القياس والمكاملة mesure et lintegration

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‫ ‪3 ...................................................................‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪3..................................................................................... 1.1‬‬
‫‪3............................................................................. 1.1.1‬‬
‫‪5............................................................................ 2.1.1‬‬
‫‪13............................................................ 3.1.1‬‬
‫‪15................................................................" ! 2.1‬‬

‫‪15.............................................................................. # 1.2.1‬‬
‫‪18....................................................................... # 2.2.1‬‬
‫‪20................................................ " ! 3.2.1‬‬
‫‪22 ...................................................... 2‬‬

‫‪22............................................................................................. 0.2‬‬
‫‪26............................................................................... # $ 1.2‬‬

‫‪26...................................................................................... 1.1.2‬‬
‫‪27....................................................................................... $ 2.1.2‬‬
‫‪31....................................................... () * $ (σ) % 3.1.2‬‬
‫‪32........................................................................ $ ) 4.1.2‬‬
‫‪34.............................................................................$ ( 5.1.2‬‬
‫‪ 6.1.2‬ر ل ار وا ‪37.........................................................‬‬
‫‪39 .................................................... 3‬‬

‫‪39............................................................ + $$ ) 1.3‬‬
‫‪1‬‬

41.................................... ", $! ) 2.3
47.................................................................... - $ 3.3
47..................................................... $ " # $ 4.3
50.......................................... . $ "! " # 5.3
53........................................................................... $ $ / 6.3
58............................................................. 01 7.3
2

1
1
! 1.1
! 1.1.1
[ a, b] 2 3! 4 % - [ a, b]

: # ! #
P = { xO , x1 ,..., xn }
6 $
a = x0 < x1 < ... < xn = b
: - 3!
[ x0 , x1 ] , [ x1 , x2 ] ,..., [ xn−1 , xn ]
7 39 # , . 7 $ P $ !

: 1! .n :
δ xi = xi − xi −1 , i = 1,..., n
!‫ ﺝآﺏ‬،‫ص‬. $$$% ‫ ا‬/‫ آ‬0$1 (Riemann Bernhard) 1866-1826 !"‫! أ‬$%‫ ر‬:‫رن‬1
.2 ‫ ا‬3‫اﺏ‬4‫ ا‬2 5" 67‫! ﻡ‬19 ‫ود‬
3

δ P 2$ <! . [ xi −1 , xi ] $ ; 7 3!

:* :* P 39 . * ",
δ P = max {δ xi / i = 1,..., n}
.P =! * $ δ P 3!
! , :*) P ⊂ P ' , P +* >!* P′ # !
(P′ 39 1 * ? P 39 ? !
1.1"
I = [ 0,1] $ !
, 4 P = 0, ,1 : 1!

1 1
δP =
2  2 
+* P′ @7 39 4 δ P ' = , 4 P ' = 0, , ,1
1 1 2
3  3 3 
.P
39 4 δ P ' = max  , ,  = ! P ' = 0, , ,1 ?!
1 1 1 1 1 2
 2 6 3 2  2 3 
▪ P ⊂ P ' P +* P′ , @7
. δ P ' ≤ δ P B9 P +* P′ , >!* A1
!# , . [ a, b] # ", P a,b 2$ <!

# 6 [ a, b] ! ! # , 37 P a,b
.b ! a ! +$! $ 7!#
4

# 2.1.1
", M m 2$ )! [ a, b] " # 9 $ f

: [ a, b] " # 3 " # " # "! >
m = inf f , M = sup f
[ a ,b ] [ a ,b ]
" # "$ f * A1 p = {x 0 , x 1 ,...., x n } ∈P a,b

2$ (!# <! . P . [ xi −1 , xi ] .
mi = inf f , M i = sup f ∀i = 1,...., n
[ xi−1 , xi ] [ xi−1 , xi ]
: # )!
n n
R( f , P) = ∑ M iδ xi , R( f , P) = ∑ miδ xi
i =1 i =1
P +9 f $ 3 C$ R( f , P) "#

. P +9 f $ : C$ R( f , P) "#
!
m (b − a ) ≤ R (f , P ) ≤ R (f , P ) ≤ M (b − a ) ∀P ∈P a,b
: P +* P ' , 1 * !
R( f , P ') ≤ R( f , P ), R ( f , P) ≤ R( f , P ')
, D
R ( f , P1 ) ≤ R ( f , P2 ) ∀P1 , P2 ∈P a,b
5

+* P1 ∪ P2 * # $ F(! 3G ? .E @7

:! 9 P2 P1
R (f , P1 ) ≤ R (f , P1 ∪ P2 ) ≤ R (f , P1 ∪ P2 ) ≤ R (f , P2 )
2.1"
6 b a $ ! # < ψ $ !
: :* a < b
1 x ∈ [ a, b] ∩
ψ ( x) = 
0 x ∈ [ a, b ] \
.(23 ? $$ ψ "# )
: ! 4 {x 0 , x 1 ,..., x n } = P ∈P a,b
∀i, mi = 0
! - # $ >!* 7

:>! 0 #
n
R (ψ , P ) = ∑ m i δ x i = 0
i =1
:, D
∀i, M i = 1
: >! 39 9D 7
(Dirichlet (Le Jeune) Peter Gustave) 1859-1805 !"‫! أ‬$%‫ ر‬:!19 ‫د‬2
/<=<‫ و‬2$>47‫ ا‬$. ‫ ا?ﻡ‬2 5" ‫ ل‬2$@ ‫ل‬A‫ أ‬BC !‫ص وﺝآﺏ‬. ‫ ﻡ‬/‫ آ‬0$1
.!19 ‫ د‬26E‫! وﻡ‬19 ‫ د‬3‫! وﺏ‬19 ‫ د‬/‫ﻡ‬F4‫ ﺏ‬GE ‫ك ﻡ‬7‫ ه‬.!‫ر‬D
6

n n
R (ψ , P ) = ∑ M i δ x i =∑1 ⋅ δ x i = b − a
i =1 i =1
:" # ! ? 39 ,

∀P ∈P a,b , R (ψ , P ) = O , R (ψ , P ) = b − a
1.1 $!
$ # !
f : [ a, b ] →
: , [ a, b ] " # >!*
b b
3
∫f sup R (f , P ) = inf R (f , P )
P ∈Pa,b P ∈Pa,b ∫f
a
a
" # f $ $ $ ) 3!

2$ , )! . [ a, b ]
b
∫a f
"#
b
∫a f
[ a, b ] " # : $
‫ف ﺏـ‬J ‫ا ا ﻡ? ا‬0>‫ ﺏ‬CJK 3

7

∫a f
. [ a, b ] " # 3 $
3.1 "
: [a, b ] " # !K / ψ $
. ∀P ∈P a,b , R (ψ , P ) = O , R (ψ , P ) = b − a
: L !7$ +$ / F!
1.1 %&
< [ a, b ] " # f : [ a, b ] → $ "
:3 + * 3
. ∀ε > O , ∃P ∈P a,b ; R (f , P ) − R (f , P ) ≤ ε
4.1 "
f * G! . [ a, b ] " # / f ( x) = x $ $ !
. [ a, b ] " #
: [ a, b] " # f * A1 $ 39
. ∀x ∈ [ a, b ] , a ≤ f ( x) ≤ b
:1! n ∈ * * D
8

 b−a 
Pn =  a + i , 0 ≤ i ≤ n
 n 
 b−a b−a b−a
=  a, a + ,a + 2 ,..., a + n 
 n n n 
b−a b−a
. δ xi = xi = a + i * 6 Pn ∈P a,b ,
n n
. R (f , Pn ) R (f , Pn ) ;$ L !
: ", M! R (f , Pn ) R (f , Pn ) ;
M i = sup f ( x) = sup x = xi
x∈[ xi −1 , xi ] x∈[ xi −1 , xi ]

mi = inf f ( x) = inf x = xi−1
x∈[ xi −1 , xi ] x∈[ xi −1 , xi ]
2$ !
n
n(n + 1)
∑i =
i =1 2
:" # ! $
9

n n
b −a
R (f , Pn ) = ∑ M i δ x i =∑ x i
i =1 i =1 n
b −a n b −a n   b _ a 
= ∑
n i =1
x i = ∑ a + i 
n i =1   n 

2
b −a n b −a  n
= ∑
n i =1
a +
 n 
 ∑i
i =1
(b − a ) i n ( n + 1)
2
b −a
= ina +
n n2 2
(b − a ) n ( n + 1)
2
= ba − a 2
+ i
n2 2

n n
b −a
R (f , Pn ) = ∑ m i δ x i =∑ x i −1
i =1 i =1 n
b −a n b −a n   b _a 
= ∑
n i =1
x i −1 = ∑
n i =1
a +  ( i − 1) 
 n 


2
b −a n b −a  n
= ∑
n i =1
a +
 n 
 ∑ ( i − 1)
i =1
(b − a ) i n −1 j
2
b −a
=
n
ina +
n2
∑j =0
(b − a ) n ( n − 1)
2
= ba − a 2
+ i
n2 2
:" # ! ,
10

(b − a ) n ( n + 1)
2
R( f , Pn ) = ba − a 2
+ i
n2 2
(b − a ) n ( n − 1)
2
R( f , P ) = ba − a 2 +
n i
n 2
2
:! $ + 0B$

(b − a )
2
 n( n + 1) − n(n − 1) 
R( f , P ) − R( f , P ) =
n n i 
n 2
 2
(b − a )
2
2n
= i
n 2
2
(b − a )
2
=
n
: !! 7

(b − a ) 2
∀ε > 0, ∃n0 ; R( f , Pn0 ) − R( f , Pn0 ) = ≤ε
n0
:2$ n0 6
 ε 
n0 =  2  +1
 ( b − a ) 
::* Pn 0
3! n0
∀ε > 0, ∃Pn0 ∈P a,b ; R ( f , Pn0 ) − R ( f , Pn0 ) ≤ ε
. [ a, b ] " # f * 7 F!
:! R * R ; 39 ! - ", N n $
11

b
(b − a )2
∫ f dx = lim R( f , Pn ) = ba − a + 2
n→+∞ 2
a
b
b2 a 2
= − = lim R ( f , Pn ) =
2 2 n→+∞ ∫a
f dx
>!
b
b2 a 2
∫
a
f ( x)dx = −
2 2
12

! ' ! 3.1.1
$. [ a, b] O " # ; $ * $D .1

. 7 " # ;
: L E 4 * " ? 4;* .2
b b b b dx
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
x
x dx , x dx ,
2
e dx ,
a a a a x2
. [0 < a < b] 6
1 1
; $ ∫0 dx / ? .3
1+ x
: !
 1 1 1
lim  + + .... + 
x →+∞ n + 1 n+2 2n 

: ! 4 (E $ E 4;
 n n n 
lim  2 2 + 2 + .... + 
x →+∞ n + 1 n + 22 2n 2 

# , [ a, b] " # - $ f , >!* $D* .4
b 1
. ∫
a f B9 [ ] " #
a, b 0 < m < f < M 6 $ M m
:3 9 $ f : I = [ 0,1] 

→ .5
13

 x x∈I ∩
f ( x) = 
1 + x x∈I \
P I " # f $ 7
g : I 
→ :$ * N !
1 2
 x x ∈I ∩
g (x ) =  4
 x x ∈I \
. 
14

() ) % * 2.1
+, ' 1.2.1

3 @ " ! / ! . { xn }n≥1
: 3 lim xn * lim inf xn 2$ <!
n →+∞
n →∞
lim inf xn = sup inf xk

n →+∞ n ≥1
( k ≥n
)
lim
n →∞
xn * lim sup xn 2$ <! 3 ! / !
n →+∞
:3
lim sup xn = inf  sup xk 

n →+∞ n ≥1  k ≥ n 
5.1 "
n
" ! ;$ ! xn = ( −1) : $ !
. @
: ! 3 $D n *
inf xk = inf { xk , k ≥ n} = inf { xn , xn +1 , xn + 2 ,....}
k ≥n
 inf {1, −1,1, −1,.....} ; n = 2 p

=
inf {−1,1, −1,1,.....} ; n = 2 p + 1
= −1
15

:*
∀n ≥ 1, inf x k = −1
k ≥n
>!
( )
lim x n = sup inf x k = sup inf x k , n ≥ 1 = −1
n →∞ n ≥1 k ≥n
{ k ≥n
}
:! 3 $D n * >!, D
sup xk = sup { xk , k ≥ n} = sup { xn , xn +1 , xn + 2 ,....}
k ≥n
 sup {1, −1,1, −1,.....} ; n = 2 p

=
sup {−1,1, −1,1,.....} ; n = 2 p + 1
=1
:*
∀n ≥ 1, sup x k = 1
k ≥n
>!
n →∞ n ≥1  k ≥ n  k ≥n
{
lim xn = inf  sup xk  = inf sup xk , n ≥ 1 = 1 }
6.1 "
* " ! ;! D 39 ! 9
n
. yn = 2+
( −1)
n
* $D n
16

inf y k = inf { y k , k ≥ n } = inf { y n , y n +1 , y n + 2 ,....}

k ≥n
  1 1 1 
 inf  2 + n , 2 − n + 1 , 2 + n + 2 ,..... ; n = 2 p
  
=
inf  2 − 1 , 2 + 1 , 2 − 1 ,..... ; n = 2 p + 1
  n n +1 n +2


 1
 2 − n + 1 ; n = 2 p
=
2 − 1 ; n = 2 p +1
 n
: zn Q $ ;! zn = inf
k ≥n
yk 1!
1 1 1 1 1
z1 = 2 − , z2 = 2 − , z3 = 2 − , z4 = 2 − , z5 = 2 − ,....
1 3 3 5 5
* =E!
( )
sup inf y k = sup 2 −
n ≥1 k ≥ n n ≥1 
1 
=2
2n + 1 
:*
lim yn = 2
n →∞
* ! !$

 1
 2 + ; n = 2p
sup y k =  n
k ≥n
2 + 1 ; n = 2 p + 1
 n + 1
>!
 1
lim yn = inf 2 +  = 2
n →∞ n ≥1
 2n 
17

:-'.
=E! 4 ∀n, yn = inf xk 1$ . #* { xn }n≥1
k ≥n
: < = ∪ {+∞, −∞} 6 { yn }n≥1 *

yn = inf { xn , xn +1 , xn + 2 ,...} ≤ inf { xn +1 , xn + 2 ,...} = yn +1
: 3 $ >!
lim inf xn = sup yn = lim yn = lim inf xk
n →+∞ n ≥1 n →+∞ n →+∞
( k ≥n
)
:3 ! * D -$
lim sup xn = lim  sup xk 

n →+∞ n →+∞  k ≥ n 
+ ' 2.2.1
@ " ! / ! . X # 0<* {A n }n ≥1
:3 lim A n * lim inf A n 2$ < 3
n →+∞
n →∞
 
lim inf A n = ∪  ∩ A k 
n →+∞
n ≥1  k ≥ n 
lim A n * lim sup A n 2$ < 3 ! / !

n →∞ n →+∞
:3
 
lim sup A n = ∩  ∪ A k 
n →+∞ n ≥1  k ≥ n 
18

7.1 "
A 2n = B * 6 $ X # 0<* {A n }n ≥1
. X 0<* B A 6 A 2 n +1 = C
:$ $D n *
B ∩ C ∩ B ∩ C .... n = 2 p
A =
∩ k C ∩ B ∩ C ∩ B .... n = 2 p + 1
k ≥n 
= B ∩C
:*
∀n , ∩A k = B ∩C
k ≥n
>!
 
lim inf A n = ∪  ∩ A k
n →+∞
 = ( B ∩ C ) ∪ ( B ∩ C ) ∪ ....
n ≥1  k ≥ n 
= B ∩C
:! $ !$ $D n * (
∪A
k ≥n
k = B ∪C
>!
 
∩  ∪ Ak  = ( B ∪ C ) ∩ ( B ∪ C ) ∩ ......
n ≥1  k ≥ n 
= B ∪C
19

() ) % ' ! 3.2.1
$ " ! ;* .1

n
1 n 1 ( −1)
an = ( −1) + , bn = + 2 :3
n n n
* 3 < l ! { xn }n≥1 ; " >!* $D* .2
: !
lim sup xn = lim inf xn = l

n →+∞ n →+∞
{bn }n≥1 {an }n≥1 * $D* .3

:*
lim an + lim b n ≤ lim ( an + b n )

n →+∞ n →+∞ n →+∞
≤ lim an + lim b n
n →+∞
n →+∞
≤ lim ( an + b n ) ≤ lim an + lim b n

n →+∞ n →+∞ n →+∞
∀n ≥ 1, xn ≤ yn * 6 $ { yn }n≥1 { xn }n≥1 .4

:* $
lim x n ≤ lim y n , lim x n ≤ lim y n

n →+∞ n →+∞
n →+∞ n →+∞
20

: 0<* " ! ;* .5
A2 n+1 = [1, 2] , A2 n = [ 0,1] 6 $ {A n }n .a
n
 ( −1) 
Bn = 0,1 +  6 $ {B n } .b
 n  n
:* $D* 4 (<* { Fn }n { En }n # X .6
 lim E  ∪  lim F  ⊂ lim E ∪ F ⊂ lim E ∪ lim F

 n   n 
 n →+∞   n →+∞  n →+∞
( n n)
n →+∞
( n ) n →+∞ n ( )
⊂ lim ( E n ∪ Fn ) =  lim E n  ∪  lim Fn 
n →+∞  n →+∞   n →+∞ 
:*
 lim E  ∩  lim F  = lim E ∩ F ⊂ lim E ∩ lim F

 n   n 
 n →+∞   n →+∞  n →+∞
( n n)
n →+∞
( n ) n →+∞ n ( )
(
⊂ lim ( E n ∩ Fn ) ⊂ lim E n ∩ lim Fn
n →+∞ n →+∞
) ( n →+∞
)
21

2
! 0.2
. (<* # P (X ) # X
, 9 , X 0<* ( *) (9 !, A # # !
:
A ⊂ P (X )
. X 0< ! !# # 37 A * :*
: L $ # # ( <!
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQ
RSTUVWXYZ
1.2 "
: # X = N # $ !
B = {{n } , n ∈ N } 4 A = {{0,1} , 2N , {0}}
. X 0<* (9 B A ,
9 A 0< !# y X 0< A !$# , :-'0
:$
y ∈ A , A ∈ A , A ∈ A ⇒ A ∈P ( X )
22

1.2 $!
. X # 0<* (9 F
:3 + , >! $!$ !* F # ! o
∀A, B ∈ F ⇒ A ∩ B ∈F
:* F $ F!

n
∀ {Ai }1≤i ≤ n ⊂ F ⇒ ∩ Ai ∈ F
i =1
, ( ) $ $!$ !* F # ! o

:3 +
∞
{An }n ≥1 ⊂ F ⇒ ∩ An ∈ F
n =1
+ , >! E $!$ !* F # ! o

:3
∀A, B ∈ F ⇒ A ∪ B ∈ F
:* F $ F!
n
{Ai }1≤i ≤n ⊂ F ⇒ ∪ Ai ∈ F
i =1
, ( ) $ E $!$ !* F # ! o

:3 +
23

∞
{An }n ≥1 ⊂ F ⇒ ∪ An ∈ F
n =1
:3 + , + $!$ !* F # ! o

∀A, B ∈ F ⇒ ( A − B ) ∈ F
$ ) :=! + $!$ !* F # ! o

:3 + , (Boole
∀A, B ∈ F ⇒ A∆B ∈ F

A∆B = ( A ∪ B ) − ( A ∩ B ) = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A )
2.2 "
. - (9 I 0 4 X = R # $ !
: >! $!$ I 0 , •
# ! −∞ ≤ a, c ; b, d ≤ +∞ ]c, d [ ∈ I 0 4 ]a, b[ ∈ I 0
:-
]a, b [ ∩ ]c , d [ = ∅ ∈ I 0 7‫ه‬
a b c d
]a, b [ ∩ ]c , d [ = ∅ ∈ I 0 7‫ه‬
c d a b
24

]a, b [ ∩ ]c , d [ = ]c , d [ ∈ I 0 7‫ه‬
a c d b
]a, b [ ∩ ]c , d [ = ]c , b [ ∈ I 0 7‫ه‬
a c b d
]a, b [ ∩ ]c , d [ = ]a, d [ ∈ I 0 7‫ه‬

c a d b
: $!$ I 0
 1 1
∩ a − n , b + n  = [a, b ] ∉ I
n ≥1
0 7‫ه‬
1 1
∈ J 0 ∀n a− a b b+
n n
: , >!* D [a , b ] ⊂ ∩ a − , b +  * A1

1 1
n
n ≥1  n
 1 1 1 1
x ∈ ∩  a − , b +  ⇔ a − < x < b + , ∀n ≥ 1 ⇒ a ≤ x ≤ b
n ≥1  n n n n
:>! E $!$ I 0 , •
]
1, 2[ ∪ ]3, 4[ ∉ I 0

∈I 0 ∈I 0
:+ $!$ I 0 , •

]1, 4[ − ]2,3[ = ]1, 2] ∪ [3, 4[ ∉ I 0
25

+ 1.2

.2$9 $. 2A‫ ﻡ‬X F4
)' 1.1.2
1.2 1
. X ∅ 7 !$$ ( P ( X ), , ∩ ) ,
∅∆A = A ∆∅ = A ; X ∩ A = A ∩ X = A
. R $DS
2.2 1
* 3 !$$ X 0<* ? T A (9 "
.+ >! U $!$
. " # 3G 7$ :"2
:(, )'
A * < >! :=! + $!$ A
.( 3 9 R$) P (X ) (<
(A , ∆ ) :3 + * 3 P (X ) (< A "
4 $!$ A (< <
!
 A∆B ∈ A
∀A, B ∈ A ⇒ 
A ∩ B ∈A
:B9 >! >! B 7 ∆ 2 $!$ B =!
∀A , B ∈ A ⇒ A ∆B ∈ A
26

(< < A * 3!
∀A , B ∈ A ⇒ A ∩ B ∈ A
. " 9 >! 4 $!$ A 3!
:%" )'
∆ 2$ A < + >! U $!$ A
.∩
B A + >! U $!$ A * Q!
.A
A ∆B = ( A − B ) ∪ ( B − A ) ∈ A
∈A ∈A
(U $!$ A )

 
A ∩ B = A ∪ B − (A − B ) ∪ (B − A ) ∈ A
 
 
∈A  ∈A ∈A 
∈A
2.1.2
" # : :* X " # $ 3! :/
.X
3.2 1
X " # $ A " .X 0<* ? T (9 A
:3G + * 3 <
∀A, B ∈ A ⇒ A ∪ B ∈ A (1)
27

∀A ∈ A Ac ∈ A (A c
= XA ) (2)
:"2
. (1) B9 (2.2 ) ; .X " # $ A * Q!
; X , A∈ A A = ( X − A ) ∈ A :! A ∈ A L
c
.(2) ", ! (2.2 )

A * G! (2) (1) + ∅ ≠ A ⊂ P (x) * L Q
.( ) $
: A B A .U $!$ A * < (1)
( )
c
A − B = A ∩ C XB = Ac ∪ B ∈ A
. A >!
(2) . A ∈ A >!B9 A ≠ ∅ * $ P X ∈ A 7
( X = A∪ A c
∈A ) (1) (A c
∈A )
:-'.
('1) )$ (3.2 ) 39 (1) ) $
∀A, B ∈ A ⇒ A ∩ B ∈ A ('1)

( ) ( )
c c
A ∪ B = Ac ∩ B c ∧ A ∩ B = Ac ∪ B c
▪
4.2 1
$ (!# .X # 0<* ? T (9C
C " # : $ B , >!* "! $) C " # : A %*
.C $$ A "# .( A ⊂ B B9
28

:"2
: 3 (X 0<* !) B $ # F
.C " #
.A = ∩ B 1! . P ( X ) ∈ F F ≠ ∅ ,
B ∈F
: ,
( ∀B ∈ F ,C ⊂B ) C ⊂ A .1
: $ A .2
.C " # : ! A ≠ ∅ •
( A ∈ A ) ∧ ( B ∈ A ) ⇒ A, B ∈B ; ∀B ∈ F •
⇒ A ∪ B ∈B ; ∀B ∈ F ⇒ A ∪B ∈ ∩ B =A
B ∈F
A ∈ A ⇒ A ∈B , ∀B ∈ F ( PPPPPPPPPPPPPPPPP‫ﺝ‬B ) •
⇒ Ac ∈B , ∀B ∈ F ⇒ Ac ∈ A
▪
B9 C " # : $ B , >!* W! A /
.(B ∈ F ) A ⊂ B
5.2 1
4A !# { An }n∈ # $ A
*
+ "!D "!D T A !# { Bn }n∈ (!# *
∞ ∞
. ∀n ≥ 1; Bn ⊂ An ∪ Bn = ∪ An
n =1 n =1
29

∞
(A ", 1$ 3! - ∪A n * -'0)
n =1
:"2
:3L ! " # F $ 9 { Bn }n∈ *
 B1 = A1
 c
  n −1 
 Bn = An ∩  ∪ Aj  , n ≥ 2
  j =1 
c
c
 2 
B 1 = A1 , B 2 = A 2 ∩ A = A 2 − A1 , B 3 = A 3 ∩  ∪ A j  = A 3 − (A1 ∪ A 2 )....
1
 j =1 
* n 4 B n ∈ A B n ⊂ An # , D B n T
* >! B n B m m < n :!
B m ∩ B n ⊂ Am ∩ B n = Am ∩ An ∩ A1c ∩ A2c ∩ ... ∩ Anc −1 = ∅
B n ⊂ A n ∪B n ⊂ ∪ A n $ !
n n
:L
x ∈ ∪ A n ⇒ ∃n ∈ * , x ∈ A n
n
x ∈ B1 ⇐ n 0 = 1 , 4 x ∈ A n0 6 $ 3 $ # %* n 0

B9 1 < n 0 ,
( x ∉ A ) ∧ ( x ∉ A ) ∧ .... ∧ ( x ∉ A )
n 0 −1 n0 − 2 1
* < 7
( ) ∩ (A )
C C C
x ∈ A n0 ∩ A n0 −1 n0 − 2 ∩ .... ∩ ( A1 ) = B n0
B9 >!
x ∈∪Bn
n
30

6 (σ) 3 3.1.2

2.2 $!
# $ X # " # )# * $ – σ 3!
! # , * 3! 3 ?$ A
.A 39 "$ A
∀ {A n }n∈* ⊂ A ⇒ ∪ A n ∈ A
n ≥1
:B9 )# A ! , >!* / 7 F!
∀ {A n }n ∈* ⊂ A ⇒ ∩ A n ∈A
n ≥1
:!%
3 X " # )# X # 0<* A # "
: L O? G
A ≠ ∅ .1
∀ {A n }n∈* ⊂ A ⇒ ∪ A n ∈A .2
n ≥1
∀A ∈ A ⇒ A c ∈ A .3
3.2 )" 6
.X " # )# P (X ) .1
" # )# A = {∅, , 2, 2 + 1} 4 X = * .2
.
)# " # τ , $ 019 ( X ,τ ) .3
. X "#
31

. " # )# A = {∅, , 2, 2 + 1} .4
6.2 1
)# (!# 4X # 0<* ? T (9 G
<! (G ) $ A "#) G " # : A %*
. σ ( G ) 2$
. 4.2 $D, >$) 1 @7 $D, ,
) 7 4.1.2

3.2 $!
$! X " # 4 $ )# 3! 4 $ 019 ( X ,τ )
X 0< τ ( ) B τ (X) 2$ <! τ ",
. $ #$ ) @7 !# 3! .
7.2 1
X 0<* (9 F ) +$! B τ (X ) ) ,
. %
:"2
) τ ⊂ F ∗
, F ) ", F *2$ <!
. B τ (X ) ⊂ F ∗
B9 >! (F ! 7 τ !#
2 5" !E<Q‫ ﻡ‬C‫ ( ا‬Borel Emil Félix Edward Justin ) 1956-1871 !E" D !$%‫ ر‬:/‫ﺏر‬4
:2‫ل هﻡ‬A‫ أ‬B .(1901) T$‫ ﺏ‬/‫ﻡ‬F 1‫( ﻡ‬1897) ‫ت‬A‫س ا‬$@ 2 5" ‫ ﺝردان‬2KD‫ ر‬3%‫ وا‬،‫س‬$K‫ا‬
.!U4U‫ب أ‬EW‫ وا‬2$K$KW‫اد ا‬CAX‫ ا‬2<‫ ل درا‬،2CKA ‫ ات‬$Y4‫ ﺏ‬3‫اﺏ‬4‫ل ا‬
32

>! (τ ! 7 F !# ) F ⊂ B τ (X )

.F ∗
⊂ Bτ (X )
Fσ Gδ +
Gδ C! >!, X E 0< # ! 4 $ 019 X
∞
C! >!* E # ! .X 0<* V n E = ∩V n ,
n =1
∞
.X % 0<* Fn E = ∪ Fn , Fσ
n =1
. $ # Fσ Gδ 3#! # ,

∞
< @$ 7 E = ∩V n * < 7 Gδ C! E
n =1
∞
Fσ C! E c G9 >! E c = ∪V nc
n =1
.Gδ C! # 37 Fσ C! #
4.2 )" 6
#- $$ < $ !
. G δ C! 0<* •
. Fσ C! % 0<* •
∞
]a, b [ = ∪ a +
1 1
. , b −  Fσ C! ]a, b [ •
n =1  n n
. [a, b [ = ]a, b [ ∪ {a} Fσ C! [a, b [ •
∞
[a, b [ = ∩ a −
1 
, b 1 * G δ C! [a, b [ •
n 
.
n =1 
33

∞
[a, b ] = ∩ a −
1 1
. , b +  G δ C! [a , b ] •
n =1  n n
 
. = ∪ {q }  Fσ C! •
 q ∈ 
! 5.1.2

4.2 $!
@7 ! 3! 4X 0<* < {A n }
:;! A n 0< ,
A ∞ = lim ↑ A n = ∪ A n , A n ⊂ A n +1
n
@7 ! 3! 4X 0<* .! {B n } ! , •

:;! B n 0<
B ∞ = lim ↓ B n = ∩ B n , B n +1 ⊂ B n
n
. < * .! ! , $ !, # # !
5.2 $!
! " # ) 4X 0<* M (9 $ (9 3!
:B9 M 7!# $ {A n } * :* .$
A ∞ = lim A n ∈ M
8.2 1
.$ (9 )#
34

"2
∪A n ∈A , A )# < {A n }n ≥0 •

n
∩A n ∈ A , A )# .! {A n }n ≥0 •

n
9.2 1
.$ (9 $ (
"2
(9 M , . M = ∩ B 1! $ ( # F
B ∈F
{ An }n M (.!) < { An }n * >! $

(9 B 4B ∈ F B (.!) <
 
* :* .B ∈ F * B ", 3!  ∩ An  ∪A n , $
 n  n
 
. M ", 3!  ∩ An  ∪A n
 n  n
!%
# Z (9 * >!* $ 1 F!
"# 3 Z " # : M %* $ (9 4 X (<
. Z $ ($
35

10.2 1
! ", $! () % , 4 X " # $ A
B9 A < { An }n ! , "! $) <
. )# >!B9 ( lim
n
An ∈ A
"2
:* G 3 9 $ A * $
∀ { An }n ⊂ A ⇒ ∪ An ∈ A
n

{A n }n ⊂ A
1!
n
Bn = ∪ Ak ∈ A
k =1
:* lim
n
Bn ∈ A B9 >! A < {B n }n ,
. ∪ An ∈ A
n
36

‫ ر ل ار وا‬6.1.2
$ ! 4 ! T # X .1

37 7 4 A G A = { A ⊂ X , cardA < +∞ } .(
P$
$ # . A ⊂ X :* ! 0< A # X .2

. {A } 2$ ) D {A } 2$
2 W. ( 7 >! $ !# # * $D* .3
X 0<* # K E! $ 019 ( X ,τ ) .4

2$ K ) ",BK (X ) 2$ )! .
.( τ ) $ ) ",Bτ (X )
BK (X ) ⊂ Bτ (X ) * $ .i
: ( * $D* .ii
A = {A ⊂ X , A ∩ k ∈BK (X ), ∀k ∈ K }
) % X 0<* " # :
. X " # )#
37

$$ < # # .5

7 [ G$ ! . ( #-) 9G
."D "!D T - #
: L # $ !
. - #
. - #
∋ α , ]−∞, α [ ) - #
∋ α , ]α , +∞[ ) - #
. ! 9 - #
. 0<* #
$ )# # @7 # * $D*
. " #
38

3
9:! 7 78 1.3

? T # X ' X
f :X →X'
. F ' ⊂ P ( X ') :* X ' 0<* (9 F ' $
1!
{
f −1 (F ') = A ∈ P ( X ); A = f −1 ( A '), A ' ∈ F ' }
={f −1
}
( A '), A ' ∈ F '
1.3 1
" # )# f −1 (A ') (!# . X ' " # )# A '
2$ )! f +9 A ' 2 )# "# X
. A = f −1 (A ')
:",
:! (!# $ f : X → X ' X ' " # )# A '
. f −1 (∅) = ∅ ∅ " # : ! f −1 (A ') ≠ ∅ .1
< 7 A ∈ f −1 (A ') .2
−1
∃A ' ∈ A '; A = f (A ')
>!
39

( )
−1
XA = Xf ( A ')
=f −1 A'
X '
A −1
. X ∈ f (A ') * < 7 XA '' ∈ A '
P ∪A ∈ f n
−1
(A ') 7 { An }n ⊂ f −1 (A ') .3
n
!
∀n, An ∈ f −1 (A ') ⇒ ∀n, ∃An' ∈ A '; An = f −1 ( An' )
>!
−1 −1
∪A = ∪f
n
n
n
(A n' ) =f (∪ A n' ) ∈ A
n
n
. X ' " # )# A ' ∪ A ∈A

i =1
'
n '
1.3 "
B ⊂ X '
i: B → X '
b→b
.3!! $
)# i −1 (A ') , $ 1 ; 4 X ' " # )# A '
. i −1 (A ') ! . B " #
{
i −1 (A ') = i −1 ( A '), A ' ∈ A ' }
40

i −1 ( A ') = {b ∈ B, i (b) ∈ A '}

= {b ∈ B, b ∈ A '}
= B ∩ A'
>!
i −1 (A ') = { B ∩ A ', A ' ∈ A '}
. B 0< " # A ' ) D* ) $ i −1 (A ') "#
78 (; % 7 7 ! 2.3

1.3 %&

f :X →X'
" # ) 37 A ' ! , . X ' 0<* (9 F ' $
X " # ) 37 f −1 (A ') B9 F ' X '
:* 4 f −1 (F ')
(
f −1 (σ X ' (F ') ) = σ X f −1 (F ') )
(C 2$ Y " # ) ", ) σ Y C
( ) <)
"2
f : X → X ' F ' ⊂ P (X ') !
F ' ⊂ σ X ' (F ')
( F ' X ' " # ) : σ X ' (F ') )
>!
f −1 (F ') ⊂ f −1 (σ X ' (F ') )
41

B9 X " # )# f −1 (σ X ' (F ') ) * $

σ X ( f −1 (F ') ) ⊂ f −1 (σ X ' (F ') )
:* G 3$
f −1 (σ X ' (F ') ) ⊂ σ X f −1 (F ') ( )
:>!* $D, :*
∀A ' ∈ σ X ' (F '), f −1 ( A ') ∈ σ X f −1 (F ') ( )
$ ! R *
{
Y = A ' ∈ σ X ' (F '); f −1 ( A ') ∈ σ X ( f −1 (F ') ) }
:* $!
Y = σ X ' (F ')
P X ' " # )# Y .1
∅ ∈Y Y ≠ ∅ •
, A ' ∈Y
A ' ∈ σ X ' (F ') ∧ f −1 ( A ') ∈ σ X f −1 (F ') ( )
,
( )
−1
XA'' ∈ σ X ' (F ') ∧ Xf ( A ')
∈ σ X f −1 (F ')
>!
( )
XA'' ∈ σ X ' (F ') ∧ f −1 XA'' ∈ f −1 (F ')
* < 7
42

XA'' ∈Y
P ∪ A 'n ⊂Y 7 { A 'n }n ⊂Y •
n
: L ? { A 'n }n ⊂Y

(
∀n, A 'n ∈Y ⇒ ∀n, A 'n ∈ σ (F ') ∧ f −1 ( A 'n ) ∈ σ f −1 (F ') )
(
⇒ ∪ A 'n ∈ σ (F ') ∧ ∪ f −1 ( A 'n ) ∈ σ f −1 (F ') )
n n
 
(
⇒ ∪ A 'n ∈ σ (F ') ∧ f −1  ∪ A 'n  ∈ σ f −1 (F ') )
n  n 
⇒ ∪ A 'n ∈Y
n
. X " # )# Y $D, 7

: F ' ⊂Y , .2
F ' ∈ F ' ⇒ F ' ∈ σ ( F ' ) ∧ f −1 ( F ' ) ∈ f −1 ( F ' )

(
⇒ F ' ∈ σ (F ') ∧ f −1 ( F ') ∈ σ X f −1 (F ') )
⇒ F ' ∈Y
σ X ' ( F ' ) ⊂Y , F ' " # : X ' " # )# Y , .3
.Y =σ X ' (F ') B9 Y 0)!, Y ⊂ σ X ' (F ') * $
1.3 $!
X # ! ( X , A ) (!D . 019 3!
#$ A !# 3! . X 0<* ! A )#
. $ *
43

2.3 $!
f : X → X ' . (19 ( X ', A ') ( X , A ) •
, . + $ >!* f # ! 4 $
f −1 ( A ' ) ⊂ A
⇔ f −1 ( A ' ) ∈ A , ∀A ' ∈ A '
$ # ! 4 ( X , A ) . # E ! , •
: , E " # . >!* f : E → X '
f −1 ( A ' ) ∩ E ⊂ A
2$ )! . f −1 ( A ') ∩ E = { f −1 ( A ') ∩ E , A ' ∈ A '} 6
M ( ( X , A ) , ( X ', A ') )
. ( X ', A ') ", ( X , A ) $ # ",
2.3 "
37 τ 6 4Bτ ( ) $ ) $ < X = X ' = $ !
: 2 < f = χ 4 " # #- $
1 x ∈
χ ( x ) = 
0 x ∉
:! A ∈Bτ ( ) * . $ χ ,
44

 0 ∈ A ∧ 1∈ A
 ∅ 0 ∉ A ∧ 1∉ A

χ ( A) = 
−1
 1∈ A ∧ 0 ∉ A
C 1∉ A ∧ 0 ∈ A
. % # :* = ∪ {q } ∈Bτ ( ) ,

q ∈
C ∈Bτ ( ) ∈Bτ ( ) ∈Bτ ( ) ∅ ∈Bτ ( ) * $

:B9
∀A ∈Bτ ( ) , χ −1 ( A ) ∈Bτ ( )
. . + $ χ * < 7
2.3 1
. . + $ . $ ;
";
:6 $ $ g f
f ∈M ( ( X , A ) , (Y ,B ) )
g ∈M ( (Y ,B ) , ( Z ,G ) )
f g
X  → Y  →Z
: . g f ,
45

−1
( g f ) (G ) = f −1 g −1 (G )= (
f −1 g −1 (G )) ⊂ f −1 (B )⊂A
. . g ?L . f F! ? 0- 6
( $ ) 3.3 1

G ' ⊂ A ' . (19 ( X ', A ') ( X , A )
: $ N9 A (!# A ' 2 0<
f ∈M ( ( X , A ) , ( X ', A ') ) .1
f −1 (G ' ) ⊂ A .2
"2
( 2 ⇐ 1)
* :* f −1 ( C ') ∈ A >! C ' ∈ A ' , C ' ∈G '
f −1 (G ') ⊂ A
(1 ⇐ 2 )
, X " # )# A f −1 (G ') ⊂ A !
σ X ( f −1 (G ') ) ⊂ A
σ X ( f −1 (G ') ) = f −1 (σ X ' (G ' ) ) = f −1 ( A ' )
>!
f −1 ( A ' ) ⊂ A
46

:* :*
f ∈M ( ( X , A ) , ( X ', A ') )
!0 ) ) 3.3
$ ) $ 7<! $ (19 X ' X
τ ' X " # $ τ 6 43 " # Bτ ' ( X ') Bτ ( X )
. X ' " # $
4.3 1
. + $ X ' ! X f + $
(
. ( X ',Bτ ' ( X ') ) ! X ,Bτ ( X ) )
"0
B9 f : X → X ' + $ * $
f −1 (τ ') ⊂ τ
>! ( ∀u ' ∈τ ', f −1 ( u ') ∈τ : 7)
f −1 (τ ' ) ⊂ Bτ ( X )
. f " # ! $ ;
(
. X ',Bτ ' ( X ' ) ! ) ( X ,Bτ ( X ) )
#! ()+ ) 4.3
37 Bτ ( ) * 6 . (19 ( ,Bτ ( ) ) ( X , A )
. " # $ )
47

.M ( ( X , A ) , ( ,B ( ) ) ) ", L
τ °( X ,A ) 2$ )!
. $$ L ° ( X , A ) !# 3!
( ) n
" # $ ) ", )! 3 39 =E
.B ( n ) B ( ) 2$
5.3 1
:3G / F $
F: ( X , A ) → ( 2 ,B ( 2 ) )
x ( f1 ( x), f 2 ( x) )
, 9 , ( ,B ( ) ) ! ( X , A ) . F
2 2
. ( ,B ( ) ) ! ( X , A ) . f 2 f1
.7$ $ $ 1
6.3 1
. . $ . $ .1
. . $ . $ C .2
. . $ . $ 0 .3
. . $ ! - . $ ; .4
"0
1! . $ f : ( X , A ) → ( ,B ( ) ) .1
48

u →
x x
(u ∈M ( ( ,B ( ) ) , ( ,B ( ) ) ) :*) . 9 u * $
!
f =u f
. . 9 . $ ; :*
. $ f 2 f1 .2
( X , A ) → ( 2 ,B ( 2 ) ) → ( ,B ( ) )
x 
F
→ ( f1 ( x), f 2 ( x) ) 
u
→ f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x)
! ( X , A ) . F * $ . 9 u * $
B9 ( 2 ,B ( 2 ) )
f1 + f 2 = u f
. .
$# +$ 7$ ! .3
( X , A ) → ( 2 ,B ( 2 ) ) → ( ,B ( ) )
x 
F
→ ( f1 ( x), f 2 ( x) ) 
v
→ f1 ( x)i f 2 ( x)
. v
1! ∀x ∈ X , f ( x) ≠ O 6 $ $ f .4
49

g X 
→
1
x
f ( x)
:) " # >
f i
X  → *  →
1
x f ( x)
f ( x)
( ,B ( ) ) ! ( X , A ) . f 6
(
i * ,B ( ))
*
! ( X , A ) . f , ∀x ∈ X , f ( x) ≠ O
< 7 . 9 ( ,B ( ) ) ! ( * ,B ( * ) )
. . g = i f " #
1 #! !! (% , ' ()+, ' 5.3
2.3 %&
$ inf ( f , g ) sup ( f , g ) (!# . $ g f
. .
:!
R $ ) {]−∞, α ] , α ∈ } # ,
{[α , + ∞[ , α ∈ } 2 $!$
(() $ ) 5 ! ", ! ( @7 $DS
50

2.3 %& ";

$ !
f , g : ( X ,A → ( ,B ( ) )
) 
) {]−∞, α ] , α ∈ } # * $ 4 h = sup ( f , g ) 1!
: * $D, 3 9 $
∀α ∈ , h −1 ( ]−∞, α ]) ∈ A
. . h "
h −1 ( ]−∞, α ]) = { x ∈ X , h ( x ) ≤ α }
= { x ∈ X , sup ( f , g ) ≤ α }
= {x ∈ X , f ( x ) ≤ α } ∩ {x ∈ X , g ( x ) ≤ α }
= f −1 ( ]−∞, α ]) ∩ g −1 ( ]−∞, α ])
∈A ∈A
. . h >!
7.3 1
7!# { f n }n
ϕ = sup f n $ (!# M
n
(( X , A ) , ( ,B ( )))
( (
. M ( X , A ) , ,B ( ) )) ", ! ψ = inf f n
n
"2
* {[ −∞, α ] , α ∈ } " # ! 1 @7 7$
.B ( ) 2 # {[α , +∞ ] , α ∈ }
51

!
ϕ −1 ([ −∞, α ]) = {x ∈ X , ϕ (x ) ≤ α }
{
= x ∈ X , sup ( f n (x ) )
n
}
= ∩ {x ∈ X , f n ( x ) ≤ α }
n
([ −∞, α ]) ∈ A
−1
= ∩f n
n
∈A
! 9 {[α , +∞ ] , α ∈ } # !* ,

x ∈ ϕ −1 ([α , +∞ ]) ⇔ ϕ ( x) ≥ α ⇔ sup f n ( x) ≥ α
n
⇔ ∃n0 , f n0 ( x) ≥ α ⇔ ∃nO , x ∈ f n−1 ([α , +∞ ])

0
⇔ x ∈∪ f n
−1
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n
*
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n
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<0
( (
(!# M ( X , A ) , ,B ( ) )) { f }n n
lim sup f n ∈ M
n →+∞
(( X , A ) , ( ,B ( )))

lim inf f n ∈ M
n →+∞
(( X , A ) , ( ,B ( )))
52

"2
!
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n →+∞ n ≥1
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)
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k ≥n
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n
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n n
6 $ {α i }i =1 #* . 7!# { Ai }i =1 ! X 2 (<
*
53

n
f ( x) = ∑ α i χ Ai ( x ), x ∈ X
i =1
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A = X ∩A
B9 >! B = F ∩ A , F ∈ F B9 B ∈ F A , •
AB ∈ F A , AB = XF ∩ A , XF ∈ F
54

∀n ≥ 1, ∃Fn ∈ F , B n = Fn ∩ A , , ( B n )n ≥1 ⊂ F A •

 
* $ ∪B n = ∪ ( Fn ∩ A ) =  ∪ Fn  ∩ A B9 >!
n ≥1 n ≥1  n ≥1 
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. A " # )# F A , . ∪ B n ∈ F A B9  ∪ Fn  ∈ F
n ≥1  n ≥1 
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. F A = P (A ) ∩ F :* B ∈ P (A ) ∩ F >! F ∩ A ⊂ A
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▪ ( B ∈ F A ) :* ( B = B ∩ A ∧ B ∈ F )
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:*) E $ f . 019 ( X , A )
$ {f n }n (!# 4 X " # 9 ( f : X →
:3L )$ X " # 9
kn
f n ( x) = ∑ Cn ,i χ En ,i ( x)
i =1
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∀x ∈ X , lim f n ( x) = f ( x )
x →+∞
: , >!* D

( $ :*) R . {f n }n $ B9 . f .1
! < {f n }n B9 $ f .2
55

0 ≤ f n ( x) ≤ f ( x), ∀x ∈ X , n = 1, 2,3,....
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n 2n
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
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k =1  2 2 
L 1!
 k −1  k −1 k  n
 n , x ∈ x ∈ X , n ≤ f (x ) < n  , k = 1, 2,...n 2
f n (x ) =  2  2 2 
 n, x ∈ {x ∈ X , f ( x ) ≥ n }

! " # f n $ !!, D 0 ≤ f n ( x) ≤ f ( x) * A1
:3
n
n2
f n ( x) = ∑ k −n1χ An ,k ( x) + nχ An ( x)
2
k =1

An = { x ∈ X , f ( x) ≥ n}

56

 k −1 k 
An , k =  x ∈ X , n ≤ f ( x) < n 
 2 2 
; f * !7$ ) + { f n } G$ G! *
. .
:;! ), f *
f = f+− f−
6
f + = max ( f , 0 )

f −
= − min ( f , 0 )
ln
g n = ∑ α n,i χ En ,i 6 $ { g n }n f + *
i =1
l 'n
hn = ∑ β n ,i χ E 'n ,i 6 $ {hn }n f + *
i =1
1!
kn = g n − hn
.; + {kn }n ,
57

' ! 7.3
# ! X $ f . 019 ( X , A ) (1

)# J = {E ⊂ Y , f −1 (E ) ∈ A } # * $ . Y
.Y " #
< ← X $ f . 019 ( X , A ) (2

: L 1 N9 $D* . $ ) $
∀α ∈ . {x ∈ X , f (x ) > α } # ^*
∀α ∈ . {x ∈ X , f (x ) ≥ α } # ^;
∀α ∈ . {x ∈ X , f (x ) < α } # ^
∀α ∈ . {x ∈ X , f (x ) ≤ α } # ^6
< ← X $ f . 019 ( X , A ) (3

W, , . $ ", $!$ $ ) $
. f * $DG9 +$ 1
(Y ,B ) ! ( X , A ) $D + $ * $ 39 $D* (4
4 A ⊂ X X # " # )# A $#$ D . . + $
:3L N9 $
A∈ A ]9 . $ χA
58

القياس والمكاملة mesure et lintegration

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القياس والمكاملة mesure et lintegration

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