Who helped lead the independence movement of the Gold Cost (later Ghana)?

Kwame Khrumah
What was a major problem for newly independent African nations after receiving their
freedom from colonial powers?
Many Africans felt their first loyalty was to their own ethnic group, not to their new
national government
Which one of the following is TRUE about the African National Congress (ANC)
sought equal rights for blacks
In which African country did violence between the Hutu and Tutsi tribes result in the
death of approximately 800,000 people?
Rwanda
What was the Mau Mau uprising (also known as the Mau Mau Rebellion)?
A secret society that wanted to liberate Kenya from British rule
Which one of the following celebrates African culture, heritage and values?
Negritude
Which one of the following African nations was the first to gain its independence?
Ghana
All of the following European powers had colonies in Africa EXCEPT?
Russia
What is the most significant problem with the idea of Pan-Africanism?
The African peoples are ethnically and culturally diverse
Which one of the following terms refers to the forcible overthrow of a government often
by military leaders?
coup d'etat
Which of the following does NOT accurately describe restrictions black South Africans
faced under apartheid?
black were forbidden from attending school
what prominent individual led the struggle for majority rule in South Africa?
Nelson Mandela
How did foreign nations oppose South Africa's policy of apartheid?
-Western countries joined an economic boycott
-South Africa was excluded from the Olympics other international sporting events
-UN declared a mandatory embargo on arms sales
(ALL OF THEM)
Which one of the following did NOT play a role in the decolonization of Africa?
World War I
Which one of the following was a major cause of the end of the apartheid in South
Africa?
International economic and political pressure on white South Africa
Why were the French accused of "neocolonialism" in Africa?
Wanted to form a transition government with French military and economic advisers
What was the purpose of the Atlantic Charter in 1941?
Agreement between Great Britain and the U.S. to grant self-determination in Africa
What was the major challenges confronting Africa's new leaders following colonization?
-Recent religious conversions to Christianity and Islam
-Poverty
-creating stable political regimes
ALL OF THEM
All of the following are true about Sharpeville, South Africa EXPECT?
Sharpeville is a primarily white township
What is the primary reason why has Somalia been in a constant state of turmoil since
the early 1990's?
Political instability
What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference?
To divide Africa into Western colonies at the expense of the African peoples
Which African nation faced political upheaval between 1960-1965 after their liberation
from the Belgians?
Congo
Which one of the following terms refers to a genuine love and devotion to one's own
country?
Patriotism
What was the Freedom Charter in South Africa in 1955?
insisted on a multi-ethnic and democratic government
Which of the following significantly contributed to the rise of nationalism in African
colonies beginning in the 1950's?
European powers focusing on internal affairs
JARNAIL SINGH BHINDRANWALE-His rise,demands and methods

Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale

Born Jarnail Singh Brar[1]

2 June 1947

Rode, Moga, Punjab Province, British India

(present-day Punjab, India)

Died 6 June 1984 (aged 37)

Akal Takht, Amritsar, Punjab, India

 Cause of death Killed in gunfight during Operation Blue Star

Monuments Gurdwara Yaadgar Shaheedan, Amritsar[2]

Sikh preacher
Occupations
Head of Damdami Taksal

Advocate of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution

Era Around 1984

Organization Damdami Taksal

Title Sant[3]

Successor Giani Kartar Singh Khalsa (Sampardai

Bhindra)

Movement Dharam Yudh Morcha

Pritam Kaur
Spouse

(m. 1966)

Children 2

Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale (Punjabi: [d͡ ʒəɾnɛːlᵊ sɪ́ ŋɡᵊ pɪ̀ ɳɖrãːʋaːɭe]; born Jarnail Singh Brar;[4] 2
June 1947[5]– 6 June 1984) was a Sikh militant.[6][7][8][9][10] He was the leading figure of the Khalistan
movement,[11][12][13] although he did not personally advocate for a separate Sikh nation.[5]: 156–157 [14]

He was the fourteenth jathedar or leader, of the prominent orthodox Sikh religious
institution Damdami Taksal.[15][16] An advocate of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution,[17][18][19][20][21] he gained
significant attention after his involvement in the 1978 Sikh-Nirankari clash. In the summer of 1982,
Bhindranwale and the Akali Dal launched the Dharam Yudh Morcha ("righteous campaign"),[22] with
its stated aim being the fulfilment of a list of demands based on the Anandpur Sahib Resolution to
create a largely autonomous state within India. Thousands of people joined the movement in the
hope of retaining a larger share of irrigation water and the return of Chandigarh to Punjab.[23] There
was dissatisfaction in some sections of the Sikh community with prevailing economic, social, and
political conditions.[24] Over time Bhindranwale grew to be a leader of Sikh militancy.[25][26]

In 1982, Bhindranwale and his group moved to the Golden Temple complex and made it his
headquarters. Bhindranwale would establish what amounted to a "parallel government" in Punjab, [27]
[28]
settling cases and resolving disputes,[27][29][30] while conducting his campaign.[31] In 1983, he along
with his militant cadre inhabited and fortified the Sikh shrine Akal Takht. Scholars hold him
responsible for launching attacks on Hindus and state institutions from the complex. [32][33][34][35] In June
1984, Operation Blue Star was carried out by the Indian Army to remove Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale
and his armed followers from the buildings of the Harmandir Sahib in the Golden Temple Complex,
[36]
which resulted in hundreds to thousands of deaths according to various reports, including that of
Bhindranwale.[37]
Bhindranwale has remained a controversial figure in Indian history.[38] While the Sikhs' highest
temporal authority Akal Takht describe him a 'Martyr',[39] with immense appeal among rural sections
of the Sikh population,[28][40] who saw him as a powerful leader,[40] who stood up to Indian state
dominance and repression,[41][42] many Indians saw him as spearheading a "revivalist, extremist and
terrorist movement".[40][43][44][45][46]
[40][43][44][45][46]
His stance on the creation of a separate Sikh state remains a point of contention. [18][19][47][48][49][50]
[51][52]

Early life
Damdami Taksal
Early years
In 1965, he was enrolled by his father at the Damdami Taksal also known as Bhindran Taksal, a
religious school near Moga, Punjab, named after the village of Bhindran Kalan where its leader
Gurbachan Singh Bhindranwale lived.[4][58] Though based out of Gurdwara Akhand Parkash there, he
took his pupils on extended tours of the countryside.[53] After a one-year course in scriptural,
theological and historical studies with Gurbachan Singh Khalsa, partly during a tour but mostly
during his stay at Gurdwara Sis Asthan Patshahi IX near Nabha, he rejoined his family and returned
to farming, marrying in 1966.[53] Maintaining ties with the Taksal, he continued studies under Kartar
Singh, who became the new head of the Taksal after Gurbachan Singh Khalsa's death in June 1969,
and would establish his headquarters at Gurdwara Gurdarshan Prakash at Mehta Chowk,
approximately 25 kilometers northeast of Amritsar.[53] He quickly became the favourite student of
Kartar Singh.[29] Unlike other students he had had familial responsibilities, and he would take time off
from the seminary and go back and forth month to month to take care of his wife and two children,
balancing his familial and religious responsibilities.[59]

Successor to the Taksal

Kartar Singh Khalsa died in a car accident on 16 August 1977. Before his death, Kartar Singh had
appointed the then 31-year-old Bhindranwale as his successor.[3] His son, Amrik Singh,[29] would
become a close companion of Jarnail Singh.[26] Bhindranwale was formally elected the
14th jathedar of the Damdami Taksal at a bhog ceremony at Mehta Chowk on 25 August 1977.[1][4] He
adopted the name "Bhindranwale" meaning "from [the village of] Bhindran [Kalan]", the location of
the Bhindran Taksal branch of the Damdami Taksal,[1][58] and attained the religious title of "Sant".[1] He
concluded most of his family responsibilities to dedicate full time to the Taksal, thus following a long
tradition of “sants”, an important part of rural Sikh life.[59] Henceforth his family saw him solely in Sikh
religious congregations known as satsangs, though his son Ishar Singh would describe his youth as
being "well looked after" and "never in need."[1] As a missionary Sant of the Taksal, he would tour the
villages to give dramatic public sermons and reading of scripture.[26] He preached the disaffected
young Sikhs, encouraging them to return to the path of the Khalsa by giving up consumerism in
family life and abstaining from drugs and alcohol,[14] the two main vices afflicting rural society in
Punjab,[29] and as a social reformer, denounced practices like the dowry, and encouraged a return to
the simple lifestyle prior to the increased wealth of the state[29] and the reversal of the decline in
morals following the Green Revolution.[60] As one observer noted, "The Sant's following grew as he
successfully regenerated the good life of purity, dedication and hard work.... These basic values of
life...had been the first casualty of commercial capitalism."[29] His focus on fighting for the Sikh cause
appealed to many young Sikhs. Bhindranwale never learned English but had good grasp of Punjabi
language. His speeches were released in the form of audio cassette tapes and circulated in villages.
[61]
Later on, he became adept with press and gave radio and television interviews as well. [26] His
sermons urged the centrality of religious values to life, calling on the members of congregations to
be:

"…one who takes the vows of faith and helps others take it; who reads the scriptures and helps
others do the same; who avoids liquor and drugs and helps others do likewise; who urges unity and
co-operation; who preaches community, and be attached to your Lord's throne and home." [14]
From July 1977 to July 1982, he extensively toured cities and villages of Punjab to preach the Sikh
faith. He also visited other states and cities in India, mostly in gurdwaras, in Punjab, Haryana and
Chandigarh.[62] His meetings were attended by rapt "throngs of the faithful – and the curious." [62] He
advocated against decreasing religious observance, cultural changes occurring in Punjab, rising
substance abuse, and use of alcohol and pornography, encouraging religious initiation by taking
amrit (the administration of which had been his primary task during his tours) [53] and fulfilling religious
obligations, including wearing the outward religious symbols of the faith, like the turban and beard.
[29]
He appeared at a time when leaders were not engaged in the community, traveled from city to city
instead of being based in an office or gurdwara and delegating, solved domestic disputes and
showed no interest in a political career, seeing himself foremost as a man of religion. [61] People soon
began to seek his intervention in addressing social grievances, and he began to hold court to settle
disputes. This reflected the widespread disenchantment among the masses with expensive, time-
consuming bureaucratic procedures that often did not ensure justice. Bhindranwale's verdicts were
widely respected and helped to gain him enormous popularity,[29] as well as his "remarkable ability"
as a preacher and his ability to quote religious texts and evoke the relevance of historical events in
the present time.[63]

Khushwant Singh, a critic of Bhindranwale, allowed that

“Bhindranwale's amrit parchar was a resounding success. Adults in their thousands took oaths in
public to abjure liquor, tobacco and drugs and were baptized. Videocassettes showing blue films and
cinema houses lost out to the village gurdwara. Men not only saved money they had earlier
squandered in self-indulgence, but now worked longer hours on their lands and raised better crops.
They had much to be grateful for to Jarnail Singh who came to be revered by them." [64]

Politics
Bhindranwale was active in politics. It has been claimed that Indira Gandhi's Congress party
attempted to co-opt Bhindranwale in a bid to split Sikh votes and weaken the Akali Dal, its chief rival
in Punjab.[23][65][66][31]: 174 Congress supported the candidates backed by Bhindranwale in the
1978 SGPC elections. The theory of Congress involvement has been contested on grounds
including that Gandhi's imposition of President's rule in 1980 had essentially disbanded all Punjab
political powers regardless,[67] with no assistance required to take control, and has been challenged
by scholarship.[68][69] According to the New York Times, Sanjay Gandhi had approached
Bhindranwale, then the newly appointed head of the Damdami Taksal, after Indira Gandhi lost
the 1977 Indian general election, but after Congress resumed power in 1980, would find out that he
could not be controlled or directed.[70][65]

The Congress CM (and later President) Giani Zail Singh,[71] who allegedly financed the initial
meetings of the separatist organisation Dal Khalsa,[23][72] amid attempts to cater to and capitalize on
the surge in Sikh religious revivalism in Punjab.[73] The Akali Dal would also attempt to cater to the
same electoral trend during the same period following electoral defeats in 1972 and 1980, [74] resulting
from a pivot to a secular strategy in the 1960s[75] and the accompanying coalition partnerships
necessary to guarantee electoral success, most notably with the Jan Sangh, a party of urban Hindu
communalism.[74] This later turned out to be a miscalculation by Congress, as Bhindranwale's political
objectives became popular among the agricultural Jat Sikhs in the region,[25] as he would advocate
for the state's water rights central to the state's economy, in addition to leading Sikh revivalism. [74]

In 1979, Bhindranwale put up forty candidates against the Akali candidates in the SGPC election for
a total of 140 seats, winning four seats.[76] A year later, Bhindranwale used Zail Singh's patronage to
put up candidates in three constituencies' during the general elections,[77] winning a significant
number of seats from Gurdaspur, Amritsar and Ferozepur districts.[73] Despite this success, he would
not personally seek any political office.[78] He had the acumen to play off of both Akali and Congress
attempts to capitalize off of him, as association with him garnered Sikh votes while putting other
constituencies at risk.[79] According to one analysis,