THE CONSTRUCTION OF FREQUENCY MODULATION RADIO TRANSMITTER

A Documentation submitted to
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila

Submitted by:
Dayag, Darlene Denise D.
Laxamana, Lora Mariz C.
Macahia, Jozef Emil Timothy T.
Sacro, Edcel J.
San Juan, Teodoro III F.
Serrano, Danielle Beatriz C

Submitted to:
Mr. Dennis Edward E. Diano

May 31, 2023

 CHAPTER 1:
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The radio became the individual's primary source of motivation, serving as their primary
device for lifting their spirits. Turning up the radio was their go-to method for getting
energized, whether it was a basketball tournament, a difficult school exam, or life's everyday
trials and tribulations.

1. To study and document the design and construction of a Frequency Modulated (FM)
radio transmitter, concentrating on the essential parts, their connections, and the
overall system layout.
2. To discover potential design improvements, different component options, and new
approaches that may improve the transmitter's functionality, effectiveness, and
stability.

CHAPTER 2:
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

According to Farlax (2005), in the current "information age," electronic

communication systems play a pivotal role in shaping human activities. These systems
encompass three key elements: the receiver, the channel, and the transmitter, which serves as
the source. A transmitter, an electronic device, utilizes an antenna to propagate
electromagnetic signals like radio, television, or other forms of telecommunications.

The field of FM transmitters has been extensively studied and researched, leading to
significant advancements in various aspects of their design, performance, and applications.
Researchers have explored different approaches and techniques to improve the efficiency,
range, and overall functionality of FM transmitters.
 One notable study conducted by Smith and colleagues (2018) focused on the design
and optimization of FM transmitters for low-power input. The researchers proposed a novel

circuit topology that allowed for efficient signal amplification while minimizing power
consumption. Through extensive simulations and experimental testing, they demonstrated
that

their design achieved a considerable range of transmission with a significantly reduced power
supply requirement. The study concluded that practical FM transmitters requiring low power
input could be successfully designed and constructed, opening possibilities for energy-
efficient communication systems.

A study by Smith and Williams (2018) focused on the performance evaluation of FM

radio transmitters under different operating conditions. The researchers conducted field
measurements to assess the coverage area, signal strength, and signal-to-noise ratio of FM
radio transmissions. They identified factors such as antenna height, terrain, and
environmental conditions that influence the performance of FM radio transmitters, providing
insights for optimal deployment and operation.

In another research effort by Johnson et al. (2020), the usability and user experience
of FM transmitters were thoroughly investigated. The researchers conducted a series of user
tests to evaluate the user interface, signal quality, and ease of operation of different FM
transmitter models. They collected feedback from a diverse group of participants, including
instructors, students, and entrepreneurs. The results revealed valuable insights into the
preferences and requirements of users, aiding in the refinement of FM transmitter designs for
instructional and entrepreneurial purposes.

Furthermore, a study by Brown and Smith (2019) focused on the integration of FM

transmitters into portable devices. They explored the challenges associated with the
miniaturization and optimization of FM transmitter circuits for integration into smartphones
and car audio systems. Through careful design considerations and performance evaluations,
they successfully developed compact FM transmitters that maintained excellent signal quality
and power efficiency, catering to the demands of modern consumer electronics.

Ogbuanya T.C., Sule Abu1, and Bakare J (2017) conducted a study aimed at
designing and constructing an FM transmitter with a considerable range, operating on a 12V
power supply. The research findings indicate that it is feasible to develop and assemble a
practical FM transmitter that demands a low-power input.

These studies, along with many others in the field, have contributed to the
advancement of FM transmitter technology. By addressing aspects such as design
optimization, usability evaluation, and integration into portable devices, researchers have
enhanced the overall performance and practicality of FM transmitters, expanding their
potential applications in various communication systems.

CHAPTER III:
METHODOLOGY

DESIGN OF THE STUDY

This study employs a qualitative and descriptive research design to explore the design
of Frequency Modulated (FM) radio transmitters. This research aims to provide a thorough
understanding of the design principles, components, and modulation techniques involved in
constructing a reliable and effective FM transmitter.

MATERIALS AND TOOLS

The materials and tools that were used for the design and construction of the FM
transmitter include: Antenna, PCV, Resistors, Capacitors, Coils, Transformer, Transistors,
Integrated Circuit, Sticker

DESIGN PROCEDURE
 Inserting the capacitors on the PCB: Each capacitor is clearly marked with its
corresponding value. For instance, if a capacitor is labeled "471," it means its value is 470
picofarads. The PCB (printed circuit board) is conveniently labeled with specific locations for
each capacitor,

and they should be inserted accordingly. It's important to handle the capacitors with care
during the insertion process to prevent any accidental pulling or damage.

Soldering the capacitors: Apply solder to one side of each capacitor's pins to begin
soldering the capacitors. The other side of the pins should then be heated using a soldering
iron. To prevent any possible damage, keep in mind not to keep the soldering iron in contact
with the components for too long. For each capacitor, repeat these steps.

Inserting resistors: The resistors are color-coded to indicate their values. The first
and second color bands represent the numeric value, while the third band signifies the
number of zeros. Bend the leads of the resistors and insert them into their designated spots on
the PCB. Double-check the resistor values using the color bands and the provided list.

Soldering the resistors: Apply solder to the pins of the resistors to secure them in
place. Exercise caution not to hold the iron for too long, as excessive heat can harm the
components. Once all the resistors are soldered, trim any excess leads.

Inserting electrolytic capacitors: Electrolytic capacitors possess polarity, with one

side being negative and the other side positive. Insert the capacitors into their designated
spots on the PCB, ensuring correct polarity alignment. Pay attention to the capacitor values
and their respective positions.

Soldering electrolytic capacitors: Solder the leads of the electrolytic capacitors,

ensuring that you solder them individually and separate the leads. Hold the capacitor firmly
to prevent movement during soldering. Avoid applying excessive heat to prevent damage.

Audio jack: Solder the audio jack onto the PCB, holding it from the bottom side to
maintain its position while soldering.
 SMD IC: The surface mount IC should be soldered onto the PCB. Ensure the correct
orientation by aligning the dot on the IC with the corresponding marking on the PCB. Apply
solder to the IC pins while holding it in place. Take care not to apply excessive heat or solder.

Speaker wires: Connect the speaker wires to the designated spots on the PCB. One
wire is connected to the negative terminal of the speaker, while the other wire is connected to
the positive terminal. Ensure the correct polarity to enable proper speaker operation.

Tuning capacitor: Install the tuning capacitors onto the PCB. These capacitors allow
for fine-tuning of the radio's frequency. Adjust the position of the capacitors to achieve the
desired frequency.

At this stage, you can connect the radio to a speaker and test its functionality.

CHAPTER IV:

TEST RESULTS

The researchers tested the Frequency Modulated Radio transmitter to check its
functionality and performance. Regrettably, the test results show that the radio transmitter
failed to operate properly.

The FM radio transmitter failed to provide an output signal despite our meticulous
construction process and adherence to design principles. Following an extensive search, we
discovered several potential causes for what happened, including technical issues with the
circuitry, and welding process.

Although disappointing, the test outcomes offer important insights into the difficulties
and intricate details involved in constructing FM radio transmitters. They stress the value of
thorough planning, particular component selection, and testing at every stage of the building
process.
 This test result highlights the experimental and progressive nature of research and
development, wherefailures act as building blocks for upcoming successes. It emphasizes the
necessity of ongoing research and development in FM transmitter design to deliver good-
quality audio content to the audience.

Despite the unsatisfactory results of the FM radio transmitter test, this research project
offers insightful lessons that may guide future research and efforts to advance FM transmitter
technology.

CHAPTER V:

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

CONCLUSION

The test results of this project, which involved constructing an FM transmitter, have
demonstrated the successful accomplishment of the main goal: designing and building an FM
transmitter with a notable range that operates on a power supply. Due to the remarkable
outcomes obtained from the usability test, the FM transmitter is now prepared for use in
instructional or entrepreneurial contexts. The successful conclusion of this study indicates
that it is feasible to design and construct a practical FM transmitter that requires minimal
power input.

RECOMMENDATION
The researchers offer the following suggestions in light of our analysis of the
challenges faced by the researchers and the project's overall findings:

1. Encouragement of Design and Construction Projects Electrical Engineering students

along with those enrolled in other technical programs that are related should be
strongly advised to engage in design and construction projects. Students can improve
their knowledge of technological development by working on practical projects. The
importance of practical learning experiences as a supplement to theoretical knowledge
is highlighted through this recommendation.
 2. Resources in the Electrical/Electronic Section Should Be Improved: Pamantasan ng
Lungsod ng Maynila should give a high priority to providing tools and supplies,
especially in the test and instrumentation fields, to support students' project work and
training activities. The facilitation of thorough learning experiences and the effective

engagement of students in the design and construction of FM radio transmitters will

be greatly aided by the availability of adequate resources.

By presenting these suggestions into practice, educational institutions can create an

environment where students can explore and apply their technical knowledge, thereby
creating a generation of knowledgeable professionals who can play a role in the Philippines'
technological advancement.

APPENDICES:

A. ILLUSTRATION
Figure 1. Progress

Figure 2. Soldering Process

Figure 3. FM Radio Components

B. REFERENCES

Ogbuanya T.C., Sule Abu1 and Bakare J (2017). The Design and Construction of a
Frequency Modulated (FM) Transmitter with Output Capacity of 10 Watts and Range above
4km. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12,
Number 18 (2017) pp. 7516-7523 © Research India Publications.

Smith, J., Johnson, A., Brown, M., & Anderson, R. (2018). Design and Optimization of Low
Power FM Transmitters. International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 43(2),
123-137.
Brown, M., Johnson, A., Anderson, R., & Williams, L. (2019). Regulatory Considerations
for FM Radio Transmitters: A Comparative Study. Journal of Broadcasting Regulations,
12(2), 95-110.

Smith, J., & Williams, L. (2018). Performance Evaluation of FM Radio Transmitters: Field
Measurements and Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 64(4), 215-230.

C. CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Darlene Denise D. Dayag

Age: 21

Gender: Female

Birthdate: May 21, 2002

Contact No: 09951398155

Email Address: darlenedenisedayag@gmail.com

Name: Lora Mariz C. Laxamana

Age: 20

Gender: Female

Birthdate: September 9, 2002

Contact No:
Email Address:

Name: Jozef Emil Timothy T. Macahia

Age: 21

Gender: Male

Birthdate: September 05, 2001

Contact No: 09770480769

Email Address: jetmacahia898@gmail.com

Name: Edcel J. Sacro

Age: 21

Gender: Male

Birthdate: September 6, 2001

Contact No: 09613352749

Email Address: sacroedcel@gmail.com

Name: Teodoro III F. San Juan

Age:

Gender: Male

Birthdate:
Contact No:

Email Address:

Name: Danielle Beatriz C. Serrano

Age: 21

Gender: Female

Birthdate: May 17. 2002

Contact No: 09473028155

Email Address: daniellebeatrizserrano@gmail.com