UNIT I

INTRODUCTION TO
GLOBALIZATION
Learning Objectives:
1 synthesize the definitions of globalization by the different authorities;

2 explain the different attributes or characteristics of globalization;

3 trace the historical periods of globalization;

4 identify the different dimensions of globalization; and

5 expound the major ideological claims of advocates of globalism.

Globalization
Concepts,
Meanings,
Features, and
Dimensions
Globalization is the process in which
people, ideas and goods spread
throughout the world, spurring more
interaction and integration between the
world's cultures, governments and
economies.
Globalization a process driven
by international trade and
investment and aided by
information technology.
Globalization is about
growing worldwide
connectivity.
 EXAMPLE:
People are engaged in buying and
selling from other places in far-away
lands like the famed Silk Road across
Central Asia that connected China and
Europe during the Middle Age for
thousands of years and they also
invested in enterprises in other
countries for centuries.
Globalization is the growing economic
interdependence of countries worldwide through
increasing volume and variety of cross border
transactions in goods and services and of
international capital flows and also through the
more rapid and wide diffusion of technology.
-International Monetary Fund (IMF)
Globalization is an expansion, and
intensification of social relations and
consciousness across world time and
world space. It is about growing
worldwide connectivity.
-Steger
Further, globalization is considered a
multi-dimensional process involving
economic, political, technological,
cultural, religious and ecological
dimensions.
 Attributes,
Qualities or
Characteristics
of Globalization
 It involves both the creation of new social
1 networks and the multiplication of
existing connections.
EXAMPLE:
Brazilian World Cup: Today’s media combine
conventional TV coverage with multiple streaming
feeds into digital devices and networking sites that
transcend nationally based services.
 It is reflected in the expansion and the
2 stretching of social relations, activities, and
connections.
EXAMPLE:
• Reaching of financial markets around the globe
• Occurrence of electronic around the clock
 • Emergence of gigantic and virtually identical
shopping malls in all continents to cater to
consumers who can afford commodities all over
the world-including products whose various
components were manufactured in different
countries. This process is called social stretching.
Social stretching covers:
• Non-governmental organization
• Commercial enterprises
• Social clubs
• Regional & global institutions and associations (UN,
EU, ASEAN, Google and others)
 It involves the intensification and
3 acceleration of social exchanges
and activities.
EXAMPLE:
• The worldwide web relays distant information in real
time
• Satellites provide consumers with instant pictures of
remote events
• Sophisticated social networking by means of
facebook or twitter has become routine activity for
more than a billion people around the globe.
 Involves the subjective plane of human
4 consciousness, and the compression of the
world into a single place.
Globalization involves both the macro-structures of a
global community and the micro-structures of global
personhood. It extends deep into the core of the self
and its dispositions, facilitating the creation of multiple
individual and collective identities nurtured by the
intensifying relations between the personal and the
global.
Historical Periods of
Globalization 1. THE PREHISTORIC
PERIOD (10000 BCE-
3500 BCE)

5. THE CONTEMPORARY 2. THE PRE-MODERN

PERIOD (FROM 1970 TO PERIOD (3500 BCE-
PRESENT) 1500)

4. THE MODERN 3. THE EARLY MODERN

PERIOD (1750-1970) PERIOD (1500-1750)
 THE PREHISTORIC
PERIOD (10000 BCE-
3500 BCE)
• Earliest phase of globalization;
• Contacts among hunters and
gatherers; and
• Globalization was severely
LIMITED.
 THE PRE-MODERN
PERIOD (3500 BCE-
1500)
• Invention of writing and the
wheel.
• Globalization was BOOSTED.
 THE EARLY MODERN
PERIOD (1500-1750)

• Period between the Enlightenment

and the Renaissance.
• European Enlightenment project
tried to achieve a universal form of
morality and law.
• Globalization was STRENGTHENED.
THE MODERN PERIOD
(1750-1970)
• Innovations in
transportation and
communication technology,
population explosion, and
increase in migration, and
industrialization.
 THE CONTEMPORARY
PERIOD (FROM 1970
TO PRESENT)

• The creation, expansion, and

acceleration of worldwide
interdependencies.
• A kind of leap in the history of
globalization.
Dimensions of
Globalization
ECONOMIC POLITICAL CULTURAL
DIMENSION DIMENSION DIMENSION

RELIGIOUS IDEOLOGICAL
DIMENSION DIMENSIONS
Economic Dimension
Extensive development of
economic relations across the
globe as a result of technology
and the enormous flow of capital
that has stimulated trade in both
sources and goods.
Major players in the current century's global
economic order:
• Huge international corporations
(General Motors, Walmart,
Mitsubishi)
• International Economic
Institutions (IMF, World Bank, The
World Trade Organization)
• Trading Systems
Major Sources of Economic Growth across
Countries
• Property rights
• Regulatory institutions
• Institutions for macro-economics
• Stabilization
• Institutions for social influence
• Institutions for conflict management
Political Dimension
Refers to an enlargement
and strengthening of political
interrelations across
the globe.
Political Issues that Surface in this Dimension

1. The principle of state sovereignty

2. Increasing impact of various
intergovernmental organization
3. Future shapes of regional and
global governance
Example:
• Global cities like New York,
London, Tokyo, and Singapore
are closely connected with one
another than they are to various
cities in their own countries.
• European Union, United nations,
NATO, The World Trade
Organization
Cultural Dimension
Increase in the amount of
cultural flows across the globe.
Cultural interconnections are
at the foundations of
contemporary globalization
Cultural Dimension
Hybridization of culture
that can be seen in food,
music, dance, film,
fashion, and language.
Religious Dimension
Religion is a personal or
institutionalized set of attitudes,
beliefs, and practices relating to
or manifesting faithful devotion
to an acknowledged ultimate
reality or deity
Eight principles that summarize the Roman
Catholic Teachings
1. Commitment to universal
human rights
2. Commitment to the social
nature of the human person
3. Commitment to the
common good
Eight principles that summarize the Roman
Catholic Teachings
4. Solidarity
5. Preferential option of the
poor
6. Subsidiary
7. Justice
8. Integral Humanism
 Categories of Justice
1 Commutative Justice

Aims at fulfilling the terms of

contracts and other promises on
both personal and social level.
 Categories of Justice
2
Distributive Justice
Ensures a basic equity in how both the burden
and the goods of society are distributed and that
ensures that every person enjoys a basically
equal moral and legal standing apart from
differences in wealth, privilege, talent and
achievements.
 Categories of Justice
3
Social Justice
Refers to the creation of the conditions in
which the first two categories of justice
can be realized and the common good
identified and defended.
Ideological Dimension
Ideology is a system of widely
shared ideas, beliefs, norms and
values among a group of
people. It connects human
actions with some generalized
claims
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of
Globalism
• Globalization is about the
liberalization and global
integration of markets.
• Globalization is inevitable and
irreversible.
Major Ideological Claims of Advocates of
Globalism
3.Nobody is in charge of
globalization.
4.Globalization benefits everyone.
5.Globalization furthers the spread
of democracy in the world.
Thank You!