UNIT I Introduction to Globalization
the renaissance. In this period, European
Glocalization Concepts, Meanings, Features, and
Dimensions
Globalization
- Process in which people, ideas and goods
spread throughout the world, spurring more
interaction and integration between the world’s
cultures, governments and economies
- Process of interaction and integration among
the people, companies, and governments of
different nations, a process driven by
international trade and investment and aided by
information technology.
- Today’s globalization is farther, faster, cheaper,
and deeper in compared to the earlier wave of
globalization
- A defining feature of globalization is an
international industrial and financial business
structure.
- One principal driver of globalization is
technology.
- According to the International Monetary Fund
(IMF) globalization is the growing economic
interdependence of countries worldwide
through increasing volume and variety of cross
border transactions in goods and services.
- Considered a multi-dimensional process
involving economic, political, technological,
cultural, religious and ecological dimensions.
Attributes of Globalization
- It involves both creation of new social networks
and the multiplication of existing connections
that cut across traditional, political, economic,
cultural, and geographical boundaries.
- Globalization is reflected in the expansion and
the stretching of relations, activities and
connections
- It involves the intensification and acceleration
of social exchanges and activities
- Also involves the subjective plane of human
consciousness
Historical Periods of Globalization
Pre-Historic Period 10000 BCE – 3500 BCE
- In this earliest phase of globalization, contacts
among hunters and gatherers – who were
spread around the world – were geographically
limited. In this period due to absence of
advanced forms of technology, globalization
was severely limited.
Pre-Modern Period 3500 BCE – 1500 CE
- In this period the invention of writing and the
wheel were great social and technological
boosts that moved globalization to a new level.
The invention of wheel in addition to roads
made the transportation of people and goods
more efficient. On the other hand, writing
facilitated the spread of ideas and inventions.
Early Modern Period 1500 BCE – 1750
- It is the period between the enlightenment and
enlightenment project tried to achieve a
universal form of morality and law. This with the
emergence of European metropolitan centers
and unlimited material accumulation which led
to the capitalist world system helped to
strengthen globalization.
Modern Period 1750 – 1970
- Innovations in transportation and
communication technology, population
explosion and increase in migration led to
more cultural exchanges and transformation in
traditional social patterns. Process of
industrialization also accelerated.
The Contemporary Period 1970 – Present
- The creation, expansion, and acceleration of
worldwide interdependencies occurred in a
dramatic way and it was a kind of lead in the
history of globalization
Waves of Globalization
Age of Discovery 15th – 16th Century
• Raw Materials – Basic goods
• GDP – <5%
• Scientific Revolution – in Europe through
exploring the nature
Globalization 1.0 19th Century – 1914
• Textiles/Industrial Goods
• GDP – 14%
• Industrial Revolution – in Britain
Globalization 2.0 1945 – 1989
• Factories
• GDP – 15%
• Idea of Franchising
• Key Countries: US and Russia
• 2nd Industrial Revolution – in the world
Globalization 3.0 1989 – 2008
• Global Supply Chain – companies
• GDP - + 20%
• 3RD Industrial Revolution
• Internet
Globalization 4.0 Present
• Digital Goods/Services
• Leading nations: China and US
• 4th Industrial Revolution
• Cloud Technology and AI
• China is the superpowered country
Dimensions of Globalization
Economic Dimension
- This refers to the extensive development of
economic relations across the globe as a result
of technology
Major players in the current century’s global economic
order:
• Huge international corporations (General
Motors, Walmart, Mitsubishi)
• International Economic Institutions (IMF, World
Bank, The World Trade Organization)
• Trading Systems
*The result of these powerful forces resulted in the wide
gap between the rich and the poor countries
Major Sources of Economic Growth across country:
1. Property rights
2. Regulatory institutions
3. Institutions for macro-economic
4. Stabilization
5. Institutions for social influence
6. Institutions for conflict management
*Economic institutions have decisive influence on
investment in physical and human capital, technology,
and industrial productions. It is also important for
resource distribution.
Political Dimension
- This refers to an enlargement and strengthening
of political interrelations across the globe
Political issues that surface in this dimension:
1. The principle of state sovereignty
2. Increasing impact of various intergovernmental
organization
3. Future shapes of regional and global
governance
Cultural Dimension
- This refers to the increase in the amount of
cultural flows across the globe.
- Cultural interconnections are at the foundations
of contemporary globalization.
- Individualism and consumerism which are the
dominant cultural characteristics of our age and
the drive for economic success stimulated by
the internet and other technological devices
circulate much more easily than they did in
earlier periods.
- Cultural diversity often results hybridization- a
constructive interaction process between global
and local characteristics which is often visible in
food, music, dance, film, fashion, and language.
Religious Dimension
- Religion is a personal or institutionalized set of
attitudes, beliefs, and practices relating to or
manifesting faithful devotion to an
acknowledged ultimate reality or deity. It is the
most important defining element of any
civilization as contrasted with race, language, or
way of life.
- Jihadist globalism is a religious response to the
materialist assault by the ungodly West in the
rest of the world.
ROMAN CATHOLIC TEACHING OF
GLOBALIZATION
1. Commitment to universal human rights
2. Commitment to the social nature of the
human person
3. Commitment to the common good
4. Solidarity
5. Preferential option of the poor
6. Subsidiary
7. Integral Humanism
8. Justice
Justice is divided into three categories:
Commutative Justice
- This aims at fulfilling the terms of contracts
and other promises on both personal and social
level.
Distributive Justice
- This ensures a basic equity in how both the
burden and the goods of society are distributed
and that ensures that every person enjoys a
basically equal moral and legal standing apart
from differences in wealth, privilege, talent and
achievements
Social Justice
- refers to the creation of the conditions in which
the first two categories of justice can be realized
and the common good identified and defended.
Ideological Dimension
- Ideology is a system of widely shared ideas,
beliefs, norms, and values among a group of
people.
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of Globalism:
1. Globalization is about the liberalization and
global integration of the market.
2. Globalization is inevitable and irreversible.
3. Nobody is in charge of globalization.
4. Globalization benefits everyone.
5. Globalization furthers the spread of democracy
in the world.
*For the globalists democracy and free markets are
synonymous.