METHODS OF

PHILOSOPHIZIN
G
TRUTH AND OPINION
Why is there a need to validate a
statement or to seek its trueness?
 The need to
validate statements
and seek their
individual societal
trueness is
essential for:
well-being, progress,
It serves as a

ethical and the foundation for

informed decision-
pursuit of making, trust-
behavior, knowledge.
building, and the
advancement of
science and society.
Truth is a quality or property that a
statement, belief, proposition, or
assertion has when it accurately
corresponds to or accurately
represents objective reality or the
way things are in the world. In
other words, something is
considered true if it aligns with the
actual facts or states of affairs in the
world
 CHARACTERISTICS OF TRUTH

Truth is objective, meaning

it exists independently of
personal beliefs, opinions, or
perspectives. It represents
factual and verifiable
information about the world
that is consistent across
different observers.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF TRUTH

Truth corresponds to
objective reality. It
accurately reflects the way
things are in the world. In
other words, a true
statement or belief aligns
with the actual facts or states
 CHARACTERISTICS OF TRUTH

Truth can be verified

through empirical evidence,
logical reasoning, or reliable
sources of information. It is
not reliant on mere
assertion or subjective
interpretation.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRUTH
Truth is consistent
and coherent. It does
not contradict itself
or other established
truths. In a system
of knowledge, true
statements and
beliefs fit together
harmoniously.
CHARACTERISTICS OF TRUTH

Truth is universal in the

sense that it applies
consistently across different
contexts, cultures, and time
periods. It is not limited to
specific individuals, groups,
or circumstances.
KINDS OF TRUTH

►Empirical truth
►Necessary truth
KINDS OF TRUTH

Empirical truth
⮚ Empirical truth matches
our experience of reality or
the natural world.
⮚ proven with evidences or
what we call facts.
⮚ Facts are “something that
is known to have happened
or to exist, especially
something for which proof
exists, or about which
there is information.
KINDS OF TRUTH

Necessary Truth + =
⮚logical truths
⮚true because of
reason ⮚ Many teachers have their
⮚no possible likes and dislikes towards
students.
way that we
⮚ Many student have their
can think it is likes and dislikes towards
false teachers.
THEORIES OF
TRUTH
►Correspondence
Theory
►Coherence Theory
►Pragmatic Theory
THEORIES OF TRUTH

Correspondence Theory of Truth

⮚A statement is true if
and only if there is a
corresponding fact or
something in reality that
can prove its trueness, ⮚ He is a student
studying at
otherwise it is false. SJLSHS
THEORIES OF TRUTH

Coherence Theory of Truth

⮚ Truths that may not
be supported by
evidence but by
rational or logical
reasoning
⮚ parts of the statement
or claim go together to
form a logical picture
even with incomplete
or total absence of ⮚ The cat fits in and there is
evidence or facts to consistency among the elements
prove it otherwise
THEORIES OF TRUTH

Pragmatic Theory of Truth

⮚ If statement allows us
to function better,
whether it suggests
fruitful line of inquiry
to be pursued in the
future
⮚ Pragmatic theory tells
us that if a statement 1803—1904—1911—1913—1926
works, it is true.
⮚Opinions are subjective expressions
of personal beliefs and viewpoints
that may or may not be based on
factual information.
⮚They are diverse, open to change, and
influenced by various factors, making
them a fundamental aspect of human
communication and democratic
societies.
CHARACTERISTICS OF OPINION

Opinion is not the

opposite of truth.
Remember that the
opposite of truth is
falsity, true or false.
OPINION
CHARACTERISTICS OF OPINION

Opinions are often influenced

by cognitive biases, including
confirmation bias (preferring
information that confirms
existing beliefs) and availability
bias (giving greater weight to
easily recalled information).
CHARACTERISTICS OF OPINION

Opinions are not fixed and

can evolve over time.
Exposure to new
information, experiences, or
persuasive arguments can
lead individuals to reconsider
and potentially change their
opinions.
CHARACTERISTICS OF OPINION

Opinions can be context-

dependent. What someone
believes or feels about a
particular issue may change
depending on the context,
circumstances, or the way a
question is framed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF OPINION

Opinions can be based on

well-informed analysis
and research, or they can
be formed without
adequate knowledge or
understanding of the
subject matter.
CHARACTERISTICS OF OPINION

⮚ Do not include “matter of taste”

⮚ A matter of taste refers to subjective
preferences and judgments that are
not based on objective facts but rather
on personal likes, dislikes, or aesthetic
sensibilities.
⮚ Matters of taste are highly
individualistic, and what one person
finds appealing, enjoyable, or
aesthetically pleasing may not be the
same for another person.
Exercise
In the following activity you will identify which of the statements are truths and which are opinions.
Write Truth if the statement expresses a truth claim and Opinion if it expresses an opinion. Write your
answer on the space provided before each number.

_______________1. Engineering is a better course in college.

_______________2. The Corona Virus pandemic has ravaged many
economies around the world.
_______________3. If we remained as a colony of United States of America,
progress will be a common thing in our country.
_______________4. The University of the Philippines is the premier
university in the country.
_______________5. You can’t get rich if you are a teacher.
Exercise
In the following activity you will identify which of the statements are truths and which are opinions.
Write Truth if the statement expresses a truth claim and Opinion if it expresses an opinion. Write your
answer on the space provided before each number.

_______________6. If a vaccine is only 99% effective, it should not be

administered to any one because of the danger of the
1% ineffectiveness.
_______________7. All major medical surgery carries with it certain amount of
risk.
_______________8. Hardworking people are successful.
_______________9. Finishing an education can open other opportunities in life.
_______________10. Drinking lots of fluid during hot days in summer helps
prevent sun strokes.