Assignment: DSE B1

Astrophysics And cosmology

Under the guidance of my professor, Dr. Partha Ghosh sir

• PROBLEM ON COSMOLOGY

NAME : KOULICK CHAKRABORTY

SEMESTER : 5
ROLL NO. : 213144-21-0035
REGN NO. : 144-1111-0302-21
PROBLEM PROVIDED:
Consider a flat matter dominated universe with zero cosmological
constant. At a time te in the past, corresponding to a redshift z, a
galaxy emits a photon, which is received by a detector today (t0).
Find the explicit dependence of the expansion factor on time, R(t).
Express R(t) in terms of R0, t0 and t only. Also find the
commoving distance to a galaxy in this universe as a function of
redshift.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT: IT’S MY PLEASURE TO BE A PART
OF THE DSE CLASS UNDER PARTHA SIR WITHOUT WHOM I
GUESS QUALIFYING THE UNIVERSITY TEST WOULD BE A
MISERY. THE DEAREST AND RESPECTED angry professor
SAVED ME. THANK YOU SIR.
APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION:

Let 𝑅 (𝑡𝑒 ) be defined as the scale factor of the

universe during which the photon was emitted, and
𝑅(𝑡0 ), the present scale factor.

From definition and cosmic expansion of space-time,

we know the fact,
𝜟𝒕𝒆 𝜟𝒕𝟎
=
𝑹(𝒕𝒆 ) 𝑹(𝒕𝟎 )
Or,
𝑹(𝒕𝟎 ) 𝜟𝒕𝟎
=
𝑹(𝒕𝒆 ) 𝜟𝒕𝒆
now we know change in period of the wave,
𝟏 𝝀𝒆
𝜟𝒕𝒆 = =
𝝂𝒆 𝒄
Where𝛥𝑡𝑒 is the period between emission of
two waves, and 𝛥𝑡0 is when received.

Now we can conclude that,

𝜟𝒕𝟎 𝝀𝟎 𝑹(𝒕𝟎 )
= = ≡𝟏+𝒛
𝜟𝒕𝒆 𝝀𝒆 𝑹(𝒕𝒆 )
Here, z is defined as the cosmological red
shift.
For the present time, we state the scale We can integrate the above equantion to
factor, as 1. So, get the comoving distance r as a
𝒆
𝑹(𝒕 ) 𝟏 function of redshift.
=
Now we know, for a flat(k = 0) universe,
𝟏 𝟏+𝒛
𝒄 ⅆ𝒕
𝒓 = ∫ ⅆ𝒕 = ∫
As above mentioned,
𝑯 (𝒕 )
𝑹̇
𝑯=
Or,
𝑹
𝑹̇
=𝑯
So,
𝑹̇ 𝑹
𝑯=
𝟏
Or,
(𝟏 + 𝒛)
−𝟏
ⅆ𝑹 = ⅆ𝒛 = −𝑹𝟐 ⅆ𝒛
So the comoving distance is,
(𝟏 + 𝒛 )𝟐
𝑯
𝑹̇ =
Or,
𝟏+𝒛
𝑯
𝑹=∫ ⅆ𝒕
𝟏+𝒛 𝒄 ⅆ𝒕 𝒄 ⅆ𝒛 𝒄 𝑯𝟎
𝒓=∫ =∫ = ∫ ⅆ𝒛
All calculations are performed over a
𝑯(𝒕 ) 𝑯(𝒛) 𝑯𝟎 𝑯 (𝒛 )
The comoving distance as a function of flat universe and 0 cosmological
redshift is evaluated in the following constant.
way:
We know,
𝒄 ⅆ𝒕 = 𝑯(𝒕) ⅆ𝒓