Environmental Sciences

Course Code: MC-401

th
4 Semester, CSE & IT
Lecture Module -1
Examination Scheme:
CAs : 25 marks
Attendance: 5 marks
University Exam: 70 marks
Text/Reference Books
1. M.P. Poonia & S.C. Sharma, Environmental Studies, Khanna Publishing House (AICTE
Recommended Textbook – 2018)
2. Masters, G. M., “Introduction to Environmental Engineering and Science”, Prentice-Hall
of India Pvt. Ltd.,1991.
3. De, A. K., “Environmental Chemistry”, New Age International
 Basic Idea of Environment, Basic Concept, etc.
Environment can be defined as a sum total of all the living and non-living
elements and their effects that influence human life.
It is also defined as the complex of physical, chemical, and biotic factors that
act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determines
its form and survival.
Functions of Environment:
• Supply of resources
• Sustenance of Life
• Assimilation of wastes

Resource refers to all the

materials available in our
Environment which technologically accessible, economically feasible, and
culturally sustainable, and help us satisfy our needs and wants. Resources can
broadly be classified into renewable and non-renewable resources
 Definition of Resources
Renewable resources?
• These resources are those that can never be exhausted or depleted with
continuous use. There remains a continuous supply of renewable resources.
• Examples: Water, trees, etc.

Non-Renewal Resources?
• Non-renewable resources are the resources that get exhausted with their
extraction and use.
• Examples: Coal, petroleum, iron ore, etc.
Potentially Renewal Resources?
Most sustainable energy sources are renewable bioenergy (wood, biomass,
energy crops), geothermal (deep or shallow), solar energy (photovoltaic, solar
thermal), hydro, and wind energy.
Man, Society, & Environment & their relationship
• Human beings live in the kingdom of nature and interact with it constantly.
• Influences of nature are in the form of the air one breaths, water one drinks,
food one eats, and flow of energy and information. Any change in the
environment can not only result in devastating effects but can also pose a
threat to the human race.
• 5th June of every year is observed as World Environment Day.
 Mathematics of Population Growth
Population growth can be calculated using the following Basic Relationship :

Where, N0 = Initial Population = The Population at time t = 0

N = Future Population = The Population at time t.
r = The rate of Population change as a function of t (This variable is
called as the Malthusian Parameter).
t (time) = The amount of time required to produce a growth in
population proportional to N/N0.
Derived Forms
The undermentioned equations are derived from eq. (1) :

𝐍
𝐍𝟎
Rate
 Examples on Population Growth
To find out doubling Time :
The present world population growth rate is 1.1% per year; how long will it
take to double the world's population?

Solution : Given, r = 1.1% = 0.011, and (N/N0) = (2/1)

We know:

Therefore, the time required for the population to become doubled

= 63.243 years

It means it will take about 63 years to double the world's population.

Based on the 2011 population of 7 billion in the World, there will be
14 billion people on Earth in 2074.
 Example on Population Growth
Rate of Increase :
How many people join us every day with a growth rate of 1.1% per year and
a base population of 7 billion in 2011?
Solution: For this purpose, we will choose the following equation :

As we want an increase in population per day, we will use the following form
of an equation:
Where Nd is the daily population growth; N0 is the base population = 7 billion
Given r = 0.011; and t = 1/365 day
 Nd = 7000000000 x exp(0.011 *1/365) -7000000000 = 210195 people per day.

It means, every day 21 thousand will join us on planet Earth.

Few more cases related to Population Growth
How to calculate Birth Rate?

It is calculated per 1000 persons

How to calculate Death Rate?

It is calculated per 1000 persons

How to calculate ‘Natural Increase Rate’?

 Population Growth & Sustainable Development
 Importance of Population to the Environment
• Population studies help us know how far the growth rate of the economy is
keeping pace with the growth rate of the population.
• Human population growth impacts the Earth’s system in a variety of ways,
including increasing the extraction of resources from the environment.
These resources include fossil fuels (oil, gas, and coal), minerals, trees, water,
and wildlife, especially in the oceans.
 Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable development in terms of economic development is that it is
conducted without depletion of natural resources.
For sustainable development to achieve, it is crucial to harmonize three core
elements: economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental protection.
 Few MCQs on Environment, & Sustainable Development

1. Which of the following is true about the environment?

a. The environment includes only biotic factors
b. The environment includes only abiotic factors
c. The environment includes both biotic and abiotic factors
d. The environment includes neither biotic nor abiotic factors
Answer: c
2. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Global warming is a result of ozone layer depletion
b. Global warming is a natural phenomenon
c. Global warming is defined as the rise in the average temperature of the
surface of the Earth
d. Global warming is simply another term that scientists use to describe
the greenhouse effect
Answer: c
 MCQs on Population Growth, and Sustainable Development
3. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Economic growth is the modern concept for development
b. Political growth is the modern concept for development
c. Sustainable growth is the modern concept for development
d. Social growth is the modern concept for development
Answer: c
4. Which of the following is responsible for increase in population density?
a. Death rate increase
b. Age structure
c. Birth rate increase
d. Emigration is more
Answer: c
5. Which of the following is responsible for decrease in population density?
a. Birth rate increase
b. Immigration is more
c. Emigration is more
d. Age structure Answer: c
 MCQs on Population Growth
6. Which of the following is responsible for a decrease in population density?
a. Birth rate increase
b. Immigration is more
c. Age structure
d. Death rate increase
Answer : d
7. Overpopulation growth causes disproportionate gender composition.
a. True
b. False
Answer: a
8. What is the need to control the population growth in India?
a. To improve the standard of living among existing people
b. To utilize all the natural resources among the existing people
c. To participate in war among neighboring nations
d. To increase the mortality rate in India
Answer: a