& K Chapter 2 Atoms, Molecules and lons weiss Ta EUS Sts Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 6 oS \ es Atomic structure e \. Gate DPTABLE 2.1 | Mass and Charge of Subatomic Particles eel aus eur Charge ich Mass (g) Coulomb ‘Charge Unit e Glectton? 9.10938 x 10°28 -1.6022 x 107” = P Brot 1.67262 x 10°* +1.6022 x 10°" +1 ( ay a) Period 3, group 1B sets of elements is b) found in group SA b) Period 3A group 4 expected to have | 1) 4 c) Found in period 3 Period 4, group 1A |) similar chemical °” e 4) metal d) Period@eroupGA) }] properties? a) Sulfurandac,7-t., 2) phosphorous” ~) Which of these by oxygen elements is most likely sulfiir and argon to be a good conductor d) Sulfur and calcium of electricity? vf d-¢>= | a) Nitrogen(N) b) Sulfur (s) Helium (He) Tron (Fe), je Molecules and Ions ele; OA nsss Sat A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical forcest- |» APO SP My - #3 . a oo ~%, @@e (2 yo) GS He H,O NH; A diatomic molecule contains onlv two atoms ila “akan sagas STOLE fal T Hp, No, Oz, Br, HCI, CO i Sn diatomic elements (A)polyatomic molecule contains more than two atoms _ meri gh Os, H:0, NH, CH,2s Cyoi (Wat lp ols “ntl an atom, or group of atoms, that has a net positive or negative piled LO ort te — ion with a positive chargé 20.675 a5 Lee 52 If aneutral atom loses one or more electrons * eo it becomes a cation. oa protons “1 protons Le (electrons electrons _ electrons _ eu G@nion> ion with a ni egativ ive charge-\).1 67 S| a Fe aie If a neutral atom gains one or more electron: electrons it becomes an anion. 17 protons 17 protons GDelectrons 7 cl ooleivus \ A monatomic joncontains only one atom ow !s6, 5 Na*, Cl, Ga, OF, Ale, N&- / As Ae 13 0 55 A polyatomic jon contains more than one atom OH, CN, NH,*, NO;Pe 13 = }0 7 How many protons and electrons are in af 2 —— AE @ ie 13 protons, 10 (13 — 3) electrons 234 e=36 oe How many protons and electrons are in Tage ose 34 protons, 36 (34 + 2) electrons ap bg) 1 Chemical Formulas 5 ( 22) aApblarest Bat © Yl 46 ce? A molecular formula shows the exact number of atoms of each element in the smallest unit of a substance / (ee ) ass*¥ lacpil A iD An) empirical formula shows the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms in a substance molecular“, 2° ~ empirical H,O ———='-» H,O CgH;,0, —=% > CH,O 0; ——_——> 0 NjH, > NH,£2 VieSeal wl oe} jonic) compounds consist of a combination of cations and an anions © com + The fora i is suey the same as th e empirical formula GiionG) + The suit of the Zharges on the: s Gets) axon) in vei each formula unit must equal zero. The ionic compound NaCl The most reactive metals (green) and the most reactive i ts (blue) combine to form ionic compounds. 18o If the charges on the cation and anion are numerically different, we apply the following rule to make the formula electrically neutral: The subscript of the cation is numerically equal to the charge on the anion, and the subscript of the anion is numerically equal to the charge on the cation. && Aluminum Oxide. The cation is Als* and the oxygen anion is O*. _— x . O A Ab O3 nN 103 The sum of the charges is 2(+3) + 3(-2) = 0. Thus, the formula for aluminum oxide is Al,O3. \_aa#e [tal 2A/ 3A +458] AT aq 2 3 Formula of lonic Compounds S 7 Al or 2x +3 = +6 3x -2=-6 aa Al,Os ZA At , eS TaD 42 Oo” CaBr, Co Bre Ca” * Br (A -2 Ne C O28 2 1= +2. 1x-2=-2 xee+ x-2=4 \ / 2 .Na,CO, 2. Na 7 C03 Na CO;Common Ions Shown on the Periodic Table pee @NOx oy N02 oe" — nitvete aihite a we Fd @so% “sulfate —y $0 sulfite <= Sit + pet oer Choy lst Naming Compound aba WGN aplne 3 . oe lonic Compounds wet Ss — Often a(metal fronmetaly> — Anion (nonmetal), add “ide” to element name ei BaCl, bantmh chloride) K o 0. potassium onide Mg(OH), maghebium hydroxide = = K AOZ KNO, potassium nitrate 22PR eee uur ieee Re Uo are Lye J Pella ROM alge Cen MUIR Mg eee LoaLE ed Group 4A Group 5A Group 6A Group 7A ic (Ch)* NN nitride (N*>) © oxide (0) F fluoride (F-) Si silicide (Si*”) P phosphide (P*-) S sulfide (S?>) Cl chloride (CI) Se selenide (Se) Br bromide (Br-) Te telluride (Te?) Tiodide (7) *The word “carbide” is also used for the anion Cf. 23 BF Sas y alee aslessy Nass! * Transition metal ionic compounds — indicate charge on metal with Roman numerals am O FeCly 2Ch -2so0 Fe is +2 iron(II) chloride FéCl, 3Cl -3soFeis+3 —_iron(Ill) chloride chs) 3 S?-6 so Cris +3 (6/2) chromiumi(II!) sulfideBF Li dey BSN If transition metals can form more tha one type of cations we use (-ic ) for higher charge and (-ous ) for lower charge . jae ; ve pao , FeCl, iron(|I) chloride becomes ferrous)chloride FeCl iron(II) chloride becomes fertic\chloride CuCl cupper(!) chloride becomes cupperous) chloride CuCl, cupper(ll) chloride becomes, cuppetid chloride peat OU Pui as O pear ei MEO ‘aluminum (AP*) ‘bromide (Br") ammonium (NH) carbonate (CO}") ‘barium (Ba"*) chlorate (C105) cadmium (Cd) chloride (CI-) cenleium (Ca**) ‘chromate (CrO}-) cesium (Cs*) ‘cyanide (CN) chromium(II}) or chromic (CP*) dichromate (Cr,03-) cobalt oreostons (3) iydrogen phosphate (P05) ‘copper(l) or cuuprous (Cu) fluoride (F-) ‘copper(Hl) or cupric (Cu!) hydride (H™) nyaogen ) iydiogn ennai beans ICO) iron or feos) syarogen phon (POP) ‘iron(lll) or ferric (Fe’*) hydrogen sulfate or bisulfate (HSOj) Jead(II) or plumbous (Pt™*) ‘hydroxide (OH™) Aithiarm (Li*) iodide (Ir) images (") nite N05) rmanpnese(T or manganous (Ms!) alte (7) inten) or meres Gd" tite WOH) mercury(I) or mercuric (Hg”*) oxide (0) potassium (K*) ‘permanganate (MnO; ) tibia (RS) pense OF) silver (Ag*) phosphate (PO}") ‘sodium (Na*) sulfate (SO3") ‘strontium (Sr*) sulfide (S°") ‘tin(I1) or stannous (Su**) ‘sulfite (S03) ‘tine (Za?*) thiocyanate (SCN) 26 recy es tom,a ‘ | ExamPLe 2.5 | sr Name the following compounds: (a) Cu(NOs)2. (b) KH2POs, and (c) NH,C1O3. Solution (a) The nitrate ion (NOF) bears one negative charge. so the copper ion must have wo positive charges. Because copper forms both Cu* and Cu?* ions. we need to use the Stock system and eall the compound copper(II) nitrate. (b) The cation is K* and the anion is HzPO; (dihydrogen phosphate). Because potassium only forms one type of ion (K*). there is no need to use potassium(I) in the name. The compound is potassium dihydrogen phosphate. (c) The cation is NH} (ammonium ion) and the anion is CIO. The compound is ammonium chlorate. 3% Dyactice Hxercise Nuns the or compounds: (a) PbO and (b) LizSO3. Rez = YS eee thos plate ssrum dihydvogen Rhos Po potessivw aiiyerey ——— 27 Write chemical formulas for the following compounds: ( sulle, and (c) agg phosphate, Solution Sa fs 3(PO4) 2 (a) The Romaiy numeral shows thatthe mercury ion bears Table 2.3, however, the mereury(l) ion is diatomic (that is NOZ. Therefore, the formula is Hg2(NO>)2. (b) Each sulfide ion bears two negative charges, and each cesium ion bears one posi in Group 1A, as is sodium), Therefore, the formula is Cs.S. ch phosphate ion (PO}") al zero, We Must *) bears two positive charges. and e: ke the sum of the charges eq ium ion ( ive charges. To adjust the numbers of cations and anions: 3k=2) + 2¢ = 0 Thus. the formula is Cas(POs)>- 28ate yd ONT Molecular compounds ods Clsey — They are usually composed of nonmetalli iglements. — Many molecular compounds are(binai com pounds. - Naming binary molecular compounds is similar to naming binary ionic compounds. , 513... y0!| -We place the _name of the first_element in the formula first, and the second element is named by adding éideto the root of the element name; | GU Les! HCl hy yarogen cho HBr hyaegen vib Pcly SiC silicon carbida phesphovwws N Zz O41. wi chdow de di nitrogen JeTra oxide - If a pair of elements form more [Eyy=tSERy than one compound, use prefixes 2 to indicate number of each kind of |, atom Notes in naming compounds with 1 prefixes: 2 QThe prefix “mono-” may be 3 omitted for the first element. tetra- 4 For example, PCly is named Penis 5 phosphorus ri¢hloride, not pee 7 monophosphorus trichloride. oe a. O For oxides, the ending “a” in the ona. 9 prefix is sometimes omitted. deca- 10 For example, O,) may be called Gihitrogen @eiJoxide rzther than dinitrogen tetraoxide.(i See (2 pss ) CSP pes J Name the following compounds? HL hydrogen iodide) N F3 NF3 nitrogen frifluoride = S OQz sO, sulfur dioxide Ne chy | N,Cl, dinitrogen tetrachloride aN Oz NO, nitrogen dioxide Ne Co NO. Ginitrogen Monoxide ~ 31 Sicka Py Ose siliGon Te Tre phosphoureys eTrachQovide | Selo oxide Y exawPLE 27 lal ean Name the following molecular compounds: (a) SiC], and (b) P. Solution (a) Because there are four chlorine atoms present, the compound is silicon tetrachloride. (b) There are four phosphorus atoms and ten oxygen atoms present, so the compound is tetraphosphorus decoxide. Note that the * | EXAMPLE 2.8 | 28 Cc So Write chemi | formulas for the following molecular compounds: (a) carbon @pulfide icon hexabromide. Siz BYE Solution (a) Because there are wo sulfur atoms and one carbon atom present. the formula is CS (b) There are two. 1 atoms and six bromine atoms present. so the formula is SiBry.- & il asl Cation: metal or Nit AI) ~ Binary compounds Qo tmontonie ot 2 nce poten | el ane + Ue pts fr cn botraemens eer (Preteen + Akal meta eos + oer eta eatos sty mite for + Atainesr ett tins _tefindenen) fot orth sco Soren! Name met ft y Name wel fis “Henan mate te footete See Ttmonat anon Sone tarsus oie ” prefix and an ‘ic) ending. (hy dvot ppt eC) acid HCI hydrogen chloride) HCl hydrochlofid acid_Some Examples of acids Bee eo a Anion Corresponding Acid F” (fluoride) HF (hydrofluoric acid) CI” (chloride) HCI (hydrochloric acid) Br~ (bromide) HBr (hydrobromic acid) 1 iodide) HI (hydroiodic acid) CN™ (cyanide) HCN (hydrocyanic acid) s?> (sulfide) eur HS (hydrosulfurie acid) co ncetl — ae . J ~~ Vag dvo + wee Hi ( Ha per 0) Cy co HN O3 |th CO? i nitvic ecid Covbonic acid 3 PO« > in cial 25 cet la Phos phovic @ Naming Oxoacids and Oxoanions H Oo An oxoacidis an acid that contains hydrogen, oxygen, and another element pir nitric acid carbonic acid phosphoric acid @ eb ef o* ‘er * ae oe e eg 4, 120, 90, © The formulas of oxoacids are usually written with the(H)first,_ followed by the(Central elemenfand eo HCO, (carbonic acid), HCIO, (chloric acid), Ci caps) HNO, (nitric acid), H3PO, (phosphoric acid), H,SO, (sulfuric acid) 36Two or more oxoacids have the same central atom but 2 | different number of ©)atoms; the following rules to name these compounds 7 aul [0] dabei @® Addition of one(O)atom to the (ic? acid: The acid is aly} called(‘pep . .Cid” acid. ( --ate) ads(0 HCIO, chloric acid 3010) oie HCIO~ —_ perchloric acid Removal of one/O)atom from the “-ic” acid: The acid is called “fous? acid. ( --ite) , ze HNO, nitric acid ou ba eee O) 2 ie HNO: nitrous acid “ Removal of twoO atoms from the “sic” acid: The acid is called “hypo . . .Cous?’ acid. 4p pis +0US ee?" HBrO, Bromic acid Chype j HBrO —_hypobromous)acid. ef@ <— (iC) dst WM Genco te e— (evs Jd Goes © o The rules for naming oxoanions, anions of oxoacids, are as follows: DMeseune 1. When all the ions are removed from the “-ic” acid, the anion’s name ends with “ phospHate)TABLE 2.6 Names of Oxo: fi 08 ~— HCIO, (perchloric acid) ClO; (perchlorate) HCIO, (chlorie acid) C105 (chlorate) HCIO, (chlo@ud acid) ClO; (chlorite) HCIQ (hypochlorous acid) CIO™ (hypochlorite) Wor? hype parent acid for all halogenic acids is HXO, Halogenicic acid Cou per + seirr tic (O3s] PAT + FC (07) pHa a4s CO) hypo + SCT + OUS Hose ; = Peal of Oxounion = all HY ions — [a 7 “Sous” ucid | 10)(b) Name the following oxoacid and oxoanion: (a) H3PO: Solution (a) We start with our reference acid, phosphoric acid (H;PO,). Because HPO, has one fewer O atom, it is called phosphorous acid. (b) The parent acid i [O4. Because the acid has one more O atom than our reference iodic acid (HIO)), it is called periodic acid. Therefore, the anion derived from HIOs is called periodate. HIO3 H3 PO phosphonic eed ( peviedic acid He PO Ow phos phourous acid revioda te acid [Ou Jodote Dal _ Bases (OW) wart edo FU A base can be defined as a substance that yields hydroxide ions (OH) when dissolved in water. Hen a ol NaOH sodium hydroxide k of( KOH potassium hydroxide Ba oH Ba(Oh), barium hydroxide 42SSUES . Hydrated compounds jy) 2 wipe u8 SWS ps A\y2 Hydrates are compounds that have a specific number of water molecules attached to a BaCl,*2H,0 bain corde Gverate LiCIH,O lithium hiu clToride(mariphydrate MgSO,*7H,O0 magnesium sulfate heptahydrate ‘Sr(NO,), *4H,0_ strontium ritrate(etishydrate Cory Ture Ts) at ETI Ru Some Compounds Formula OE ayetss systematic Name ¢ lid “1 _H,0 Gone ee Dihydrogen monoxide _ NH; Ammonia Trihydrogen nitride CO, Dry ice Solid carbon dioxide NaCl Table salt Sodium chloride N,0 Laughing gas Dinitrogen monoxide _ CaCO; Marble, chalk, limestone Calcium carbonate — CaO Quicklime Calcium oxide Ca(OH). Slaked lime Calcium hydroxide NaHCO, Baking soda Sodium hydrogen carbonate Na,CO;+10H;,0 ‘Washing soda Sodium carbonate decahydrate MgS0,-7H,0 Epsom salt Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate Mg(OH)s Milk of magnesia Magnesium hydroxide CaSO,-2H;0 Gypsum Calcium sulfate dihydrate 44