2-Gerund and Present Particle

1-Gerund
gerund is either subject or complement

gerund is verb + ing

example
Reading (read) is my hobby
i like reading (read)
reading prevents me from stressing (stress)

gerund comes after some verbs : stop-keep-continue-consider-start-like-hate-

detest-etc-look the list

gerund comes after some expressions : can’t stand - can’t help - be used to

gerund is after prepositions : in-on-at-above-beneath-after-before-of-about-

around-under-from

Specific gerunds
verb with ee —→ + ing (see —> seeing , flee—> fleeing )
echoe echoing
die dying
dye dying
tie tying
tie tying
cancel cancelling
travel travelling
expel expelling
quit quitting
refer referring
deter deterring

2-Gerund and Present Particle 1

 prefer preferring
occur occurring

2-Present Participle
we find it in progressive actions

pp is verb+ing

refers to an adjective

permits to combine -shorten sentences

example
we see that young migrating to western countries
a knife that cuts meat meat is a meat-cutting knife
a machine that processes data is a data-processing machine
A stick used for a walk is a walking stick
a student that works hard is a hardworking student

2-Gerund and Present Particle 2