallacies. Some of the fallacies
maybe intentional. As the person making is
desperate to convince you to accept his or
her argument

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F A L L A C I E S

are group of statements that appear to

be arguments to support the
conclusion
.

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B I A S

refers tendencies or influences which

affect the views of the people.
Whenlooking at an opinion you must
be aware of bias so that you can
objectively andcritically examined
points of view
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ad hominem
Occurs when someone attacks the person making
an argument rather than addressing the argument
itself. Instead of engaging with the substance of
the argument, the fallacious approach involves
attacking the individual's character, motivations, or
personal attributes.

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Example
"Who cares what Alice thinks about workplace
policies? She's always late to meetings, and her
desk is a mess. We shouldn't take advice from
someone so disorganized."

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appeal to force
The "appeal to force" fallacy, also known as
"argumentum ad baculum" in Latin, is a type of
logical fallacy that occurs when someone tries to
persuade or convince another person by using
threats, intimidation, or force rather than
presenting valid reasons or evidence to support
their argument.

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example
"If any of you decide to join this union, you will all
lose your jobs immediately. I can guarantee that
none of you will find work in this industry ever
again. So, think very carefully before you make a
decision."

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appeal to emotion
The "appeal to emotion" fallacy, also known as
"argumentum ad passiones" or "emotional
appeal," occurs when someone attempts to
persuade or convince others by using strong
emotions, such as pity, fear, anger, or sympathy,
rather than presenting sound reasoning, logic, or
evidence to support their argument..

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example
Candidate: "Think about the countless children
who go to bed hungry every night because of our
current policies. It's heartbreaking to see their
suffering. If you care about these innocent
children, you'll support my proposal."

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W h a t i s t h e
c o n n e c t i o n o f
b i a s i n o p i n i o n ?

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J O H N C O R V I N O ’ S
T H R E E
D I s t i n c t i o n o f
o p i n i o n
a n d t r u t h :

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BELIEF AND REALITY
DISTINCTION

Reality is unarguably seen and felt by

the human senses. Whereas, belief is
aby-product or a manifestation of any
reality

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EXAMPLE

For example: Your reality right now is your being a

student enrolled in a certain curriculum. Several
belief systems can thrive from that reality:
Finishing academic year with either outstanding
grades or just passing remarks. Graduating with
honors or graduating simply as an ordinary
graduate
SUBJECTIVE AND
OBJECTIVE DISTINCTION

Perspective is what makes fact as possibly an

opinion or opinion as potentially a fact. This can
vary according to one’s experience and position
making judgment aseither subjective or
objective.
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SUBJECTIVE AND
OBJECTIVE DISTINCTION

What makes your viewpoint subjective is when you

rely so much on your perception as dictated by
your mind. And when something appears to you
objectively that means there are reasons outside of
the mind that make the thing true.

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DESCRIPTIVE AND
NORMATIVE DISTINCTION

Descriptive statements which simply narrates

what happens, while there are the Normative
statements which evaluate the events according
to the perspective of people, a certain cultureand
law

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EXAMPLE

For example, in a certain class the teacher

observes cheating to berampant which is
basically a wrong doing (Descriptive), but, with
the group ofstudents doing the act they might
reason out that the act is for their
greatergood(Normative).
 METHODS OF
PHILOSOPHY LEAD
TO WISDOM AND
TRUTH
PHILOSOPHY

The methods of philosophy will help in learning the process of doing philosophy
in a systematic way. On the other hand, philosophizing is to think or express oneself
in a philosophical manner.
Although philosophy is an organized body of knowledge, the subject matter of
philosophy is questions, which have three major characteristics;

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PHILOSOPHY LEADS TO
WISDOM AND TRUTH

• Philosophical questions
have answers but the
answers remain in dispute.

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PHILOSOPHY LEADS TO
WISDOM AND TRUTH

2. Philosophical questions
cannot be settled by science,
common sense, or faith.

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PHILOSOPHY LEADS TO
WISDOM AND TRUTH

3. Philosophical questions are

of perennial intellectual
interest to human beings

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