English

G 12 Final Bank

COLLECTED BY
Omar BUGZA
 English Final Revision for Grade 12

The English Savior

Made By: Ziad Mohamed (El-Sheikh), Mahdy, Galal, Yassen

Husein, Omar Awwad, Shady Yousef

Seniors’ 22, STEM October

Greetings Everyone,

This file includes all the vocabulary, phrasal verbs, idioms,

grammar, writing, Hello, Upstream, Cycles, all except the novel.
You can depend on it in studying the English curriculum G12.
We pray to Allah to grant you to what you desire, to help you at
all times and to give you high grades. Don’t forget us in your
prayers.

Table of Contents
A. Cycles ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Cycle 1 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Cycle 2 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 13

Cycle 3 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 15

B. Upstream ............................................................................................................................................................................... 21

Unit 1...................................................................................................................................................................................... 21

Unit 2...................................................................................................................................................................................... 36

C. Hello ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 57

Unit 1,2,3 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 57

Units: 4,5,6............................................................................................................................................................................ 78

D. Grammar .............................................................................................................................................................................. 85

E. Writing: ............................................................................................................................................................................... 110

General guide ................................................................................................................................................................... 110

Types of Writings in Our Curriculum ..................................................................................................................... 115

 A. Cycles
Cycle 1
People with inflated self-esteem think that
An inflation ‫تضخم احترام‬
themselves is better than other people and are
of self esteem ‫الذات‬
always ready to underestimate others

Literary genre is a style of writing. Your favorite

Literary types ‫األنواع األدبية‬
literary genre might be science fiction,

When you say or show your admiration and

Praise(n) ‫مدح‬
approval for someone or something

Showing a controlled form of behavior or way of

Disciplined ‫منضبط‬
working

Someone or something that is promising seems ‫شخص واعد‬

Promising
likely to be very good or successful ‫ناجح‬

If someone's behavior is obsessive, they cannot stop

Obsessive doing a particular thing or behaving in a ‫مهووس‬
particular way.
Endowment is when a person or university makes
Endowment a gift of money to support a person or other cause ‫ منحة‬/ ‫هبة‬
like scholarships
As regular as Never late or always at the same time: In this
‫منتظم كالساعة‬
clockwork country the trains are regular as clockwork.

Continue in a course of action even in the face of

Persevere ‫المثابرة‬
difficulty or with little or no prospect of success

Perpetuate To cause something to continue ‫تخليد‬

Develop all the details of a plan for doing

Formulate ‫إعادة صياغة‬
something with new plan

Anticipate To imagine or expect that something will happen ‫يتوقع‬

Controlling a situation by making things happen

Proactive ‫استباقي‬
or by preparing for possible future problems

Incivility Rude or unsociable speech or behavior ‫قلة ادب‬

A skeptical attitude; doubt as to the truth of

Skepticism ‫شك‬
something.

Ingrate A person who is not grateful ‫ناكر للجميل‬

 Life ‫متوسط العمر‬
The average period that expected to live
expectancy ‫المتوقع‬

Apathy Lack of interest, enthusiasm, or concern ‫الالمباالة‬

Empty, simple, or obvious, especially without

‫فارغ‬
Stark decoration or anything which is not necessary;
‫قوي‬
severe or extreme

Having a lot of money or owning a lot of things;

Affluent ‫غني‬
rich

Elimination The removal of something ‫ازاله‬

Massively In a very large and heavy or solid form ‫علي نطاق اكبر‬

Prosaic Without interest, imagination, and variety; boring ‫بالي بال فائدة‬

A newspaper having pages half the size of those of

Tabloid a standard newspaper, typically popular in style ‫صحيفة شعبية‬
and dominated by sensational stories

A large piece of paper printed on one side only

Broadsheet ‫صحيفة رسمية‬
with information: a broadside
 Demanded Ask authoritatively or brusquely ‫ يطلب‬/ ‫يسال‬

Long awaited Having been expected for a long time ‫طال انتظاره‬

Piracy The practice of attacking and robbing ‫قرصنة‬

State or assert that something is the case, typically

Claimed ‫ يتدعى‬/ ‫يزعم‬
without providing evidence or proof

Incident An event or occurrence ‫حادث‬

Illegally In a way that is contrary to or forbidden by law ‫غير قانوني‬

Carry out a systematic or formal inquiry to

Investigate discover and examine the facts of (an incident, ‫يحقق‬
allegation, etc

Give (someone) something, typically money, in

Compensate ‫يعوض‬
recognition of loss, suffering

‫ فقد في‬/ ‫خسارة‬

Casualty A person killed or injured in a war or accident
‫الحرب‬
 Inclination or prejudice for or against one person
Bias or group, especially in a way considered to be ‫يتحيز‬/ ‫يتحامل‬
unfair

Cause (someone) to have a wrong idea or

Mislead ‫تضليل‬
impression about someone or something

A person or thing that has been left out or

Omission ‫اغفال‬
excluded

Jump out of
Be extremely startled ‫مذهوال للغاية‬
one's skin

Get one's Begin to breathe normally again after exercise or

‫استعاده التنفس‬
breath back exertion

Convict Someone guilty of a criminal ‫ متهم‬/ ‫مجرم‬

Grab Grasp or seize suddenly and roughly ‫استيالء‬

An area of low-lying land which is flooded in wet

Marsh ‫مستنقع‬
seasons or at high tide

A pair of lockable linked metal rings for securing a

Handcuff ‫األصفاد‬
prisoner's wrists
 A person who makes and repairs things in iron by
Blacksmith ‫حداد‬
hand

Contribution A gift or payment to a common fund or collection ‫تبرع‬/ ‫اسهام‬

Preconceived opinion that is not based on reason

Prejudice ‫تعصب‬
or actual experience.

A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image / ‫صورة نمطية‬

Stereotype
or idea of a particular type of person or thing ‫انطباع‬

Grumpy Bad-tempered and irritable ‫سريع الغضب‬

Naughty (Especially of children) disobedient; badly behaved ‫شقي‬

Behaved, have
Kind or generous ‫طيب القلب‬
a good hear

Make a
Acquire great wealth by one's own efforts ‫يصنع ثروة‬
fortune

A piece of fine material worn by women to protect

Veil ‫حجاب‬
or conceal the face
 Embarrassed or guilty because of one's actions,
Ashamed ‫خجول‬
characteristics, or associations.

Cement (as a When personal property is permanently attached

‫مرتبط بصاحبه‬
fixture) to a structure or land

Scads A large number or quantity ‫كثير‬

All the objects needed for or connected with a

Paraphernalia ‫أدوات مرتبطة‬
particular activity

Resurrection The revitalization or revival of something. ‫ احياء‬/‫قيامة شيء‬

(in the Roman Catholic Church) officially declare

Canonized ‫اصبح قديسا‬
(a dead person) to be a saint.

Fervor Intense and passionate feeling ‫حماسة‬

Pint-sized (Especially of a person) very small ‫صغير‬

Traipsing Walk or move wearily or reluctantly ‫يتجول‬

 Mental illness marked by periods of great
Mania ‫هوس‬
excitement or euphoria, delusions, and overactivity

A limited The period of time during which a material may be ‫مدة صالحية‬
shelf life stored and remain suitable for use

Iterations The repetition of a process or utterance ‫تكرار‬

Using a system in which students of both sexes are

Coed ‫تعليم مختلط‬
educated together

Inclusive Including or covering all the services, facilities ‫شامل‬

A formal written request, typically one signed by

Petition many people, appealing to authority with respect ‫التماس‬
to a particular cause

Someone who is unwilling to change or give up

Diehard ‫متشدد‬
their ideas or ways of behaving

A person filled with excessive and single-minded

Fanatics zeal, especially for an extreme religious or political ‫متعصب‬
cause

Congregate Gather into a crowd or mass ‫تجمع‬

 To do well in a particular kind of situation She
Thrive on ‫يزدهر علي‬
thrives on attention

Comfort or consolation in a time of distress or

Solace ‫عزاء‬
sadness

Vacate Leave (a place that one previously occupied) ‫ يفرغ‬/‫يخلي‬

Unnecessary, especially through being more than

Superfluous ‫ملوش لزمة‬
enough

(Of a person or their actions) without thinking or

Reckless ‫متهور‬
caring about the consequences of an action

Grouchy Irritable and bad-tempered ‫عابس‬

Reluctant to Feeling or showing aversion, hesitation ‫تردد‬

Archetypes of A person who is admired or idealized for courage,

‫نموذج مثالي‬
heroes outstanding achievements, or noble qualities

Devour Eat (food or prey) hungrily or quickly ‫افترس‬

Derring-do Is the quality of being bold ‫الجرأة‬

Adulation Obsequious flattery; excessive admiration or praise ‫تملق‬

Resonate To produce, increase or fill with sound ‫رنة‬

 Cycle 2

(Of a place) deserted of people and in a state of

Desolate ‫مهجور‬
bleak and dismal emptiness

Windswept (Of a place) exposed to strong winds ‫معرض للرياح‬

Startling Very surprising, astonishing, or remarkable ‫مذهل‬

Blistering Extremely hot ‫الذع من الحرارة‬

A person in a group who becomes separated from ‫متأخر عن‬

Straggler
the others, typically because of moving more slowly ‫المجموعة‬

Interde- The dependence of two or more people or things on

‫ترابط‬
pendencies each other

An unintended consequence occurring sometime

Repercussions after an event or action, especially an unwelcome ‫ اثر‬/ ‫تداعيات‬
one

An extremely strong reaction of anger, shock, or

Outrage ‫غضب‬
indignation.
 A rule or directive made and maintained by an
Regulation ‫قواعد‬/ ‫لوائح‬
authority

The process by which businesses or other

Globalization organizations develop international influence or ‫عولمة‬
start operating on an international scale

Beyond Inconceivable; outside of the realm of imagination,

‫ابعد من الخيال‬
imagination expectation, or anticipation

‫مغمور‬
Immerse Dip or submerge in a liquid

Come near or nearer to (someone or something) in

Approach ‫يقترب‬
distance or time

To act or make changes that you have officially

Implement ‫اداه‬/ ‫يضع خطة‬
decided should happen; carry out

Mass- Manufactured in large quantities by an automated ‫ينتج بكميات‬

produced mechanical process ‫كبيرة‬

Spectacularly In an impressive, dramatic, or eye-catching way ‫بصورة مذهله‬

Inconvenient Causing trouble, difficulties, or discomfort ‫غير مريح‬

 Cycle 3

‫مغناطيس‬
Neodymium Used especially in magnets and lasers
‫النيوديميوم‬

Magnetic Magnetic when iron oxide particles are added to ‫المعجون‬

putty silly putty ‫المغناطيسي‬

A transportation system in which trains glide above

‫نظام القطار‬
Maglev a track, supported by magnetic repulsion and
‫المغناطيسي‬
propelled by a linear motor

Interco- ‫السفر عبر‬

Relating to or traveling between continents
ntinental ‫قارات العالم‬

(Of an event, a person, or a piece of information)

Sensational ‫ مثير‬/ ‫حماسي‬
causing great public interest and excitement

Prominent Important; famous ‫شخص بارز‬

Magnetic Is a method by which an object is suspended with

‫تعليق مغناطيسي‬
levitation no support other than magnetic fields

A commercial enterprise undertaken jointly by two

‫مشروع تجاري‬
A joint venture or more parties which otherwise retain their
‫مشترك‬
distinct identities
 Maximum The highest speed allowed on commercial service
‫سرعه التشغيل‬
operating considering technical characteristics of the
‫القصوى‬
speed infrastructure

Phenomenal Very remarkable; extraordinary ‫غير اعتيادي‬

The visible or invisible radiation emitted by certain

substances as a result of incident radiation of a
Fluorescence ‫ضوئي‬
shorter wavelength such as X-rays or ultraviolet
light
(Of a ribosome, virus, or other body) form
Self-assembled spontaneously in a medium containing the ‫مجمعه ذاتيا‬
appropriate components

Credited with Relating to the starting of a particular institution or ‫فضل التأسيس‬

founding organization ‫يعود ل‬

Compre- Complete; including all or nearly all elements or

‫شامل‬
hensive aspects of something

Opting to
‫اختار تكريس‬
devote his To make a choice especially for career
‫حياته المهنية‬
career

Forming a necessary base or core; of central

Fundamental ‫أساسي‬
importance

A petroleum A facility that takes crude oil and distills it into

‫مصفاة بترول‬
refinery various useful petroleum products such as gasoline
 Any of the foods or substances that are combined to
Ingredient ‫مكونات‬
make a particular dish

Crude oil Unrefined petroleum ‫بترول خام‬

Under- ‫ غير‬/ ‫متخلف‬

Not fully developed
developed ‫متطور‬

An opening of a sweat gland to the surface of the

Sweat pores ‫مسام العرق‬
skin

Place or fix (equipment or machinery) in position

Install ‫تثبيت‬
ready for use

Cause someone or something to be quiet or stop ‫يوقفك عن فعل‬

Switch you off
doing something ‫شيء‬

Virtual Type of collaboration technique where people from

‫اجتماع افتراضي‬
meeting anywhere in the world can share their ideas

Catch up with Succeed in reaching a person who is ahead of one ‫ينجح بااللتحاق‬

An idiomatic phrase consisting of a verb and

Phrasal verbs ‫الفعل مع الصلة‬
another element
 Look into Investigate something ‫يتفحص‬

‫يصبح غضب‬
Get angry Someone suddenly becomes very angry
‫سريعا‬

A person employed in an office or bank to keep

Clerk records, accounts, and undertake other routine ‫كاتب ملفات‬
administrative duties

Lodging A place in which someone lives or stays temporarily ‫مسكن مؤقت‬

Receive (money, property, or a title) as an heir at the

Inherit ‫يرث‬
death of the previous holder

To be doing or to become involved in an activity

Engage ‫شارك‬
(Have other meanings)

Take revenge To hurt someone in return for being hurt by that

‫ينتقم‬
on person He swore to take

Dare Have the courage to do something ‫جرأة‬

Get engaged Pledged to be married ‫ خطبة‬/ ‫ارتبط‬

Be convinced Completely certain about something ‫اقتنع‬

Great fortune A large amount of money or assets ‫ثروة عظيمة‬

Assess Evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of ‫تقييم‬

Decline Politely refuse (an invitation or offer) ‫رفض‬

Efficiency The state or quality of being efficient ‫كفاءة‬

Producing or able to produce large amounts of

Productive ‫انتاجي‬
goods, crops, or other commodities

Progress Forward or onward movement toward a destination ‫تقدم‬

Raise Increase the amount, level, or strength of ‫زيادة‬

A book in which one keeps a daily record of events

Diary ‫مذكرات‬
and experiences
 Group discussion to produce ideas or solve
Brainstorming ‫عصف ذهني‬
problems

Talk with excessive pride and self-satisfaction about

Boast ‫تباهي‬
one's achievements, possessions, or abilities

Affectionately In a way that displays fondness or tenderness ‫بمودة‬

(Of a smooth surface) reflecting light, typically

Shiny ‫المع‬
because very clean or polished

Life sentence A punishment for a felon of imprisonment for life ‫حكم مؤبد‬

‫متردد على مكان‬

Haunt To appear in a place repeatedly
‫ما‬

Procrastination The action of delaying or postponing something ‫مرقعه‬

Inevitable Certain to happen; unavoidable ‫حتمي‬

 B. Upstream
Unit 1
Vocabulary:

When someone make something better or worse

Exaggeration ‫مبالغة‬
than it is really

Foresight The ability to see things that can happen in future ‫رؤية مستقبلية‬

Gut instinct Taking decision by feeling rather than reason ‫غريزة‬

Interpret To decide what is the meaning of sth is ‫يدرك‬

Spur Sth that encourages sb to do things ‫حافز‬

persuasion The ability to make sb believe that sth is true ‫اقناع‬

Javelin A long spear used in sports competitions ‫رمح‬

 Having or showing the capacity to become or
Potential ‫امكانية‬
develop into something in the future

One of a series of small fences that a person or

Hurdle ‫حاجز‬
horse has to jump over during a race

Inch (v.) To move very slowly in a specific direction ‫يتقدم ببطئ‬

Dip Decrease in the amount of something ‫نقص‬

Insurmountab Describing a problem that cannot be dealt with

‫ال يتخطى‬
le successfully

Behaving in a confident way, so that people notice

Assertive ‫جازم‬
you

Detrimental Tending to cause harm ‫ضار‬

Visually descriptive or figurative language,

Imagery ‫مصور‬
especially in a literary work

Nerve-racking Make sb feel tense and nervous ‫مرهق لالعصاب‬

Underestimate Not to realize how great or large sth actually is ‫التقليل من شأن‬

Self-assurance Self confidence ‫الثقة بالنفس‬

Surpass To do sth better than sb else ‫يتجاوز‬

An event which has been planned for and will

Forthcoming ‫قادم‬
happen soon

A feeling, belief, or statement that is sincere is

Sincere honest and true, and based on what you really feel ‫صادق‬
and believe

Resolution A firm decision to do or not to do something ‫قرار‬

An important new discovery in something you are

Breakthrough studying, especially one made after trying for a ‫انجاز‬
long time

Officially register as a member of an institution or

Enroll ‫يلتحق‬
a student on a course

Moral principles that govern a person's behavior

Ethics ‫اخالق‬
or the conducting of an activity
 Influential Have a great effect on sth ‫مؤثر‬

‫صديق غير‬
Acquaintance Someone you know, but who is not a close friend
‫مقرب‬

Prosperity Doing well financially ‫ازدهار‬

Social
Someone’s status or rank in the society ‫خلفية اجتماعية‬
Background

Backing Money received from someone or company ‫دعم‬

Well-rounded
Well-developed education in all aspects ‫تعليم راقي‬
education

To give part of your power or work to someone in

Delegate (v.) ‫انتدب‬
a lower position than you

To reach an agreement after both parties have

Compromise ‫تسوية‬
given up sth that they originally wanted

The capability to recover quickly and overcome

Resilience ‫مرونة‬
difficulties
 Persistence Continuing to do sth even though it is difficult ‫اصرار‬

Ruthlessness Being very harsh or cruel ‫قسوة‬

Seize Take hold of suddenly and forcibly ‫يستولي‬

Unkempt Messy and untidy person ‫فوضوي‬

Artificially made but intended to appear natural

Choregraphed ‫مصممة‬
or normal

To announce that someone is leaving a position or

Resign ‫استقالة‬
a post

Try earnestly or persistently to persuade

Urge (v.) ‫يحث‬
(someone) to do something.

Grip Take a hold of sth ‫يملك‬

Vacancy A job or a position that is not filled ‫وظيفة شاغرة‬

 A race in a vehicle for two or more people, sliding
Bob-sledding ‫التزلج علي الجليد‬
downhill on snow and ice

Labour To work hard using hands ‫يعمل بيديه‬

Bankrupt Not having enough money to pay someone’s debt ‫مفلس‬

Bearer Someone who brings news ‫حامل رسالة‬

Sb who receives a regular sum of money from the

Pensioner ‫متقاعد‬
state because they retired

Vast Very huge or large ‫ضخم‬

Deduce or conclude information from evidence

Infer and reasoning rather than from explicit ‫استنتج‬
statements.

Outbreak A sudden start of sth unpleasant ‫بداية او اندالع‬

Beam (n.) To have a big mile on the face due to happiness ‫ابتسامة ابتهاج‬
 Grin To smile broadly ‫ابتسامة بسيطة‬

To smile in an unpleasant way that shows that you

Smirk are pleased by someone else’s bad luck or think ‫ابتسامة متكلفة‬
you are better than other people

Perk up To become cheerful after being tired ‫يبتهج‬

‫مشترك او‬
Collective Shared by every member of a group
‫جماعي‬

Gloom Feeling of sadness and lack of hope ‫كابة‬

Wretched In an unhappy and miserable state ‫بائس‬

Imply Suggest or say something in an indirect way ‫يلمح‬

Stingy Unwilling to spend money ‫شحيح‬

To make an unpleasant condition less severe or

Alleviate ‫يخفف‬
intense
 A special right or advantage enjoyed by a person
Privilege ‫امتياز‬
or a group of people

Goody Anything attractive that people want to have ‫مرغوبات‬

To send somewhere by means of electronic ‫ارسل اشارة‬

Beam (v.)
equipment ‫السلكية‬

To help a process or activity to start or become

Jump-start ‫قفزة بداية‬
more successful

Diamond- ‫مزخرف‬
Decorated with little diamonds
studded ‫بالجواهر‬

Used to emphasize a specified quantity or amount, ‫كمية كبيرة من‬

Cool
especially of money. Ex: a cool million ‫المال‬

Count A point that is considered in an argument ‫نقطة اعتبار‬

Dejected Miserable and depressed ‫مكتئب‬

Glum Sad and quiet because of unhappiness ‫كئيب‬

 A situation in which people have little or no food
Famine ‫مجاعة‬
and many people die

Interpersonal
Relations with people ‫عالقات اجتماعية‬
relations

Encircling Surrounding ‫محيطة‬

Lawn An area of grass which is kept short ‫عشب‬

Downright Completely or absolutely ‫بصراحة‬

Octogenarian Sb between 80 and 89 years old ‫ثمانيني‬

Milestone An important event in history ‫حدث رئيسي‬

Well-heeled Wealthy ‫غني‬

Extravagant Spending money too much than reasonable ‫مسرف‬

Outrageously In an unacceptable, shocking way ‫بشكل شائن‬

In an open and clear way without trying to hide

Explicitly ‫صريح‬
any thing

Attain To gain or achieve sth by great effort ‫يحقق‬

Pacify To succeed in calming someone down ‫يهدئ‬

Loom To appear in a frightening way ‫يظهر بفزع‬

The building and land owned by an institution or

Premises ‫ارض مملوكة‬
a company

Induction The act of introducing someone to a new job ‫تقديم‬

A slightly wet place on the wall or ceiling,

Damp patch ‫بقعة رطبة‬
different in color

Including elements that do not conflict with each

Consistent ‫متناسق‬
other
 Incentive Something that encourages sb to do things ‫حافز‬

Reiteration Repetition ‫تكرار‬

In anticipation In advance ‫مقدما‬

Phrases and Idioms:

1- Block out a thought = To try not to think about sth.

2- Channel one’s efforts into sth = To attempt to do one thing rather

than a wider range of things, to concentrate on sth.

3- Set a goal = To decide on what one hopes to achieve.

4- Pursue a goal = To make efforts to achieve sth, often over a long

period of time.

5- Push beyond one’s limits = To try to do sth new or difficult, sth that
requires effort.

6- Claw one’s way = To move somewhere with great difficulty, trying

desperately to find things to hold on to.

7- Put sth into perspective = To judge the importance of sth by

considering it in relation to everything else.
8- Get side-tracked = To forget what one intended to do or say and
instead start doing or saying a different thing.

9- On the verge of sth = To be close to a situation that is likely to

happen.

10- On the off-chance = Just in case.

11- On second thoughts = After careful thinking.

12- On a whim = Impulsively = Without thinking.

13- On a budget = With a limited amount of money to spend.

14- On principle = Because of a particular belief.

15- On one’s own = By oneself, without anyone’s help.

16- On target = Making progress to achieve what is wanted.

17- On duty = Working

18- On purpose = Intentionally

19- On condition that = Only if

20- Have the world at one’s feet = To be offered all the opportunities in
one’s life.

21- Be in seventh heaven = on top of the world = over the moon = To be

extremely happy.

22- Be a feather in one’s cap = To be an achievement that one is proud

of.
23- Have one’s head in the clouds = To be out of touch with reality, to
have impractical ideas.

24- Keep on top of things = To be organized in one’s work, making

sure everything is under control.

25- Keep up with the Joneses = To try to have or do the same things as
other people, even if one does not have enough money or is not really
interested.

26- Rub sb up the wrong way = To offend or annoy sb.

27- Steal the show = To get a lot of attention or praise because one
performs better than anyone else.

28- Work one’s way up to the top = To move to the top slowly.

29- Work one’s fingers to the bone = To work extremely hard.

30- call in sick = To phone one’s supervisor, informing that one cannot
come to work because of an illness.

31- A far cry from = Very different from.

32- Stomach-churning = Making someone physically sick.

33- The world is your oyster = You are in a position to take the
opportunities that life has to offer.

34- To keep one’s fingers crossed for sb = To wish someone good luck.

35- Be the new one on the block = To be a newcomer in a place or a

job.
36- Voice one’s concern about = To express a worry about sth.

Phrasal Verbs:
1- Be in contention for sth = To have a chance of winning sth.

2- Keep at sth = To continue to do sth although it is difficult.

2- Plug away at sth = to keep trying very hard to do sth even though it
is difficult.

3- Mark off = To put a line through an item on a list to show that it has
been completed or dealt with.

4- Concentrate on = To give all your attention to sth.

5- Run through = To read or think of a list of items quickly.

6- Lose sight of sth = No longer to pay attention to sth.

7- Strive for sth = To make great effort to do or get sth.

8- Drop out of = To leave without finishing sth that was started.

9- Be saddled with = To be put in a position where one has to deal with

a problem.

10- be carried away = To behave in a silly way.

11- Carry Off = To succeed in doing sth difficult.

12- Carry on = Continue

13- Carry out = Start doing sth

14- Carry over = To allow sth to continue in a situation.

15- Carry through = To succeed in putting an idea into practice.

16- Wear away = To become thin and eventually disappear due to long
use.

17- Wear down = To reduce the motivation of sb.

18- Wear off = To disappear slowly till no feeling.

19- Wear on = To seem to pass very slowly.

20- Wear out = To use sth a lot till it become damaged or unusable.

21- Wear through = To develop a hole where the material has been
weakened.

22- wake up to sth = To realize that sth is important.

23- compliment sb on sth = To make a polite remark to show that one

approves of sb’s appearances or work.

24- compensate for = To pay sb for sth they lost.

25- Take issue with = To disagree with and start arguing about sth.

26- Live off = To get money from sth or sb and use it in order to live.
 Unit 2
Vocabulary:

A type of holiday in which one travels with a

Backpacking ‫رحلة بحقيبة ظهر‬
backpack

Going for a long walk in the country for

Hiking ‫تنزه‬
pleasure

A holiday arranged by a travel company which ‫عطلة منظمة من‬

Package holiday
books one’s travel and accommodation ‫شركة‬

Pony-trekking Riding ponies across the country for pleasure ‫رحلة مهر‬

A story with invented details that makes it

Yarn ‫حكاية خيالية‬
interesting

Unparalleled Unmatched to anything of its kind ‫غير مقارن‬

Sb who spends a lot of time studying and

Intellectual ‫مثقف او مفكر‬
thinking about complex ideas

To refuse to consider someone’s idea or opinion

Dismiss because you think it is not serious, true, or ‫يصرف النظر‬
important
 Looks or behaves like a boy in a way that is
Boyish ‫صبياني‬
attractive

Arguably In a way that can be supported by evidence ‫يمكن القول‬

Dismay A strong feeling of fear and worry ‫فزع‬

Merely Just or simply ‫مجرد‬

Ingrained Difficult to change ‫راسخة‬

Dog-eared books or papers have been used so ‫كتاب ذو صفحات‬

Dog-eared
much that the corners are turned over or torn ‫مطوية‬

Avidly With great interest ‫بشغف‬

Stash To store sth valuable in a secret place ‫يخبئ‬

Intelligentsia The most educated people in a country ‫النخبة المثقفون‬

 Deride To say that sb or sth are useless and has no value ‫سخر او هزأ‬

At large As a whole, in general ‫عموما‬

Gratifying Giving pleasure or satisfaction ‫ُمرضي‬

Devour To read a book quickly with great interest ‫التهم‬

Scope A range of themes, characters or events ‫مدى او اطار‬

Stern Serious, strong and stiff ‫صارم‬

Contemptible Undeserving respect ‫حقير‬

Enduring Long-lasting or durable ‫باق‬

The most difficult or important part of a

Crux ‫صلب الموضوع‬
problem or a concept
 Notion Concept ‫مفهوم‬

Realm An area of interest, activity or thought ‫حقل‬

Fanciful Based on imagination and unrealism ‫خيالي‬

Expertise Expert skill or knowledge in a particular field ‫خبرة‬

Inability to make a decision in a difficult

Quandary ‫ارتباك‬
situation

Inconsistency Contradiction ‫تناقض‬

Immense Enormous ‫ضخم‬

To be careful about something someone says or

Tread lightly ‫تعامل بحذر‬
does

The range of an idea or piece of writing that

Sweep covers a large number of different events, ‫مدى‬
qualities or opinions
 Genuine Truly what something is said to be ‫حقيقي‬

A house or hut in the country or in the

Lodge mountains where people stay on holiday, ‫نٌزل‬
especially when they go hunting

‫ممتلئ ب او‬
Well-stocked Full of sth
‫مجهز ب‬

Barrenness Lack of fertility or productivity ‫عقم‬

Solitude The state of being alone and peaceful ‫عزلة‬

Fragrant Having a pleasant and sweet smell ‫ذو رائحة طيبة‬

Rousing Causing great excitement ‫مثير‬

Rendition The performance of a play ‫أداء‬

An ending to an episode that leaves the audience

Cliff-hanger ‫حلقة تشويق‬
in suspense
Blockbuster A book or film that is very good or successful ‫مشوق‬

‫رحلة بغرض‬
Pilgrimage A journey to a holy place for religious reasons
‫ديني او حج‬

Trek A long journey made on foot ‫رحلة علي االقدام‬

An area or type of land with regard to its

Terrain ‫تضاريس‬
physical features

The head of a college or university faculty or

Dean ‫عميد‬
department

A keeper or custodian of a museum or other

Curator ‫أمين‬
collection

The head of the local government

Prefect ‫محافظ‬
administration

A platform supported on pillars or girders

Pier leading out from the shore into a body of water, ‫رصيف بحري‬
used as a landing stage for boats

Umpire A kind of referee in baseball, cricket, or tennis ‫حكم‬

 Saddle A leather seat put on the back of ridden animals ‫سرج‬

Each of a pair of devices attached to each side of

Stirrup a horse's saddle, in the form of a loop with a flat ‫ركاب السرج‬
base to support the rider's foot

A mouthpiece, typically made of metal, which is ‫حديدة توضع في‬

Bit
attached to a bridle and used to control a horse ‫فم الحصان‬

The headgear used to control a horse, consisting

Bridle of buckled straps to which a bit and reins are ‫لجام‬
attached
A large circular machine with seats, often in the
Carousel shape of animals or cars, where people sit and ‫مراجيح دائرية‬
go round and round for fun

Whisk A kitchen tool used for beating eggs and cream ‫مخفقة البيض‬

A kitchen tool which has a rough surface for

Grater ‫مبشرة‬
cutting food into very small pieces

A container in the shape of a bowl with holes in

Colander ‫مصفاة‬
it for washing or draining food

Embroidery Decorating fabric with threads of various colors ‫تطريز‬

 (of weather) Pleasant because it is neither very
Mild ‫معتدل‬
cold nor very hot

Raucous Describing sound as harsh, loud, and unpleasant ‫صاخب‬

Disconcerting Causing one to feel confused or anxious ‫مقلق‬

Distressing Causing anxiety, sorrow, or pain ‫مؤلم‬

Harrowing Extremely upsetting or disturbing ‫مروع‬

Undemanding Not requiring much work or much thinking ‫متساهل‬

Making one feel slightly afraid or worried about

Daunting ‫مقلق او شاق‬
dealing with sth

Grueling Exhausting ‫مرهق‬

Roar Continuous noise ‫ضجة‬

 Drained Very tired ‫مستنزف‬

A collection of rough huts which poor people

Shanty town ‫حي الفقراء‬
live in, usually near a large city

Strenuous Needing a lot of effort or strength ‫مرهق‬

‫غامض او غير‬
Uncharted Unexplored
‫مستكشف‬

Swimming underwater with a tube one can

Snorkeling ‫غطس‬
breathe air through

A tightly fitting rubber clothes worn by people

Wetsuit ‫مالبس الغطس‬
swimming underwater

Exhilarating Making one feel very happy and excited ‫مبهج‬

Used or changed in such a way as to make

Commercialized ‫مسوق‬
money or profits

Soothing Making the pain less severe ‫مهدئ او مسكن‬

 Pristine In its original condition; unspoiled ‫أصلي‬

Temperate Neither too hot nor too cold ‫معتدل‬

(Of a tree) Twisted and strangely shaped

Gnarled ‫معوج‬
because it is old

Winding Having a lot of bends and twists ‫متعرج‬

Hamper To make it difficult for sb/sth to move freely ‫أعاق‬

Off-limits Out of bounds ‫خارج عن الحدود‬

A very small soft green plant that grows on

Moss ‫طحلب‬
damp soil

The brown color of skin which has been

Suntan ‫اسمرار البشرة‬
exposed to sun

Grizzled Partly grey ‫منقط بالرمادي‬

 Scrub An area covered with low trees and bushes ‫أشجار منخفضة‬

Chortle To laugh in a way that shows happiness ‫يضحك‬

Benign Gentle and pleasant ‫حميد‬

A path across open country or forest planned or

Walking trail ‫طريق السير‬
marked out for walking

A high open area of land with poor soil, covered

Moorland ‫مستنقع‬
mainly with grass and wild plants

Stoop To bend your body forwards and downwards ‫ينحني‬

Rivulet A small stream ‫غدير‬

Gaggle A group of people are noisy and talkative ‫جماعة صاخبة‬

Void A large empty space ‫فراغ‬

Protrude Extend beyond or above a surface ‫يبرز‬

A group of similar things or people positioned

Cluster ‫كتلة‬
or occurring closely together

Sway To swing slowly form one side to the other ‫تمايل‬

Plateau A large are of high and flat land ‫هضبة‬

Tarn A small lake in the mountains ‫بركة‬

Cockily Confidently in an annoying way ‫مغرور‬

Blunt Having a rounded or flat end ‫غير حاد‬

Outcrop A large mass of rock sticking out of the ground ‫نتوء‬

Bound To move quickly with large steps or jumps ‫وثب‬

 Teasing or joking talk that is friendly and
Banter ‫مزاح‬
amusing

A desert or other area of natural land which is

Wilderness ‫البرية‬
not used by people

Swathe To wrap completely ‫يلف بالكامل‬

Dome An object in the shape of a round roof ‫قبة‬

A piece of film that is not in the final version

Out-take ‫فيلم مبدئي‬
because it contains mistakes

Engrave To cut a design on a hard surface ‫ينقش‬

Tempted Wanting to do sth ‫ٌمغرى‬

Vista A beautiful view from a high place ‫منظر‬

Glisten To shine because of being wet ‫يلمع‬

Recuperate To recover one’s health and strength ‫تعافي‬

Insomnia The state in which sb finds it difficult to sleep ‫أرق‬

Debilitating Causing the body to become gradually weaker ‫منهكة‬

Malady Illness ‫مرض‬

Dim To cause to weaken ‫بهت‬

Menacing Threating ‫مهدد‬

Ensnare To catch or get control of sb or sth ‫قبض على‬

Traverse To cross an area of land or water ‫يجتاز‬

Yearning A very strong desire ‫رغبة‬

 Incessant Constant and continuous ‫مستمر‬

Turbulence A state of confusion and disorganized change ‫اضطراب‬

When a military group surround a place to

Siege ‫حصار‬
force people to come out

Fringe The outer edge of an area or activity ‫هامش‬

Recreational Relating to free time activities or entertainment ‫ترفيهي‬

Ground-
Using new methods ‫رائدة‬
breaking

The place where an event or an activity will

Venue ‫مكان اللقاء‬
happen

Proximity Closeness ‫تقريب‬

Compelling Holding sb’s attention, very interesting ‫قهري‬

 ‫مخيف بشكل‬
Spine-tingling Frightening in an exciting way
‫مشوق‬

Stirring Causing excitement and interest ‫مشوق‬

Thought- Containing interesting ideas that make people

‫محفز علي التفكير‬
provoking think seriously

Action-packed Full of action ‫ملئ باالكشن‬

Shallow Not developed character ‫سطحي‬

Gripping Holding one’s attention ‫يجذب انتباه‬

Riveting Extremely interesting and exciting ‫مشوق جدا‬

Staggering Very surprising ‫مفاجئ‬

Astounding Amazing ‫مدهش‬

 Wooden (Of acting) Not lively or natural ‫غير طبيعي‬

Appalling Extremely bad and dreadful ‫مروع‬

Contrived Unlikely and unconvincing ‫غير مقنع‬

Profound Intense, powerful, deeply thought of ‫متعمق‬

Cliched Said or used so many times that is boring ‫مبتذلة‬

Portray Represent ‫تصوير‬

The habit of thinking about pleasant things

Escapism instead of the uninteresting or unpleasant ‫التهرب من الواقع‬
aspects of everyday life

Unreservedly Without doubt ‫بدون شك‬

Crusty Impatient and easily irritable ‫سريع الغضب‬

In remission A disease which is controlled or less severe ‫متحكم فيه‬

Glimpse A brief experience of sth ‫لمحة‬

Courteously Politely ‫بطريقة مهذبة‬

Unfailingly Always ‫دائما‬

Phrases and Idioms:

1- On balance = Having everything taken into consideration.

2- Sb’s cup of tea = What someone likes or is interested in.

3- Bring the house down = To make the audience laugh, clap or cheer
loudly for a long time because they liked the performance.

4- Read sb like a book = To understand easily what sb is planning or

thinking.

5- Face the music = To put oneself in a position where one will be

criticized or punished for sth they have done.

6- Let one’s hair down = To relax completely and enjoy oneself.

7- Off the beaten track = (of a place) Not visited or inhabited by many
people.

8- On a shoestring budget = Having very little money to spend.

9- On the house = Offered by the bar or restaurant free of charge.

10- On the edge of one’s seat = Very interested in what is happening or

what is going to happen.

11- Paint the town red = To go out and enjoy oneself.

12- Read between the lines = To understand what sb really means or

what is really happening, even though nothing is said openly.

13- Be at a loss = Not to know what to do in a particular situation.

14- At odds with sb = Disagreeing and quarrelling with sb.

15- At a standstill = Completely stopped.

16- At a glance = Immediately, without having to think or look

carefully.

17- At a loose end = Not having anything in particular to do.

18- On the loose = Free because one has escaped from prison or a
place.

19- Once in a blue moon = Very rarely.

20- Take one’s skinny dip = (informal) to swim naked.

21- Critically acclaimed = Praised enthusiastically by critics.

Phrasal Verbs:
1- Ravenous for = Starving or hungry for sth.

2- Be grounded in/on sth = Be based on sth.

3- Stem from = To be caused by.

4- Be up to doing sth = Being capable of doing sth.

5- Tuck away = To store sth in a safe place.

6- Put up = To construct and assemble.

7- Put off = To postpone or delay something.

8- Put sb down = To criticize sb in front of other people pr make them

appear foolish.

9- Put up with = To accept sth that you find unpleasant.

10- Put aside = To keep sth to be used at a later time.

11- Put sth back = To return sth to its place.

12- Set sb back = If something sets you back a large sum of money, it
costs you that much.

13- Set in = To begin and seem likely to continue and develop after an
unpleasant event.

14- Set off = To start a journey.

15- Be Inclined to do sth = To tend to do.

16- Gaze at = To look steadily at sb.

17- Trip over = To knock your foot against sth and fall.

18- Lumber off = To move away slowly.

19- Confide sth to sb = To tell a secret to someone.

20- Wade through sth = To walk with an effort through sth.

21- Plead with = To ask sb in an intense, emotional way to do sth.

22- Preserve with = To continue trying to do sth in spite of difficulties.

23- Succumb to = To give up resisting.

 C. Hello
Unit 1,2,3
The power or right to give orders, make decisions,
Authority ‫هيئة‬/‫سلطة‬
and enforce obedience

Behaving or prone to behave in an untrustworthy, ‫غير‬/‫غير صادق‬

Dishonest
deceitful, or insincere way ‫أمين‬

Factual Concerned with what is actually the case ‫حقيقي‬

A system for training a new generation of

Apprentice- ‫فترة التدرب في‬
practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job
ship ‫المهنة‬
training and often some accompanying study

Showing too much curiosity about other people's

Nosy ‫فضولي‬
affairs

A distinctive attribute or characteristic possessed by

Qualities ‫سمات‬
someone or something

Danish Someone from Denmark ‫دنماركي الجنسية‬

 Reproduced without permission, usually in
Pirated ‫مقرصنة‬
contravention of patent or copyright

The way someone talks about information or

Spin situation, especially in order to influence the way ‫تلفيق قصة‬/‫يلفق‬
people think about it

Affair Matters of public interest and importance ‫أمر‬/‫شأن‬

The action of placing someone or something ‫تحد‬/‫ترتيب‬/‫وضع‬

Placement
somewhere ‫يد مستوى‬

Contrasting Differing strikingly ‫متناقض‬

Determina- The ability to continue trying to do something, even

‫عزم‬/‫تصميم‬
tion if it is difficult

Association A group of people organized for a joint purpose ‫رابطة‬/‫منظمة‬

A chief executive officer, the highest-ranking person

CEO in a company or other institution, ultimately ‫رئيس تنفيذي‬
responsible for taking managerial decisions

Appear to be challenging (someone) to do or prove

Defy ‫يتحدى‬
something
 Clearly show the existence or truth of (something) by
Demonstrate ‫يدلل‬/‫يبين‬/‫يظهر‬
giving proof or evidence

Firsts Foremost in position, rank, or importance ‫أوائل‬

Innovate Introduce (something new, especially a product) ‫يبدع‬

Remarkable Worthy of attention, striking ‫رائع‬/‫مميز‬

Adminis- The people responsible for running a business,

‫قسم‬/‫إدارة‬
tration organization, etc

Aeronautics The science or practice of building or flying aircraft ‫علم طيران‬

The branch of technology and industry concerned

Aerospace ‫الفضاء‬
with both aviation and space flight

A division of a large organization such as a

Department government, university, or business, dealing with a ‫قسم‬
specific area of activity

An outlying district of a city, especially a residential

Suburb ‫ضاحية‬
one
 Cross Angry or annoyed ‫الغضب‬/‫شديد‬

Having a physical or mental condition that limits

Disabled ‫معاق‬
their movements, senses, or activities

A number, especially one which forms part of official

Figure statistics or relates to the financial performance of a ‫رقم‬
company

Good-
Kind, friendly, and patient ‫لطيف‬
natured

Form a theory or conjecture about a subject without

Speculate ‫يتأمل‬
firm evidence

A person who campaigns to bring about political or

Activist ‫ناشط‬
social change

Progressive mental deterioration that can occur in

Alzheimer’s middle or old age, due to generalized degeneration of
‫مرض ألزهايمر‬
disease the brain. It is the commonest cause of premature
senility

Colonial Relating to or characteristic of a colony or colonies ‫استعماري‬

Conform to Comply with rules, standards, or laws ‫ ينسجم مع‬/‫يتفق‬

A form of outdoor entertainment, at which there are

Fair large machines to ride on and games in which you ‫معرض‬
can win prizes

Walk in a military manner with a regular measured ‫يقوم‬/‫مسيرة‬

March
tread ‫بمسيرة‬

The highest legislature, consisting of the Sovereign,

Parliament ‫البرلمان‬
the House of Lords, and the House of Commons

A digital audio file made available on the internet for

downloading to a computer or mobile device,
Podcast ‫تدوين صوتي‬
typically available as a series, new instalments of
which can be received by subscribers automatically

Overcome and take control of (a place or people) by ‫يتغلب‬/‫يغزو‬/‫يقهر‬

Conquer
military force ‫على‬

A digital audio encoding system from Dolby that was ‫نظام صوتي‬
Dolby Stereo
first used in movie theaters in the mid-1970s ‫مجسم‬

It is one where the pictures enhance the book

Illustrated
aesthetically but add nothing or little to the actual ‫كتاب مصور‬
book
story, the images have a decorative function
 Providing, involving, or characterized by deep
Immersive ‫محيط‬/‫غامر‬
absorption or immersion in something

Paper-thin Very thin or insubstantial ‫سمك الورقة‬

ُ ‫في‬

Lasting or intended to last or remain unchanged

Permanent ‫دائم‬
indefinitely

An airtight sealed container for preserving food, ‫علبة صفيح لحفظ‬

Tin
made of tinplate or aluminum ‫الطعام‬

A division of a road marked off with painted lines, ‫حارة‬/‫ممر‬

Cycle lane
for use by cyclists ‫للدراجات‬

Relating to or characteristic of the culture of

Cyber computers, information technology, and virtual ‫إلكتروني‬
reality

Autonom-
With the freedom to act independently ‫بشكل مستقل‬
ously

A person who provides expert advice professionally/a

Consultant ‫مستشار‬/‫استشاري‬
hospital doctor of senior rank within a specific field

By a strikingly large amount or to a strikingly large

Dramatically ‫بشكل كبير‬
extent
 The ability to understand and share the feelings of
Empathy ‫تعاطف‬
another

A play or film in which singing, and dancing play an

‫فيلم‬/‫مسرحية‬
Musical essential part. Musicals developed from light opera in
‫موسيقي‬
the early 20th century

Swarm A large number of people or things ‫سرب‬

 Expressions, Phrases, Idioms & Prepositions:

Wait with ‫ينتظر بفارغ‬

Waiting with a lot of nervousness and excitement
bated breath ‫الصبر‬

Leave out To not include or mention (someone or something) ‫يترك‬/‫يغفل‬

Give sb the If you have confidence in someone, you feel that you
‫ الثقة‬... ‫يعطي‬
confidence can trust them.

Give someone or something the name of another

Named after ‫مسمى باسم‬
person or place

Pattern to Give a regular or intelligible form to. ‫نموذج ل‬/‫نمط‬

Cross with Angry or annoyed with someone. ‫غاضب من‬

On the one Used to introduce a point of view, fact, or situation,

‫من ناحية‬
hand followed by another that typically contrasts with it

On the other Used to introduce a contrasting point of view, fact, or

‫من ناحية أخرى‬
hand situation

‫يعود للحياة‬
Come to life Regain consciousness or return as if from death Anime:( ‫إيدو‬
‫)تينسي‬
Derivatives:

Verb Noun Adjective

Compensate Compensation Compensatory

Occur Occurrence --------

Bias Bias Biased

Edit ‫يحرر‬ Edition/editor Editorial

Omit Omission Omitted

Demonstrate Demonstration Demonstrative

Generate Generation Generative

Economic/
Economize Economy
Economical

Speculate Speculation Speculative

Implement Implementation Implemented

Innovate Innovation Innovative

Sensitive ‫حساس‬
Sense Sensor
Sensible ‫حكيم‬
Words, Synonyms & Antonyms: -

Word Synonym Antonym

Claim Allege/assert Conceal/hide

Compensate Make up for/repay penalize

Bias Preference/prejudice Fairness/justice

Mislead Cheat/delude Advise/guide

Objective Fair/unbiased Biased/unfair

Omission Exclusion Addition/inclusion

Honor Appreciate/praise Condemn/disregard

Speculate Contemplate/figure out Disregard/neglect

Well-behaved Courteous/polite Impolite/naughty

Implement Carry out/enforce Cancel/give up

Innovation Creativity Tradition/imitating

Safety Protection/security Danger/jeopardy

 Similar words:
Based on facts, or involving facts
Factual
EX: The court makes its decision based on factual evidence

True Based on real facts, and not imagined or invented

There was an interesting article in the local paper/newspaper

Newspaper/paper
today.

The press are always interested in stories about the royal family
The press
in England.

The media Terrorism is an issue that receives a lot of attention in the media.

Tabloid The famous actor earned much money after selling his wedding
newspaper photos to tabloid newspapers.

Broadsheet Broadsheet newspapers are aimed at educated readers with their

newspaper serious articles.
 Something that happens, especially something that is unusual or
unpleasant, or something that is one of several events.
Incident
EX: He died after a violent incident outside a nightclub.
EX: This latest incident could put an end to his career.

Something that happens, especially something important or

interesting.
Event
EX: There was much attention to the recent political events in the
Middle East.

An important social event or celebration

EX: She only wore the dress for special occasions
Occasion
EX: It was his 70th birthday, and friends and family gathered to mark
the occasion.

To say that something is true, even though it has not been proved
Claim
EX: The witness claims that he didn’t see the criminal.

To say that someone did something wrong or illegal, although you do

Allege not give any proof

EX: It is alleged that the young man killed his wife.

 To look at something carefully in order to make sure that it is
Check correct, safe, or working properly

EX: I’ll just check the water level in the battery.

To look at something carefully and thoroughly because you want to

Examine find out something about it

EX: The police will examine the weapon for fingerprints.

To look at something carefully especially when it is your job

Inspect
EX: The building is regularly inspected by a fire-safety officer.

Something that happened, began or something that was done not so

Recent long ago (very close to the present time).

Ex: all applicants should send a recent photo with their cv.

Something related to the present time, to today’s world, not the past.
Modern
EX: Modern technology has had a huge impact on all of us.
 Mostly for diseases or rumors

Spread EX: Rats and flies spread diseases.

EX: The fire spread rapidly because of the strong wind

Prepare and issue (a book, journal, piece of music, etc.) For public
Publish sale.

Ex: all of these magazines are published by one organization.

Prevail Prove more powerful or superior.

‫يعم‬/‫يسود‬ Ex: in the end, justice prevailed, and the men were set free.

Is a specific point. It cannot refer to an area. It is a place where

someone or something is in relation to other people or things.
Position
Ex: first, get yourself into a comfortable position.

Ex: I’m not sure what I would do if I were into your position.

Is a particular point or place in physical space. It’s used in geography

to describe a specific point.
Location
Ex: we have not found a suitable location for the new offices.

Ex: most of the movie was shot on location in Africa.

 A rectangular area marked with lines on which tennis is played.
Court
Ex: the tennis players are due on court in an hour.

A body of people presided over by a judge, judges, or magistrate, and

acting as a tribunal in civil and criminal cases.
Court
Ex: four people, who are charged with robbery, will appear in court
today

An extended royal household in a monarchy

Court
Ex: all court officials denied the rumors about the prince’s marriage

An unreasonable dislike and distrust of people who are different

Prejudice from you in some way.

EX: There should be more laws to stop prejudice against women.

The practice of treating one group of people differently from

another in an unfair way.
Discrimination
EX: There had been discrimination against Black Africans in South
Africa.

An unreasonable refusal to accept beliefs, customs, and ways of

Intolerance thinking that are different from your own.

EX: There is an atmosphere of intolerance in the media.

 A thing given willingly to someone without payment
Present
Ex: I’m going to buy a wedding present for my sister.

A thing given as a reward to the winner of a competition or in

Prize recognition of an outstanding achievement

Ex: you can win a prize if you practice harder for the race.

A thing given in recognition of service, effort, or achievement

Reward Ex: the young clerk has received a reward for being hardworking at
the office.

A prize or other mark of recognition given in honor of an

achievement
Award
Ex: Mohamed salah received the player of the year award in England
in 2018.

Identify (someone or something) from having encountered them

before

Recognize EX: I didn’t recognize you in your uniform.

EX: The new doctor tried to get his work recognized by the medical
profession.

Become fully aware of (something) as a fact

Realize
EX: Do you realize you’re an hour late?
 A way of dealing with a particular problem or situation, especially a
way that has been carefully planned
Approach
EX: Today’s approach to raising children is very different from 40
years ago.

A way of doing something, especially one that is well known and

Method often used

EX: You can choose whichever method of payment you prefer

A thing that you use to do something or achieve something

Means EX: E-mail has become the most convenient means of
communication

A particular way of doing something, for which you need a skill that
has to be learned and practiced
Technique
EX: More patients are surviving thanks to improved surgical
techniques
 Facts or signs that show clearly that something exists or is true.
Evidence EX: there was not enough evidence to convict (‫ )يدين‬him of the
murder.

A sign that someone has an illness or that a serious problem exists.

Symptom EX: Some of the symptoms of COVID-19 disease are tiredness and
bone pains

A sign that shows that you should so something, or that you have a
Signal particular attitude (‫)أنا حسيت ان دي إشارة‬

EX: Severe chest pain is a warning signal that cannot be ignored

To become larger in size, or to include a wider range of activities.

Expand
EX: The business has expanded at a rate of 15% per year.

To become larger in number, amount, or degree.

Increase EX: Sales increased by 25%

EX: The level of violence has increased

To become twice or three times as much.

EX: Since1950, the number of people dying from cancer has almost
Double/triple
doubled

EX: The company’s profits tripled last quarter

 A systematic series of mechanized or chemical operations that are
performed in order to produce something.
Process
EX: Coal forms by a slow process of chemical change.

EX: Learning a language is a slow process.

A systematic series of mechanized or chemical operations that are

performed in order to produce something.

Operation EX: She’s going to have an operation on her knee.

EX: A huge rescue operation was launched after two divers were
reported missing.

Describe or draw attention to (a product, service, or event) in a

Advertise public medium in order to promote sales or attendance.

EX: This job was advertised in the local paper

Make a formal public statement about a fact, occurrence, or

Announce intention.

EX: The coach suddenly announced he was going to leave the team
 A group of people, companies, or countries which is set up for a
particular purpose.
Organization
EX: The World Health Organization is urging the government to
provide people with COVID-19 vaccines more quickly.

A large important organization such as a bank or university

Institution EX: Cairo University is an important academic institution in the
Middle East

An organization for people in a particular profession, sport, or

activity which officially represents its members
Association
EX: The Football Association is on a meeting to choose a new
president

1. Affecting or including the whole world

2. Considering all parts of a problem or situation together
Global
EX: The rise of temperature is a global climate problem

EX: We are taking a global view of our business

Concerning more than one nation

International EX: Surely, the international trade was affected by COVID-19
precautionary measures.
 Something that you say or write in order to give your opinion
Comment EX: All website members are invited to send in their comments and
suggestions.

Something that you say

Remark
EX: We must ignore Wael if he starts making rude remarks

Something that someone mentions about a subject in a discussion,

Point argument, article

EX: He mentions a number of important points in his article

Give medical care or attention to

Treat EX: Patients are treated with a combination of medication and
exercise

Relieve (a person or animal) of the symptoms of a disease or

Cure condition

EX: Many formerly fatal diseases can now be cured

Cause (a wound, injury, or person) to become sound or healthy again

Heal Heal(wounds/cuts/injuries/burns)

EX: Vitamin K is needed by the body for healing cuts and bruises
 Units: 4,5,6

A situation where you cannot do anything because

Burnout ‫إرهاق‬
you are so tired and stressed

Cope To deal successfully with something difficult ‫يواكي أو يساير‬

To make an angry, unhappy, or confused expression ‫يكشر (حركه‬

Frown
(Moving your eyebrows together) )‫الحواجب‬

To show displeasure by thrusting out the lips or

‫يكشر (حركه‬
Pout wearing a sullen expression. To move your lower lip
)‫الشفايف‬
because you are annoyed or unhappy
Change or cause to change in character or
Alter composition, typically in a comparatively small but ‫يغير‬
significant way

To angerly criticize someone, especially a child,

Scold ‫يوبخ‬
about something they have done

Well-being How good and happy you are ‫العافية و السالمة‬

Please To make (someone) happy or satisfied ‫يسعد أو يرضى‬

 Counsellor A person who provides advice as a job ‫مستشار أو مرشد‬

Feeling discouragement, anger, and annoyance

Frustrated ‫محبط‬
because of unresolved problems or unfulfilled goals

Transmissible by direct or indirect contact with an ‫معدى أو ينتقل‬

Contagious
infected person ‫بالعدوى‬

Gratitude A feeling of appreciation or thanks ‫اإلمتنان أو الشكر‬

A short official note to another person in the same

Memo ‫مذكرة‬
company or organization

An advent of something is the time when something

Advent ‫مجيئ أو ظهور‬
first begins to be widely used

Colleague Someone you work with ‫زميل عمل‬

A meeting, TV program where people discus

Forum important issues. OR a group of computing users ‫منتدي‬
interested in something and make discussions about

Interpersonal Relating to a relation between people ‫شخصى‬

 To be acceptable and suitable for a person in a
Suit(ed) ‫مالئم‬
specific location

Welfare The state of being happy, healthy, or successful ‫إزدهار أو راحة‬

In or through the middle of a group of people or

Amongst ‫بين‬
things

Sort Kind or type ‫نوع‬

‫يسجل اول يكتب‬

Keep a diary Write down events of day
‫مذكرات‬

A situation where everything is happed in a confused

Chaos ‫فوضى‬
way and noting is organized or arranged in order

Come round
To change one's position or view on something ‫يغير رأيه‬
to

Very important and needing to be dealt with

Urgent ‫ملح أو ضرورى‬
immediately

Exhaustion Extreme tiredness ‫اإلرهاق‬

Unemploy- The number of people in a country who cannot get a
‫البطاله‬
ment job. Or the state of not getting a job

Applicant The person who applies for a job ‫متقدم لوظيفه‬

Drawback A disadvantage of plan, product, … ‫عيب أو خلل‬

 Expressions, Phrases, Idioms & Prepositions:

Angry at ------------------ ‫غاضب من‬

Clear off Get rid of ‫يزول‬

In danger of ----------------- ‫فى خطر‬

In order of
Arranged according to importance ‫بترتيب األولية‬
priority
Do a session ------------------ ‫يقوم بجلسة‬

Be kind to ------------------ ‫يكون طيب مع‬

To gradually change your behavior and attitudes in
Adapt to ‫يتكيف مع‬
order to be successful in a new situation
Be still in ------------------ ‫ال يزال فى‬

Be still on ------------------ ‫ال يزال يعمل‬

Your
------------------ ‫المخلص لك‬
faithfully
Hand (….) to ------------------ ‫يسلم إلى‬
Derivatives:

Verb Noun Adj

Exhaust Exhaustive
Exhaust
‫عادم السيارة‬ ‫شامل أو كلى‬
Progress Progression Progressive

Vary Variety Various-variable

Words, Synonyms & Antonyms:

Word Synonym Antonym

Exhausted Worn out Active – relieved

Mental Intellectual Physical

Scold Tell off Applaud

Promote Boost Demote

Decline
Turn out – Deny Accept
‫يرفض‬
Putt off – Delay –
Procrastinate Advance
Postpone
Raise
Bring up - Increase Lower
‫يربى‬
 Similar words:

Frown upon
Ex: Using chemical insecticides is allowed, but it is frowned upon.
‫يستنكر أو يستهجن‬

Raise + object Ex: The general manager raised the issue of the employees’ salaries
‫يطرح موضوع‬
during the last meeting.
‫للنقاش‬

is used with two separate and distinct things.

(In) Between
Ex: The treasure is between the palm tree and the hut.

is used to portray the idea of being in a group or in the midst of a

group.
Ex: I want to live among like-minded people.
Among(st)
Ex: Share these sweets among yourselves.
Ex: Sama entered the school and quickly disappeared amongst her
schoolmates.

To setup a machine or a program to work.

Install Ex: A technician came to install the new washing machine.
Ex: You must install a suitable application to open this file.
To attach something strongly to a wall or a fixed object or to repair
sth
Fix
Ex: I used a screw to fix the handle on the wall.
Ex: My dad helped me fix my bike.
 D. Grammar
• Present Forms, Adverbs of Frequency, Stative Verbs
• Past Forms
• Future Tenses
• Gerund and infinitive
• Modal Verbs, Suggestions
• Phrasal Verbs
• The Passive
• Causative Verbs
• Comparatives and Superlatives
 Present Forms
❖ Present simple: (Unit 2 Upstream)
Keywords: at the weekend, at night, in the morning, every day,
always, usually….
➢ Uses of the Present simple:
1- Expressing facts, daily routines, and permanent states
2- General truths and laws of nature
3- Timetables and programs
4- Sporting commentaries, reviews, and narrations
5- Likes and dislikes
• Examples on the Present simple:
- Lee swings his bat and scores a homerun.
- It rarely rains at the desert.
- He works at a hotel.
- The plane takes off at 6:30 pm.

❖ Present continuous: (Unit 2 Upstream)

Keywords: At the moment, Now, These days, tonight, nowadays.
➢ Uses of the Present continuous:
1- To talk about temporary actions that are going on around,
but not at the moment of speaking.
2- It is usually used to talk about something happening right
now, at the moment of speaking.
 3- With always when we want to express our annoyance at
actions which happen too often.
4- For actions that we have already arranged to do in the near
future, especially when the time and place have been
decided.
5- For changing or developing situations.

• Examples on the Present continuous:

- He is washing his car now
- We are replacing the carpets in the bedrooms this weekend
- The days are becoming shorter and shorter
- Melanie is getting married at 3 this afternoon
- You’re always forgetting to pay the bills

❖ Adverbs of frequency: (Unit 2 upstream)

These include always, frequently, often, usually, once, twice,
sometimes, never, ever, hardly ever, rarely, occasionally, etc.
• Where to put the Adverbs of frequency:
1- Normally placed before the main verb:
Ex: I never listen to gossip
2- After the verb to be:
Ex: Ivan is frequently away on business
❖ Stative verbs: (Unit 2 upstream)
Stative verbs are verbs that describe a state rather than an
action, so they don’t usually have a continuous tense, these verbs
are:
1- The verbs of senses (see, hear, taste, feel, look, sound, seem,
appear, etc.)
2- Verbs of perception (know, believe, understand, realize, etc.)
3- Verbs which express feelings and emotions (like, love, hate,
enjoy, prefer, detest, desire, want, etc.)
4- Some other verbs (be, contain, include, belong, fit, need, matter,
cost, own, want, weigh, wish, have, keep)
Note:
There are some stative verbs which can be used in both
tenses with different meanings:
Present Simple Present Continuous
Think = Believe Is thinking = Is considering
Is Having = is experiencing or
Have = Owns
taking or eating
See = Vision or Understand Is seeing = Is meeting
Taste = Has a flavor of Is tasting = Is testing the flavor
Smell = Has the smell Is smelling = Is sniffing
Appear = Seems to be Is appearing = Performing
Feels = has a texture feeling of Is feeling = Is touching
❖ Present Perfect: (Unit 1 Hello)
Form: Have/Has + past participle
Keywords: For, Since, Already, Still, Yet, Ever, Never, Just.

➢ Uses of the present perfect tense:

1- A recently completed action that has a present result.
2- An action that happened in the past, but its time is not stated or
mentioned because it is not very important.
3- Actions that started in the past and still continue.
4- To talk about experiences (ever – never).
5- To speak about actions which haven’t happened (still – yet).
6- Periods of time (since – for).
7- An action that happened in a specific time period, and this
period is not over yet.

• Examples on the present perfect tense:

- They have been friends for twenty years.

- She has picked a lot of apples.
- He is happy that he has scored a goal in the match.
- I’ve started French classes.
- They haven’t developed a treatment yet.
- She’s been playing football since her childhood.
❖ Present Perfect Continuous:
Form: Have/Has + been + v.ing
Keywords: For, Since, Lately, Recently, How long?
➢ Uses of the Present continuous:
1- To put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in
the past and continues up to the present especially with the
time expressions (for since, all morning/day/week, etc.…).
2- It is also used to talk about an action which started and
finished in the past and lasted for some time, the result of the
action is visible in the present.
3- To express anger, annoyance, or irritation.
4- For repeated actions in the past continuing to the present.

• Examples on the present perfect continuous:

- He is dirty, he has been playing football.

- Sarah has been picking up the vegetables for two hours.
- Who has been reading my business papers??!
- You have been reading that book all day.
- I have been practising every day.
 Past Forms
❖ Past simple: (Unit 1 Hello)
Keywords: Yesterday, Ago, Last year, month ….

➢ Uses of the past simple tense:

1- Actions which started and finished in the past
2- A sequence of actions or events
3- Repeated actions and habits in the past
4- Talk about people who no longer live
• Examples on the Past simple tense:
- She lived in New York for three months only.
- They spent their holidays in Switzerland last winter.
- People travelled by carriage in those days.
- She finished her degree, then moved back to Egypt.
- Did you visit the New Administrative Capital Museum a week
ago?
Past Simple Present Perfect

- Used For actions that happened in a - An action that happened in the

definite date and time in the past.
- Used for actions that happened and
finished in the past.
- Used to give more details about
news or events.
past, but the date and time is no
stated or mentioned.
- An action that started in the past
and continues to our present.
- To announce a piece of news
without details.
❖ Past continuous: (Unit 1 Hello)
Keywords: While, As, When, All day.

➢ Uses of the past continuous tense:

1- To speak about an action that was in progress at a particular
time in the past.
2- An action that was already in progress when another action
took place or interrupted it.
3- Two actions in progress in the past at the same time,
simultaneously, without interrupting each other.
4- To describe the atmosphere and setting in the introduction
to a story before describing the main events.
• Examples on the Past continuous tense:
- When we got to the house yesterday morning, the baby was
drinking a bottle
- He was waiting at home all day when she sent him a message
- I was doing my homework at 9 pm yesterday.
- What were you doing when the alarm went off last night?
Note:
Use during, not while before a noun:
I met two of my old friends during the party.
 ❖ Past Perfect: (Unit 2 Hello)
Form: Had + past participle
Keywords: Before, After, Already, By the time, For, Since, By, no
sooner.

➢ Uses of the past perfect tense:

1- To express an action that happened before another past
action or before a stated time in the past.
2- To talk about an action which finished in the past and
whose result was visible in the past.
3- A general situation in the past.

• Examples on the past perfect tense:

- Judy had finished her homework by seven o’clock.
- He had heard the news a few days earlier and he was still in
shock.
- Everyone had been pleasant in the beginning.
- I had no sooner remembered his phone number, than I decided
to contact him.
- Had Hatim arrived before the match started?
Note:
Use infinitive + ing after before and after if there is no subject
after them:

Before going home, I had bought some bread.

❖ Past Perfect Continuous: (Unit 2 Hello)
Form: Had been + V.ing
Keywords: For, Since, How long, Before, Until.
➢ Uses of the past perfect continuous:
1- To put emphasis on the duration of an action which started
and finished in the past before another past action or stated
time in the past, usually comes with since and for.
2- For an action which lasted for some time in the past and
whose result was visible in the past.
• Examples on the past perfect continuous:
- The cake had been baking in the cooker for about an hour
when I realized that I hadn’t added the eggs.
- He had been travelling all night and he was exhausted.
- I’d been studying for two hours before I went to bed.
- She’d been studying for four hours when the computer broke
down.
Note:
Don’t use the past perfect continuous when you use sense verbs
or say how many times you did/reported the action
I had sent ten emails before I left the office.
They had known each other for ten years before they became
partners!
 Future Tenses (Hello Unit 3)
❖ Future Simple: (Will)
A) Used in predictions about the future usually with think, believe,
probably, perhaps, etc. Ex: I believe life will change in 2030.
B) For quick decisions and offers. Ex: It’s late, I will take a taxi./ I’ll
lend you my car.
C) Actions which will definitely happen in the future without our
control. Ex: Winter will set in early this year.
D) Promises, Threats, Warnings, Requests, Hopes.
❖ Be going to:
A) For plans. Intentions, or ambitions. Ex: I am going to buy a car.
B) Predictions that have evidence on their occurrence in near future.
Ex: Someone is going to fall over that box if you don’t move it.
❖ Present Continuous:
A) Fixed Arrangements in the near future. Ex: He’s flying to turkey
next month. He has already booked the ticket.
❖ Present Simple:
A) For timetables. Ex: The train leaves in 10 minutes.
❖ Future continuous: (will be +v.ing)
A) Actions which will be in progress in a definite time in future. Ex:
This time next week he’ll be travelling to Morocco.
B) Actions that will definitely happen in the future as a routine or
arrangement. Ex: I’ll be seeing Jim at work later on today.
C) Ask politely about someone’s plans for the near future, in order to
see if your wishes fit their plans. Ex: -Will you be going to the
dentist this afternoon? -Yes, why? -Can you make an
appointment for me to see him?
D) Used with time expressions: by, by the time, before, until, by then.
❖ Future Perfect: (Will have + past participle)
A) Actions that will be finished before a stated future time. Ex: We
will have returned home by Sunday afternoon.
B) Used with: by…for.
❖ Future perfect continuous: (Will have been + v.ing)
A) To emphasize the duration of an action up to a certain time in the
future. Ex: By the end of this week, she will have been working
here for six years.
Note:
After the time expression (by the time, until, before), we use the
present simple as it introduces time clauses. The future perfect and
the future perfect continuous may come either before or after the
time clause.
I will have tidied up by the time you arrive.
By the time she finishes work, we will have been waiting for more
than an hour.
 Infinitives and Gerunds (Unit 1 upstream)
❖ Infinitives:
➢ The to-infinitive is used:
1- To express purpose.
2- After certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan,
promise, refuse).
3- After would like, would prefer, would love, etc. to express a
specific preference.
4- After adjectives which describe feelings/emotions, or the
adjectives referring to a person’s character (with those verbs
we can use an impersonal construction like “it was kind of you
to help me with my CV”), and the adjectives fortunate and
lucky.
5- After too/ enough.
6- To talk about unexpected event, usually comes with only.
7- With the form it +verb to be + adjective/noun.
8- With the form verb to be + first/second/next/last etc.
9- After verbs and expressions such as ask, learn, explain, decide,
find out, etc. when they are followed by a question word (when
you put why, you put a subject + verb after it not infinitive like
“I wonder why she hasn’t phoned me yet”.
10- In the expressions (to tell you the truth, to sum up, to be
honest, to begin with, etc.).
 11- If two to-infinitives are linked with and or or, the to of the
second infinitive can be removed.
➢ The infinitive without (To) is used:
1- After modal verbs.
2- After the verbs let, make, see, hear, and feel (BUT we use the
to-infinitive after be made, be heard, be seen, etc.).
3- After had better and would rather.
4- The verb Help can be followed with both to-infinitive or the
infinitive without to.
❖ Gerunds: (Unit 1 upstream)
1- As a noun.
2- After certain verbs (admit, appreciate, avoid, confess, continue,
deny, fancy, go (for activities), imagine, mind, miss, quit, save,
suggest, practice, consider, prevent, etc.)
3- After like, prefer, enjoy, dislike, love, hate to express general
preference
4- After expressions such as: be busy, it’s no use, it’s (no) good, it’s
(not worth), what’s the use of, can’t help, there’s no point in, can’t
stand, have difficulty, have trouble.
5- After spend, waste, or lose
6- After the preposition to with verbs and expressions such as look
forward to, be used to, in addition to, object to, prefer doing sth to
sth else.
7- After other prepositions “I’m interested in seeing this movie”
 8- After the verbs hear, listen to, notice, see, watch, and feel, to
describe an incomplete action (BUT: we use the infinitive without
to with these verbs to describe the complete action)
Verbs used in
both forms with To-Infinitive -ing Form
diff. meanings
Not remember Not recall
Forget Ex: David forgot to lock the car Ex: I’ll never forget swimming
doors with the dolphins
Not forget Recall
Remember Ex: Did you remember to fax Ex: I remember seeing you for
the last report? the first time.
Intend to Involve
Mean Ex: Sorry, I never meant to Ex: Being a pilot means
bring up bad memories travelling a lot.
Be sorry to Feel sorry about
Regret Ex: We regret to inform you Ex: I regret moving to this part
that your request was rejected. of the town.
Attempt Do sth as an experiment
Try Ex: I tried to tell you the truth, Ex: Why don’t you try calling
but you wouldn’t listen. again in ten minutes?
Stop temporarily to do sth else Finish doing sth
Ex: We stopped to watch the Ex: We stopped watching the
Stop game on TV. (Means we game on TV. (Means that the
stopped doing what we were game is over, or we turned the
doing to watch the game) TV off)
➢ Some verbs are used in both forms with no change in meaning
like:
1- Begin, Start, Continue. (Note: don’t use two -ing forms
together)
2- Advise, Allow, Permit, Recommend, Encourage. Use to-inf
when they are followed by obj or in passive form, and use -ing
form when not followed. Ex: They don’t allow us to park here/
We aren’t allowed to park here/ They don’t allow parking here.
3- Need, Want, Require + -ing form or to be +inf. Ex: The flat need
decorating/ The flat needs to be decorated.

Modal Verbs Uses (Unit 4 Hello)

➢ Obligation/Duty/Necessity:
A) You must sign the contract. (You are obliged to/You have
to/You need to/It is necessary.)
B) I must sign the contract. (I have decided)
C) I have to sign the contract. (Someone else has decided)

➢ Lack of necessity:
A) He doesn’t need to/doesn't have to/needn't get a tax. I’ll give
him a lit. (It isn’t necessary.)
B) He didn’t need to get a taxi because I gave him a lift. (It wasn't
necessary for him to get a taxi)
C) He needn't have got a taxi. (It wasn't necessary for him to get a
tax, but he did.)
➢ Advice:
A) You ought to/should revise for your test. (Advise you to/you
had better)
B) You must revise for your test. (I strongly advise you to.)

➢ Suggestions:
A) We can/could go out for a meal later.
B) Shall we go out for a meal later? (Lets ..../Why don't we
...?/How about ...?/What about ...?)
➢ Ability:
A) Kim is five years old. She can read and write. (Present)
B) When she was three, she could count to ten. (Past repeated
action)
C) Tony was able to win the race. (Managed to do, past single
action)
➢ Lack of ability:
A) Ann can't play the piano. (Present)
B) She couldn't swim fast when she was young. (Past repeated
action)
C) She couldn't reach the top shelf, even though she tried. (Past
single action)
➢ Asking permission:
A) Can I open the window, please? (Informal)
B) Could I open the window, please? (More polite)
C) May/Might I open the window, please? (Formal)
(Do you mind it ...?/Would you mind if ...?)
➢ Giving permission:
A) You can leave your luggage here. (You are allowed to do sth;
informal)
B) You may leave your luggage in this area. (You are allowed to
do sth; formal - probably written)
➢ Refusing permission:
A) You can't/mustn't park here. (You are not allowed to do sth;
informal)
B) You may not park in this area. (You are not allowed to do sth;
formal - usually written notice)
➢ Requests:
A) Can/Will you help me with this exercise? (Informal)
B) Could/Would you help me with this exercise? (More polite)
C) May I have one of those leaflets? (Formal)
D) Might I have one of those leaflets? (Very formal)
➢ Prohibition:
A) You mustn't/can't lie in court. (It's forbidden/you aren't
allowed to/it's against the rules)
➢ Asking for suggestions or instructions:
A) When/How shall I contact you?
➢ Possibility:
A) She could/may/might finish her work by six o'clock. (It is
possible/it is likely/perhaps)
B) She could/might have been late. (... Luckily, she wasn't late.)
➢ Offers:
A) Shall/Can/Could I help you cross the road? (Would you like
me to help you cross the road?)
➢ Logical assumptions
A) She must be on holiday. (Positive; I'm sure she is.)
B) She can't be working. (Negative; I'm sure she isn't.)
C) He must have been on holiday. (Positive)
D) He can't have been at home. (Negative)
➢ Criticism:
A) He ought to/should have told her the truth. (It would have
been better if he had told her the truth.)

Making Suggestions (Unit 4 Hello)

➢ Giving advice about the future:
• How / What about + verb-ing?
Ex: How about going to bed earlier?
Ex: What about doing your homework with a friend?
• Have you considered/thought about + verb-ing?
Ex: Have you considered making a study plan?
Ex: Have you thought about asking to take the exam again?
• Why don’t you + infinitive without to?
Ex: Why don’t you try a new sport?
• You should + infinitive without to
Ex: You should spend more time relaxing in the evening.
 • Use should/ought to have + past participle to express regret
(for doing or not doing an action in the past.)
Ex: You shouldn’t/oughtn’t to have wasted your time playing
on your cell phone. Now your grades are quite low.

Phrasal verbs (Unit 5 Hello)

Phrasal verbs are verbs which consist of a verb followed by
one or two prepositions. The combination of the verb and
preposition(s) in a phrasal verb creates a new meaning which is
different than the meaning of the verb and preposition(s) on their
own.
➢ Separable phrasal verbs:
The verb and preposition(s) in some phrasal verbs are
always separated by a noun and these are called separable
phrasal verbs. The noun comes in between the verb and the
preposition:
Turn up: Can you turn the sound up? I can’t hear it.
➢ Inseparable phrasal verbs:
The verb and preposition(s) in some phrasal verbs are never
separated by a noun and these are called inseparable phrasal
verbs. The noun always comes after the phrasal verb:
Look into: Let’s look into other ways of having a virtual meeting.
Catch up: I need to catch up with my homework this evening.
➢ In some phrasal verbs, the verb and preposition(s) can be either
separated by a noun or not, but the meaning is the same:
Turn off: Can you turn your camera off? /// Can you turn off your
camera?
➢ But with some phrasal verbs the meaning is different when the
verb and preposition(s) are separated by a noun from when they
aren’t separated by a noun:
Pick up: I can still pick up my little sister. (To physically move
someone or something upwards)
We’re going to pick my aunt up from the airport tomorrow. (To
meet someone somewhere and then take them with you to
another place.)

The passive

• We can use the verb get instead of to be when talking about

things that happened by accident or unexpectedly.
 • With verbs that take two objects, two passive sentences can be
made. Ex: Jessica showed Rod some photos. (Active) / Rod was
shown some photos. / Some photos were shown to Rod.
(Passive)
• When a verb is followed by preposition in active sentences, the
preposition is kept in the passive form.

Causative form (Unit 6 Hello)

➢ We use have + object + past participle to say that we have
arranged for someone to do something for us.
Tense Active sentence Causative Form

Present Simple He cuts his hair. He has his hair cut.

Present
He is cutting his hair. He is having his hair cut.
Continuous
Past Simple He cut his hair. He had his hair cut.

Past Continuous He was cutting his hair. He was having his hair cut.

Future Simple He will cut his hair. He will have his hair cut.
Future
He will be cutting his hair. He will be having his hair cut.
continuous
Present Perfect He has cut his hair. He has had his hair cut.
Present Perfect He has been having his hair
He has been cutting his hair.
Continuous cut.
Past Perfect He had cut his hair. He had had his hair cut.
Past Perfect He had been having his hair
He had been cutting his hair.
Continuous cut.
Infinitive He should cut his hair. He should have his hair cut.
He doesn’t mind cutting his He doesn’t mind having his
-ing Form
hair. hair cut.
• Use of make (someone) infinitive without to:
To say that someone forces someone (else) to do something:

Ex: Our teacher made us read the book again.

• Use of let (someone) infinitive without to:

To say that someone can do something because someone (else)
has given them permission to do it:

Ex: The teacher sometimes lets us do an easy exercise for homework.

• Use of allow (someone) infinitive “to”:

To say that someone can do something because someone (else)
has given them permission to do it:

Ex: My parents allow me to stay up later at the weekend.

• Use of stop (someone) from verb-ing:

To say that someone / a situation makes it possible for someone
(else) to continue doing something:

Ex: The very hot weather sometimes stops us from going outside.
❖ Comparatives and superlatives: (Cycle 1)
For comparing between two things, adjectives have got two forms,
which are the comparative and superlative form.

• We use the comparative form + than to compare between two

people or things.
Ex: Alec is taller than Jim
• We use the + superlative form + of/ in to compare one person or
thing to more than one person or thing in the same group. ( in is
used to talk about places)
Ex: New York is the most exciting city in the U.S
• The comparative of one-syllable and two-syllable adjective is
formed by adding -er, and the superlative by adding -est.
Ex: small- smaller- smallest
• The comparative of adjectives of three or more syllables is formed
with more, and the superlative with most.
Ex: difficult- more difficult- most difficult
• The comparative and superlative of some two-syllable adjectives,
such as clever, narrow, gentle, stupid, friendly, etc.… are formed
with either er-est, or more/most.
Ex: friendly, friendlier, friendliest
friendly-more friendly- most friendly
• Adverbs which have the same form as adjectives take -er in the
comparative and -est in the superlative.
Ex: fast – faster – fastest
• Adverbs formed by adding -Ly to the adjective take more in the
comparative and most in the superlative.
Ex: smartly - more smartly – most smartly
• We use as + adjective + as to
show that two people or things
are similar in some way.
Ex: Richard is as clever as Mary
• We use comparative + and +
comparative to show that
something increases or
decreases.
Ex: he tried harder and harder
till he opened the door
• We use the form the + comparative …, the + comparative to show
that one thing depends on the other.
Ex: the longer he talked, the more confused they became
 E. Writing:
General guide
Ideas and Analysis:
Effective writing depends on effective ideas. It is important to
think carefully about the issue in the prompt and compose an
argument that addresses the issue meaningfully:

▪ Take your time to brainstorm to generate a clear main idea that

establishes your perspective on the issue.

▪ Choose an essay type and its format (e.g., narrative, descriptive,

comparative, argumentative) or take it into consideration if it is
chosen for you.

▪ Engage with multiple perspectives on the issue by analyzing the

relationship between your perspective and at least one other
perspective.

▪ Clarify your understanding of the issue and differing perspectives

on it by providing a relevant context for discussion.

▪ Analyze critical elements (e.g., implications and complexities) of

the issue and perspectives under consideration.
Development and Support:

Even the best ideas must be developed and supported to be

effective in a written argument. By explaining and illustrating your
points, you help the reader understand your thinking:

▪ Consider investing a considerable portion of the process in

conducting good research.

▪ Clarify your ideas by explaining your reasoning. Bolster your

claims with persuasive examples.

▪ Convey the significance of your perspective by exploring reasons

why your ideas are worth considering.

▪ Extend your argument by considering qualifications, exceptions,

counterarguments, and complicating factors.

Organization:

Organizational choices are essential to effective writing. Guide

the reader through your discussion by arranging your ideas according
to the logic of your argument:

▪ Unify your essay by making strategic use of a controlling idea and

other organizational techniques (e.g., theme or motif).

▪ Group ideas clearly, with each paragraph limited to the

discussion of related ideas.
 ▪ Produce a sequence of ideas that follows a clear logic, both in
terms of the argument's overall structure (e.g., introduction, body,
conclusion) and within the argument itself, with each point
following from the last.

▪ Use transitions to connect ideas, both within paragraphs (e.g.,

relating claims to support) and across paragraphs (e.g., moving
from one discussion into another).

Language Use and Conventions:

Skillful language use enhances writing. Strategic choices in the

vocabulary you use and the style you employ can make your essay
more effective:

▪ Make precise word choices that communicate your ideas with

clarity.

▪ Demonstrate control over a variety of sentence structures.

▪ Match the style of your writing to the audience, type of essay and
purpose (e.g., more evocative language to convey emotional
appeals versus a more neutral voice to convey an argument based
on reason).

▪ Accurately apply the conventions of grammar, word usage,

syntax, and mechanics.
Grammar and punctuation rules:

▪ FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So

▪ To separate two complete sentences: period, semicolon, comma +

FANBOYS

▪ Comma + (it, this, he, she, they) is usually (but not always)
considered a comma splice which is terribly WRONG.

▪ Period = semicolon = comma + and/but.

▪ Its, their = possessive. It' s = it is. They' re = they are. There = a

place.

▪ Colon = list or explanation. A complete, standalone sentence is

required before but not after, all items in a list must match, e.g.,
noun, noun, noun; verb, verb, verb.

▪ Affect = verb, effect = noun; than = comparison, then = next.

▪ Keep verb tense/form consistent. An underlined verb should stay

parallel to the surrounding verbs unless there is a clear reason for
the tense to change. Check verbs in the sentence/ paragraph for
context.

▪ Determine the relationship (continue, contradict, cause-and-

effect) between the two sentences/halves of a sentence before
choosing a transition.

▪ Eliminate synonyms + incorrect transition categories.

▪ Present perfect = Something happened in the past and still has
effects now.

▪ For/Since = Present perfect

▪ Would = Conditional

▪ Few/Fewer/Many = Countable

▪ Less/Much = Uncountable
 Types of Writings in Our Curriculum
• Narrative and descriptive essays:
Introduction:

Based on a personal experience, a narrative essay could be

distinct with ease from a descriptive one. A descriptive essay is a piece
of writing that is jammed with facts and objective ideas, while a
narrative essay is rooted in personal, subjective, experience.

Guidelines:

▪ Write in a way that engage with the reader by giving them clues
that allow for a full picture to be formed in their minds. For the
narrative essay, it is better to describe an environment that can be
captured by the five senses.

▪ In a narrative essay, the pronouns and the tone used should tend
to be more in the first person, since that this essay mostly
describes a personal experience. In the descriptive essay, the
pronouns should mostly be in the third person, because this essay
is more focused on objective facts.

▪ It is recommended to use a formal style of writing when you are

making a descriptive essay. Informal style inclines more towards
the narrative essay, due to the nature of what is being written.
 ▪ Narrative essay could be used to write a story, an experience, an
incident, or a personal opinion, while descriptive essay is used to
write a science article and in scientific references.

▪ A descriptive essay is composed mainly of objective knowledge

and known facts, while a narrative one could include fictional
tails or imaginary events.

▪ Unlike the descriptive style of writing, narrative essay could

discuss characters, environments, conflicts, and climaxes in detail
to allow the reader to live the story rather than just reading it.

▪ Descriptive essays tend to be more informative, while the

narrative tend to be more emotional.

▪ In general, avoid using cliches when you are writing to keep the
reader enjoyed and attendant.

Conclusion:

Asserting the write type of essay before writing could help you
decide the tone, the pronouns, and type of words used in the essay.
Each type of these essays has a set of characteristics that helps the
writer to stay organized and the reader to enjoy.
 • Film review
Introduction:

Catchy, yet spoiler-free article, film review is considered a great

way to briefly describe a movie and attract audiences. This essay allows
readers to grasp the major theme of the movie and the writer to state
their personal opinions about it.

Guidelines:

▪ The first step in writing the review is to watch the movie. You do
not want to be distracted when watching the movie. Watching the
movie a second time will help you absorb a lot more detail about
the movie. Most movie reviewers take notes as they watch the
movie review. This is where you use the jot notes handout.

▪ Most movie reviewers will give their opinion of the movie. This is
important as the reviewer can express the elements of the movie
they enjoyed or disliked. However, as in all good journalism, the
reviewer should also give impartial details, and allow the reader
to make their own mind over an issue the reader liked or disliked.
Opinions should be explained to allow the reader to determine
whether they would agree with your opinion. Many regular
movie reviewers will develop a following. If one can find a
reviewer who shares a similar taste in films, one can confidently
follow the reviewers recommendations.
▪ You need to consider who your likely readers are. Writing a
movie review for children requires a different approach than if
writing for a movie club. Ensure you report on the factors that
matter to your likely audience.

▪ If the movie contains actors, as most do, detail who is starring in

the movie and how well you think they acted.

▪ Give details about how well the movie was shot and directed. Was
the lighting good in the moody scenes?

▪ Did the movie have its own score, or did it feature songs from
popular artists?

▪ Give a well-established opinion early on. This sets the mood for
the reader in advance and allows them to better comprehend
your main argument.

▪ When writing the plot, the thesis statement, and main idea of the
movie, it is better to be original rather than copying what the
movie makers published. This makes you reflect your own
experience.

▪ Your arguments should always be backed up with evidence from

the movie, the ratings, and the awards.

▪ Stay in middle ground. Mention the pros and cons of the movie.
Do not be fully biased for or against the movie you are reviewing.
 ▪ Talk about awards that the movie received as well as the ratings,
and gross earnings.

▪ Do not spoil anything in the movie to allow for a pure watching

experience for the readers.

Conclusion:

Film review is an opportunity to influence readers to either watch

a movie or dismiss it. It is an analysis and evaluation of films and the
film medium.
 • Character analysis
Introduction:

Following the format of a character analysis essay is a great

method to examine the personality of that individual. The character
could be from a movie, book, animation, or even real life.

Guidelines:

▪ Choosing the right character is a crucial step before writing the

analysis. Make sure that the character you chose has enough
screen on time to give yourself space to analyze them.

▪ Determine the role of the character and how it is achieved during

their screen on time. Roles include static, dynamic, protagonist,
and antagonist.

▪ Analyze the motivations that influence the character’s actions.

These motivations are asserted to further discuss the characters
behaviors, attitudes, and personality.

▪ It is important to address the environment in which the character

is experiencing which plays a role in their beliefs and their
development process.

▪ The relationships are an aspect of the environment that the

character experience. They should also be mentioned to give a
comprehensible idea of what was the character like.
 ▪ No storyline is complete without conflict. You don’t have to have
a swordfight on a battlefield for there to be conflict. Sometimes
the conflict is interior. The character might be wondering if they
should stay somewhere, go somewhere, tell someone something.

Conclusion:

A character analysis essay explains the in-depth traits and

characteristics of a certain character. It includes the role, the
environment, and the development of the character.
 • Compare/Contrast essay
Introduction:

To show similarities as well as differences, this essay is aimed to

give a clearer image of two rival subjects. The goal might not always be
to show that one is better than the other rather than clarifying some
properties of each subject.

Guidelines:

▪ When brainstorming for a compare contrast essay it is

recommended to use a Venn diagram in which you can write the
differences at each side and the similarities in the middles.

▪ The compare section is where the similarities are included, and

the contrast section is where differences are included.

▪ Determine the elements that both rivals share and write the thesis
statement accordingly.

▪ There are three structures used to write a compare/contrast essay.

Block method, in which you write everything about subject in a
paragraph or more and then move to the next subject.

▪ There is also an alternating method, in which you divide the essay

into a section of only similarities and a section of only differences.
 ▪ Lastly, an integrated method can be used, in which you discuss
one element at a time and mention the similarities and differences
of it.

▪ Avoid using obvious similarities or differences. These are not

considered relevant in this style of writing

▪ The purpose of a compare/contrast essay is to highlight the

similarities and differences between two subjects. However, an
argumentative essay aims to make a clear case for a position on a
given subject or a plan of action

Conclusion:

When choosing between two subjects, a compare/contrast essay is

a great tool to present the pros and cons of each. This essay is not to
state the obvious but rather to illuminate subtle differences or
unexpected similarities between two subjects.

Big Note: The cycles had two essays: One for

nanotechnology and the other was for science and its
effects on life. So, try to concentrate on these two essays
because they have a great chance to be in the exam.

Best wishes, good luck

References:

1- Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

2- Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
Online
3- Dictionary.com
4- Grammar way book
5- New Hello Students book
6- https://www.grammarly.com/blog/compare-
contrast/#:~:text=A%20compare%2Dand%2Dcont
rast%20essay%20is%20a%20style%20of%20essay,
other%20or%20unjustly%20lumped%20together
7- Cycles 1,2,3
8- Upstream Companion
9- Writing Academic English
10- Upstream Grammar Reference
11- The Official ACT Prep Guide 2020 - 2021
English Final Revision for Grade 12, 2nd Term

The English Savior

Made By: Ziad Mohamed (El-Sheikh), Mahdy, Galal, Yassen

Husein, Omar Awwad, Shady Yousef

Seniors’ 22, STEM October

Greetings Everyone,

This file includes all the vocabulary, phrasal verbs, idioms,

grammar, writing, Hello, Upstream, Cycles. You can depend on
it in studying the English curriculum G12. We pray to Allah to
grant you to what you desire, to help you at all times and to
give you high grades. Don’t forget us in your prayers.

Big Note: We will try to make a summary for the novel and
collect its important vocabulary.

Table of Contents
A. Cycles ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Cycle 4 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Cycle 5 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Cycle 6 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

B. Upstream ............................................................................................................................................................................... 17

Unit 4...................................................................................................................................................................................... 17

Unit 7...................................................................................................................................................................................... 44

Unit 8...................................................................................................................................................................................... 57

C. Hello ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 65

Unit 1,2,3 .............................................................................................................................................................................. 65

Units 4,5,6............................................................................................................................................................................. 80

D. Grammar .............................................................................................................................................................................. 92

E. Writing: ............................................................................................................................................................................... 101

 A. Cycles
Cycle 4

To a ripe old
A very old age ‫يعيش لفترة طويلة‬
age

Personal
‫نظم المعاشات‬
pension A type of long-term savings personal plan
‫الشخصية‬
scheme (PPS)

The action of carrying something on over a period

Continuation ‫استمرار‬
of time or the process of being carried on

Subsidize Support (an organization or activity) financially ‫دعم‬

Short fall A deficit of something required or expected ‫عجز‬

‫إضفاء الطابع‬
Formalize Give (something) legal or formal status
‫الرسمي‬
 Having or combining the cultural attitudes and
Bicultural ‫ثنائي الثقافة‬
customs of two nations, peoples, or ethnic groups

The action of making a person or animal immune

Immunization ‫تحصين‬
to infection, typically by inoculation

Clinicians A doctor having direct contact with patients ‫األطباء‬

Giving the impression that something bad or

Ominous unpleasant is going to happen; threatening; ‫مشؤوم‬
inauspicious

The beliefs or opinions that are generally held

Reputation ‫سمعة‬
about someone or something

A member of the legal profession qualified to deal

Solicitor ‫كاتب عدل‬
with conveyancing

Cash-strapped Extremely short of money ‫ضائقة مالية‬

Anxious or fearful that something bad or

Apprehensive ‫متخوف‬
unpleasant will happen

Special words or expressions that are used by a

Jargon particular profession or group and are difficult for ‫المصطلحات‬
others to understand
 An illness that affects the brain and memory, and
Dementia makes you gradually lose the ability to think and ‫مرض عقلي‬
behave normally

Relating to ordinary citizens and their concerns, as

Civil ‫مدني‬
distinct from military or ecclesiastical matters

An order to appear before a judge or magistrate, or ‫االستدعاء‬

Summons
the writ containing it ‫القضائي‬

Used to convey that something is claimed to be the

Allegedly case or have taken place, although there is no ‫يزعم‬
proof

Incapacitated Deprived of strength or power; debilitated ‫عاجز‬

Appalling Causing shock or dismay; horrific ‫مروعة‬

A dog of a breed used for hunting, especially one

Hound ‫كلب صيد‬
able to track by scent

Pensioner A person who receives a pension ‫المتقاعد‬

Agitate Make (someone ) troubled or nervous ‫يثير‬

 Petrify Change (organic matter) into a stony concretion ‫تحجر‬

Magistrate Judge who administers the law ‫قاضي‬

Offense A breach of a law or rule; an illegal act ‫جريمة‬

Stay in a place longer than necessary because of a

Linger ‫بقاء‬
reluctance to leave

(Of a smooth surface) reflecting light, typically

Gleaming ‫المع‬
because very clean or polished

Lad A boy or young man (often as a form of address) ‫فتي‬

Raise (one's shoulders) slightly and momentarily to

Shrug ‫هز كتفيه‬
express doubt, ignorance, or indifference

Say something indistinctly and quietly, making it

Mumble ‫وشوشة‬
difficult for others to hear

Rearrange (a deck of cards) by sliding the cards

Shuffle ‫خلط أوراق‬
over each other quickly
 Confer Have discussions, exchange opinions ‫تشاور‬

In a way that is different from what is usual or

Oddly ‫بغرابة‬
expected; strangely

An individual, company, or institution sued or

Defendant ‫المدعى عليه‬
accused in a court of law

A state or feeling of great distress or discomfort of

Misery ‫بؤس‬
mind or body

A person or thing that transports or communicates

Conveyor ‫ناقل‬
something

A person who engages in rough or noisy fights or

Brawler ‫شجاعة‬
quarrels, especially habitually

A motorist who drives recklessly or

Road hog ‫خنزير الطريق‬
inconsiderately

Causing disruption or annoyance through being

Intrusive ‫تطفلي‬
unwelcome or uninvited

)Of a person or a person's words) having or

showing the ability to speak fluently and
Articulate coherently OR if something such as a bone in your ‫يتكلم بوضوح‬
body is articulated to another thing, it is joined to
it in a way that allows movement
 An enclosed area of water in a port for the loading,
Dock ‫رصيف سفن‬
unloading, and repair of ships

Mandatory Required by law or rules; compulsory ‫إلزامي‬

Free (someone ) from a criminal charge by a ‫تبرئ‬

Acquit
verdict of not guilty

Miraculously In a way that suggests or resembles a miracle ‫بأعجوبة‬

Culpable of or responsible for a specified

Guilty ‫مذنب‬
wrongdoing

Baffling Impossible to understand; perplexing ‫محير‬

(Of a person or their manner) serious and

Stern ‫صارم‬
unrelenting

Relating to the running of a business, organization,

Administrative ‫إداري‬
etc.

A group of symptoms which consistently occur

Syndrome ‫متالزمة‬
together
 A person who applies for a job or is nominated for
Candidate ‫مرشح‬
election

Colossal Extremely large ‫هائلة‬

An event causing great and often sudden damage

Calamity ‫مصيبة‬
or distress; a disaster

Trifling Unimportant or trivial ‫تافه‬

 Cycle 5

Mystify Utterly bewilder or perplex (someone ) ‫حير‬

Acquaintance A person's knowledge or experience of something ‫المعرفة‬

Characterized by attack on cherished beliefs or

Iconoclastic ‫تمردي‬
institutions

Flick through Look quickly through a book ‫يلقي نظرة‬

Decisive or critical, especially in the success or

Crucial ‫حاسم‬
failure of something

Bewildered Perplexed and confused; very puzzled ‫متحير‬

To grasp and remove something very quickly and

Pluck out ‫يقتلع‬
abruptly

Drag out the

Drag out information ‫سحب معلومات‬
detail

A figure of speech in which apparently

Oxymoron ‫كالم متناقض‬
contradictory terms appear in conjunction
 A mild or indirect word or expression substituted
Euphemism for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when ‫كناية‬
referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing

Single-
Having one driving purpose or resolve ‫عقلية واحدة‬
mindedness

Unackno= Existing or having taken place but not accepted,

‫غير معترف به‬
wledged recognized, or admitted to

In a way that is clear or obvious without needing

Self-evidently ‫بديهي‬
any proof or explanation

Gently and persistently persuade (someone ) to do

Coaxed ‫اقنع‬
something

Goods that have been imported or exported

Contraband ‫مهربة‬
illegally

Coerce / Persuade (an unwilling person) to do something by

‫إكراه‬
Compel using force or threats

Meddling Intrusive or unwarranted interference ‫تدخل‬

Describe or regard as worthy of disgrace or great

Stigmatized ‫وصمة عار‬
disapproval
Paramount More important than anything else; supreme ‫مهم‬

Voracious Wanting or devouring great quantities of food ‫شره‬

Sheer A striking occurrence of two or more events at one

‫محض صدفة‬
coincidence time apparently by mere chance

Peek at Look quickly or furtively ‫نظرة خاطفة‬

Filled with or characterized by a lively energy and

Exuberant ‫غزير‬
excitement

Lacking restraint in spending money or using

Extravagant ‫مبذر‬
resources

Carry or drag (a heavy or bulky object) with great

Lugged ‫سحب‬
effort

Wretch An unfortunate or unhappy person ‫بائس‬

(Of a person or their actions) showing a deliberate

Perverse and obstinate desire to behave in a way that is ‫منحرف‬
unreasonable or unacceptable
 Belief or opinion contrary to orthodox religious
Heresy ‫بدعة‬
(especially Christian) doctrine

Responding rather too readily to something new or

Excitable ‫سريع االنفعال‬
stimulating; too easily excited

Contribution A gift or payment to a common fund or collection ‫مساهمة‬

Heritage site Property that is or may be inherited; an inheritance ‫موقع اثري‬

Monument A statue, building, or other structure erected to

‫آثار‬
commemorate a famous or notable person or even

Visually attractive, especially in a quaint or pretty

Picturesque ‫رائع‬
style

Contemporary Living or occurring at the same time ‫معاصر‬

Involving many carefully arranged parts or details;

Elaborate ‫توضيح‬
detailed and complicated in design and planning
 Cycle 6

Commit oneself to and begin (an enterprise or

Undertake ‫تعهد‬
responsibility); take on

Ground-
Breaking new ground; innovative; pioneering ‫رائدة‬
breaking

Dispel Make (a doubt, feeling, or belief) disappear ‫ازا‬

A skeptical attitude; doubt as to the truth of

Skepticism ‫شك‬
something

Intriguing Arousing one's curiosity or interest; fascinating ‫مثيرة لالهتمام‬

Maid A female domestic servant ‫خادمة‬

(Of something inanimate or abstract) successful in

Efficacious ‫فعال‬
producing a desired or intended result; effective

A group of people of one nationality or ethnic

Colony ‫مستعمرة‬
group living in a foreign city or country

Arthritis Painful inflammation and stiffness of the joints ‫التهاب مفاصل‬

 Something you say in a direct way, without trying
Bald fact ‫كالم مش قد كدا‬
to be sensitive or polite

A secret plan by a group to do something unlawful

Conspiracy ‫مؤامرة‬
or harmful

A currently circulating story or report of uncertain

Rumor ‫شائعة‬
or doubtful truth

The quality of being honest and having strong

Integrity ‫نزاهة‬
moral principles; moral uprightness

Impartiality Equal treatment of all rivals or disputants; fairness ‫الحياد‬

Lucrative Producing a great deal of profit ‫مربح‬

(Of a person) wishing to do what is right,

Conscientious especially to do one's work or duty well and ‫ماشي بضمير‬
thoroughly

Unappro- (Of a person or institution) not welcoming or

‫غير مرحب‬
achable friendly

A long essay on a particular subject, especially one

Dissertation written as a requirement for the Doctor of ‫رسالة علمية‬
Philosophy degree
 A short story, typically with animals as characters,
Fable ‫حدوتة‬
conveying a moral

Talk with excessive pride and self-satisfaction

Boast ‫تباهي‬
about one's achievements, possessions, or abilities

Having or showing a modest or low estimate of

Humble ‫ ذليل‬/ ‫متواضع‬
one's own importance

(Of an object, especially a ball) move quickly up,

Bounce back, or away from a surface after hitting it; ‫ارتداد‬
rebound (once or repeatedly)
 B. Upstream
Unit 4

Vocabulary:

House-
Entering somebody’s house by force ‫اقتحام منزلي‬
breaking

The practice of children staying away from school ‫التهرب من‬

Truancy
without permission ‫المدرسة‬

Pressing (adj.) Something that needs to be dealt with immediately ‫عاجلة‬

Check somebody or something regularly for

Monitor ‫مراقبة‬
progress or development

‫عدم الكشف عن‬

Anonymity Keeping one’s identity secret from others
‫الهوية‬

A person who behaves in a noisy and violent way

Hooligan ‫همجي‬
in public

Number plate A sign on the front and the back of a vehicle ‫لوحة األرقام‬
 The careful watching of somebody by police or
Surveillance ‫مراقبة‬
army

Face
Identifying somebody by facial features ‫تمييز الوجوه‬
recognition

An advanced traveller information system which

Traffic master uses sensors and cameras to record changes in ‫مدير المرور‬
speed

Densely
With a lot of people in a small area ‫مكتظة بالسكان‬
populated

To find somebody or something after looking for

Trace ‫تتبع‬
them

Pre-
Decided by events or people rather than by chance ‫محددة مسبقا‬
determined

To move slightly apart so that one can see what is

Twitch ‫انتفاض‬
behind

Track To follow somebody’s or something’s movements ‫تتبع‬

A rule made by a government in order to control

Regulation the way something is done, or the way people ‫تنظيم‬
behave
Investigatory Investigating something ‫استقصائي‬

Act A law passed by the parliament ‫قانون‬

A town or district within a larger town, which has

Borough ‫البلدة‬
its own council

Probable Likely to be true ‫محتمل‬

Boom To increase ‫ازدهار‬

Camera feed The playback of images or pictures from a camera ‫محتوى الكاميرا‬

To say officially and formally that something is

Declare ‫اعالن‬
true

Mount To place something firmly on something else ‫ركب‬

Retain To continue to have ‫يحتفظ‬

 A major road that is used for travelling long
Trunk road ‫طريق اساسي‬
distance

Something that still stays after the other thing has

Remainder ‫بقية‬
gone

Gauge Measure or calculate ‫مقياس‬

Cross-
To check relevant information ‫توجيب‬
reference

Call strength A phone indicator that shows whether the phone ‫مؤشر قوة‬
indicator can make or receive a call ‫االتصال‬

Topography The geological features of an area ‫طبوغرافيا‬

Cell
Too many cells in an area ‫احتقان الخاليا‬
congestion

The crime of gaining money by tricking and

Fraud ‫النصب‬
scamming others

A formal statement of a new law that is discussed

Bill ‫قانون‬
and then voted for
 An organization which provides money for
Foundation ‫المؤسسة‬
research or charity

‫البحث او التنقيب‬
Trawl Searching through many similar things
‫داخل مجموعة‬

Invasive Spreading very quickly ‫اجتياحي‬

Scuffle To fight for a short time in a disorganized way ‫شجار‬

Moot To suggest something for discussion ‫نقاش‬

Forbid To say that something must not be done ‫حرم‬

Flourish To be successful and developing very quickly ‫تزدهر‬

Intrusive Disturbing one’s mood for life ‫تطفلي‬

Embezz- The crime of taking money illegally from an

‫االختالس‬
lement organization one works for
 ‫عبور الطريق‬
Jaywalking Walking across the street in careless way
‫بشكل متهور‬

The killing of a man by somebody who didn’t want

Manslaughter ‫القتل غير العمد‬
to kill him

Vandalism Damaging public property on purpose ‫التخريب‬

Litter To throw things untidily around a place ‫بعثر‬

Saying untrue facts about somebody to ruin their

Slander ‫القذف‬
image

Loiter To stay in a place with no purpose ‫تسكع‬

Mug Attacking somebody to steal their money ‫سلب بالعنف‬

To write or print something in book or a

Libel ‫تشهير‬
newspaper to damage somebody image

Money given by the state to people who can’t

Legal aid ‫مساعدة قانونية‬
afford a lawyer
Prosecutor A lawyer who charges somebody with a crime ‫المدعي العام‬

Constable A low-ranking police officer ‫شرطي‬

Probation Somebody whose job is supervise people who have ‫ضابط يعين‬
‫لمراقبة سلوك‬
officer committed crime and aren’t in prison ‫المذنبين‬
A lawyer who gives legal advice, prepares legal
Solicitor documents and cases and represents clients in a ‫كاتب عدل‬
lower court of law

A lawyer who represents client in higher court of

Barrister ‫محامي‬
law

Justice of Person who is not a lawyer but can act as a judge

‫عدالة السالم‬
peace in a local criminal law court

Juror A member of the jury ‫المحلف‬

Revocation A cancellation of a law or an agreement ‫إبطال‬

A period during which a criminal must obey the ‫إدانة مع وقف‬

Probation
law ‫العقوبة‬
 The release of a criminal before the official end of
Parole their prison sentence after promising to behave ‫اإلفراج المشروط‬
well
Punishment which involves the legal killing of a
Capital
criminal who has committed a serious crime such ‫عقوبة اإلعدام‬
punishment
as murder

Community Working in the local community without being

‫خدمة المجتمع‬
service paid

‫تحت السن‬
Minor A person who is still legally a child
‫القانوني‬

To use authority to force people to accept

Impose ‫فرض‬
something

Inmate A prisoner ‫سجين‬

Rights Legal and moral freedom one can do ‫الحقوق‬

Imprison To lock somebody up in prison ‫حبس‬

Originate To begin or to exist ‫نشأ‬

 Mission
An official statement of the aims of an organization ‫بيان‬
statement

Leading The most important in a particular area ‫قيادي‬

Protection, preservation from being lost or

Conservation ‫الحفاظ على‬
destroyed

‫التخلص‬
Phasing out Gradual extinction
‫التدريجي من‬

Humani-
Helping those who are suffering ‫إنساني‬
tarian

Overseas In foreign countries ‫في الخارج‬

The situation that results from an important or

Aftermath ‫ما بعد الكارثة‬
harmful event

Scarcity Not enough of something for those who need it ‫نقص‬

To officially state whether someone is guilty or

Plead ‫الترافع‬
innocent of a crime
 To damage something or somebody badly or
Devastate ‫يدمر‬
destroy it completely

The areas in or near the city center where there are

‫المدينة الداخلية‬
Inner city social and economic
Problems

Prevail Normal or most common ‫تسود‬

A homeless of jobless person who begs in order to

Vagrant ‫المتشرد‬
live

A young person who regularly commit minor

Delinquent ‫جانح‬
crimes

Assault To attack ‫يتعدى‬

Legal advisor An expert who advises others in law matters ‫مستشار قانوني‬

Court case A trial in court ‫قضية محكمه‬

A legal instruction that makes somebody do

Court order ‫أمر المحكمة‬
something
Military law The rules which control and organizes the army ‫القانون العسكري‬

Native Having to do with a particular country ‫محلي‬

To promise in a serious way that somebody will do

Swear ‫أقسم‬
something

Renowned Famous ‫مشهور‬

Philanthropist Freely gives money and help to people who need it ‫محب الخير‬

State-run Operated or provided for by the government ‫تديرها الدولة‬

Someone who has done something wrong

Culprit ‫مجرم‬
Or committed a crime

Referring to a child or
Juvenile Young person not old enough to be considered an ‫طفولي‬
adult

Third age Of the old age ‫كبير في السن‬

 Someone who gives love and
Caregiver ‫الراعي‬
Support to others and looks after them

Voice (v.) To say what one thinks or feels ‫عبر‬

Violation The breaking of a promise or agreement ‫انتهاك‬

A discussion on a subject on which people have

Debate ‫النقاش‬
different views

An act that breaks a certain law and requires a

Offence ‫جريمة‬
certain punishment

Healthcare The service of providing medical care ‫الرعاىة الصحية‬

The rights of a person to say, think and do what

Civil liberties ‫الحريات المدنية‬
they want

Stealing from a shop by hiding things in bag or

Shoplifting ‫سرقة‬
clothes

Juvenile Criminal behaviour by young people who are not

‫جنوح األحداث‬
delinquency adults
 A judge in the lower courts of law who deals with
Magistrate ‫قاضي‬
minor crimes

Magistrates
A place Where minor crimes are dealt with ‫محكمة القضاة‬
court

Domestic
Violence between family members ‫العنف المنزلي‬
violence

Judgement The day at the end of the world when God will
‫يوم الحساب‬
day judge everyone who has ever lived

The place in a courtroom where anybody can sit

Public gallery ‫معرض عام‬
and watch the trial

The act of stealing things that are not considered to

Petty theft ‫سرقة‬
be very valuable

Squat Short and thick ‫قصير‬

Linger To stay somewhere for a long time ‫بقي‬

Gleaming Shining ‫المع‬

Five-a-side Mostly indoor football played by teams of five ‫كرة قدم خماسية‬

Usher To lead someone where they should go ‫قاد‬

The place in a courtroom were the person who has

Dock ‫قفص االتهام‬
committed a crime stands or sits

In mitigation To make a crime easier to understand and excuse ‫في التخفيف‬

To raise one’s shoulders to show

Shrug One is not interested and doesn’t care about ‫هز كتفيه‬
something

To speak quietly and unclearly with the result that

Mumble ‫غمغم‬
the words are difficult to understand

To walk without lifting one’s feet properly off the

Shuffle ‫جر قدميه‬
ground

To discuss something with someone in order to

Confer ‫تشاور‬
make a decision

Faulty Not working properly ‫متعطل‬

 A tire with a worn-out surface which is not safe to
Bald tire ‫االطارات األصلع‬
use

A small round piece of paper on cars and

Tax disc motorcycles which proves that the owner has paid ‫قرص الضرائب‬
road tax

Mot A certificate required by the Ministry of Transport ‫شهادة وزارة‬

certificate (mot) that says a vehicle is in good condition ‫النقل‬

Multistorey A building with several floors ‫متعدد الطوابق‬

Oddly Surprisingly ‫بشكل غريب‬

Stall (Of a vehicle or an engine) To suddenly stop ‫توقف‬

Dual A road with two lanes of traffic in each direction ‫طريق ذو‬
carriageway and a strip of land in the middle ‫إتجاهين‬

A law made by the government and formally

Statute ‫قانون‬
written down

Someone accused of breaking the law and tried in

Defendant ‫المدعى عليه‬
court
 To hold something like a weapon in a threatening
Brandish way ‫تلويح مهدد‬

Bladed article Something with a sharp edge (like a knife) ‫ادوات حادة‬

A series of events showing the negative side of

Conveyor belt ‫الحزام الناقل‬
human nature

A television or radio story about the daily lives and

Soap opera relationships of the same group of people, which is ‫مسلسالت طويلة‬
broadcast regularly

Stock type Common type of person ‫افردج انسان‬

Brawler A tough person who likes getting into fights ‫مشاكس‬

Someone who drives too fast and is dangerous to

Road hog ‫سائق متهور‬
others

Able to express one’s thoughts and ideas easily and

Articulate ‫يتكلم بوضوح‬
well

Roundabout A place where the roads meet in a circle ‫صينية‬

 Dock Take away, remove ‫يأخذ‬

Mandatory Fixed by law for all cases ‫الزامي‬

Discharge Allow someone to leave a place ‫تسريح‬

To formally say in court that someone is innocent

Acquit ‫تبرئ‬
of committing a crime

A statement made by someone who admits he

Guilty plea ‫إقرار بالذنب‬
committed a crime

Case- Having so much experience that one is not easily

‫حالة تصلب‬
hardened affected by things that may affect others

Modest Small amount ‫كمية متواضعة‬

Baffling Confusing ‫محير‬

Misspell Spell something wrongly ‫اخطأ في التهجئة‬

 Remand To keep someone in custody until the trial ‫حبس‬

Flushed-faced With a red face ‫محمر الوجنتين‬

Chap Man or boy ‫شاب‬

Stern-looking Looking serious ‫صارم المظهر‬

Someone who is not trained, qualified, or

Layman ‫الشخص العام‬
experienced in a particular subject or activity

Giving an explanation that will make a ‫حكاية تقال‬

Mitigatory
punishment less severe ‫لتخفيف الحكم‬

Eulogy A speech that praises someone very much ‫مديح‬

Nick Steal ‫سرقة‬

Hardened One who has done many crimes and is no longer

‫مجرم تصلب‬
criminal sensitive to others around them
 Slash Reduce by large amount ‫خفض‬

Elk Type of deer with big flat antlers ‫األيائل‬

Apprehend Arrest ‫اعتقال‬

‫عرض اخر‬
Matinee The afternoon showing of a play or film
‫النهار‬

Address (Of a problem) To try to understand or deal with it ‫عالج‬

Inadequacy Not being good enough ‫عدم كفاية‬

Blithely Without serious thoughts ‫بال مباالة‬

Personal The sum of money one gets from a private

‫المعاش الشخصي‬
pension insurance company when they retire

The sum of money one gets from the state

State pension ‫معاش الدولة‬
government when one retires
Subsidise To provide money or pay a part of something ‫دعم‬

Shortfall Having less of something than one needs ‫عجز‬

A problem or responsibility that causes someone a

Burden ‫عبء‬
lot of worry, hard work or difficulty

To make coffee or tea by pouring hot water over

Brew ‫يحضر مشروب‬
tea leaves or coffee

Someone who works for the interests of a

Advocate ‫المؤيد‬
particular group or company

Screen Investigate, examine ‫تحري‬

Clerical Concerned with office work ‫مكتبي‬

Concerning the most important or central aspect of

In essence ‫في المضمون‬
an idea, situation, or event

Infuse To fill someone or something with a quality ‫ينقع‬

 Amnesty An official pardon given by the government ‫عفو‬

Enshrine To protect by law ‫مكرسة في‬

Integrity Firmness in moral principles ‫النزاهة‬

Compile To produce by collecting pieces of information ‫تجميع‬

Unani-
As agreed on by everybody present ‫باالجماع‬
mously

Being the subject of intense public discussion,

Controversial ‫مثيرة للجدل‬
argument or disapproval

Chair (v.) To be in charge of a meeting or debate ‫يرأس االجتماع‬

Policing Making sure that law and order are preserved ‫تطبيق القانون‬

Lenient Not strict or severe ‫متساهل‬

Wholehearted
Completely and enthusiastically ‫بإخالص‬
ly

Deter To discourage someone from something ‫ردع‬

Forecast (v.) To say what one thinks will happen in the future ‫يتنبأ‬

To realise something may happen in advance and

Anticipate ‫يتوقع‬
prepare for it

Imminent Almost certain to happen very soon ‫وشيك‬

Avert To prevent something from happening ‫تجنب‬

Phrases & Idioms:

1- Keep an eye on something/someone = To watch something or
someone carefully to make sure that they are safe and not in
trouble.

2- Keep (close) tabs on someone = Always to know where someone is

and what they are doing in order to control them.

3- Further/farther/far afield = In a distant place, not near.

4- Mean business = To be serious about something.

5- A fly on the wall = Someone who wants to see or hear what happens
in a situation that does not involve them.

6- Meals on wheels = A service that delivers hot meals to those who are
either too old or too sick to cook for themselves.

7- Be up in arms = To be very angry about something and protest

strongly against it.

8- In the interim = In the meantime.

9- Pillar of the community = Someone who plays an important role and

is an active part of the community.

10- In absentia = In someone’s absence.

11- Jump the lights = To go through red lights.

12- About someone’s person = On someone.

13- Without due care = Carelessly.

14- Play truant = To get out from school without permission.

15- Be enraged = Be extremely angry.

16- Win against all odds = To succeed in something that seems

impossible to achieve.

17- Go against the law = Not to follow or obey the law.

18- Go against the establishment = Not to support those who are

responsible for running a country, society or organization.
19- Race against the clock = To work very hard and fast in order to do
something before a certain time.

20- Do something against one’s principles = To do something that is

against one’s own beliefs.

21- Do something against someone’s wishes = To do something

although others don’t want you to.

22- Do something against one’s better judgement = To do something

although one knows it’s not right.

23- Foot the bill (for something) = To pay for something.

24- On the fringes of society = Separated or apart from society.

25- Take the law into one’s own hands = To punish someone or put a
situation right instead of waiting for the police to take action.

26- Kill two birds with one stone = To achieve two things you want
rather than just one.

27- Throw oneself on the mercy of the court = To put oneself in a

situation where the court will have the complete control to decide
whether to punish or forgive one.

28- Bridge the generation gap = To reduce or get rid of the differences
between generations.

29- The law of the jungle = A situation which has no laws or rules to
govern the way people behave.
30- Rob Peter to pay Paul = To take or borrow money from
somewhere else to pay a debt that one can’t pay on their own.

31- Make a killing = To make a large profit very quickly and easily.

32- Charity begins at home = People should deal with the needs of
those close to them before they think about helping others.

33- Reach a verdict = to achieve a particular decision at the end of a

trial.

34- Do/serve time = To spend time in prison.

35- Pass a law = To formally agree to a new law or to approve it.

36- Do one’s bit = (informal) To do one’s share of a task.

37- Make amends = To show that one is sorry about doing something
to someone by doing something to please them.

38- Make/take a stand on/against = To make a strong effort to defend

oneself or one’s opinion about something.

39- With intent = Having the intention of doing something.

40- Invasion of privacy = Someone or something interfering in one’s

life without one’s permission.

41- Keep close tabs on somebody = Always knowing the whereabouts

of somebody and what they are doing.
Phrasal verbs
1- Lay off = Not to employ any longer, usually when there is not
enough work to do.

2- Log on = To start using a computer system.

3- Break out of = To escape.

4- Pull someone up = To tell someone they have done something

wrong.

5- Trespass on something = To go on somebody’s land without

permission.

6- Sentence somebody to something = To state what somebody’s

punishment would be .

7- Committed to something = Saying that one will definitely do

something.

8- Sensitize somebody to something = To make someone more aware.

9- Commiserate with somebody = To show pity or sympathy to others

when something unpleasant has happened to them.

10- Out of sight = Where something cannot be seen.

11- Serve someone with (a legal document) = To give or send someone

an official document.

12- Boast about something = To talk about what one has done very
proudly and in a way that annoys, irritates, or offends others.

13- Pass away = Die.

14- Pass on = Skip or decline OR give something to someone.

15- Pass out = Faint; to become unconscious.

16- Pass over = To ignore or not give attention to someone or

something, especially, for a job.

17- Cut off = End abruptly OR Sent away from someone.

18- Cut in = Interrupt someone while they are speaking.

19- Cut back = Reduce the amount or quantity of something, especially

expenditure.

20- Cut down = Reduce the size, amount, or quantity of something.

 Unit 7

Vocabulary:

Diagnose To identify an illness

‫تشخيص‬

Treatment by sticking small needles into one’s

Acupuncture ‫العالج بالوخز‬
body

Sovereign Having the highest power in a country ‫ذات سيادة‬

Something that makes someone healthier and more ‫منشط‬

Invigorator
energetic

Utter To say ‫ينطق‬

Serious infectious disease which causes spots that

Smallpox ‫الجدري‬
leave deep marks on the skin

Someone who lives at the same time as someone

Contemporary ‫معاصر‬
else

Contradict To oppose ‫معارض‬

 Undertake To promise to do something ‫تعهد‬

Dispel To make a feeling or an idea disappear ‫تبديد‬

Propel To make something move in a particular direction ‫دفع‬

Entitled Have a given title ‫ملقب‬

To show that something is less important or not as ‫فضح زيف شيء‬

Debunk
good as it has been made to appear ‫ما‬

The basis on which something is established or

Footing ‫أساس‬
organized

Intrigue To fascinate ‫يدهش‬

Traditional knowledge which is transferred orally

Country-lore ‫معرفة عامة‬
concerning something

A woman who works in a place where milk

Dairymaid ‫خادمة األلبان‬
products are made
 Rash Area of red spots on the skin ‫طفح جلدي‬

Efficacious Effective ‫فعال‬

Disintegrate To fall to pieces ‫يتفكك‬

Bark Tough material that lies outside the tree ‫اللحاء‬

Dilation Becoming wider ‫تمدد‬

A sudden illness in the brain which is caused when

Stroke ‫سكتة دماغية‬
a blood vessel is blocked

The passage from nose and mouth down to the

Airway ‫قناة هوائية‬
lungs where the air goes in and out

A tooth in front of the mouth used for biting the

Incisor ‫القاطعة‬
food

The bone which runs from the throat to the

Collarbone ‫الترقوة‬
shoulder
 The front part of leg between the knee and the
Shin ‫القصبة‬
ankle

To breathe with difficulty or make a whistling

Wheeze ‫أزيز‬
noise

To open your mouth widely and breath more air

Yawn ‫تثائب‬
than usual

To feel a series of strong and painful beats in a part

Throb ‫الم‬
of the body

Hoarseness Having a rough and unclear voice ‫بحة في الصوت‬

Blotch A mark on the skin, usually not regular in shape ‫وحمة‬

Ophtha-
A specialized doctor in eyes problems ‫دكتور العيون‬
lmologist

Derma-
A specialized doctor in the study of skin ‫دكتور جلدية‬
tologist

A skin disease which makes the skin itchy, sore

Eczema ‫االكزيما‬
and rough
 A medical condition where someone’s joints are
Arthritis ‫التهاب مفاصل‬
swollen and painful

Loss of consciousness or feeling sick after one blow

Concussion ‫ارتجاج‬
to the head

An illness in which the appendix is infected or ‫التهاب الزائدة‬

Appendicitis
painful ‫الدودية‬

A piece of cloth which supports one’s broken arm

Sling ‫حمالة‬
and is tied around the neck

Cast A case made of plaster that covers a broken bone ‫جبس‬

The small object that someone hits over the net in a

Shuttlecock ‫الريشة‬
game of badminton

Puck The small rubber disc in a hockey game ‫قرص الهوكي‬

Tarmac The material used for making road surfaces ‫أسفلت‬

Sprain Injury caused to a joint ‫إلتواء‬

 A game with colored balls played on a large table
Snookers ‫السنوكر‬
by hitting the balls with large sticks just like pool

A sport in which all people race each other in

Rowing ‫التجديف‬
boats with oars

A sport in which 2 or more people perform

Synchronized
complicated and carefully planned movements in ‫الباليه المائي‬
swimming
water in time to music

Angling The sport of fishing ‫رياضة الصيد‬

A game similar to baseball but with larger and

Softball ‫الكرة اللينة‬
softer ball

An area covered with ice for ice skating or cement

Rink ‫حلبة تزلج‬
for roller skating

Excruciating Unbearable, painful ‫طاحنة‬

Nagging Irritating ‫المزعجة‬

Contagious Infectious, transmittable ‫معدي‬

Outpatient Treatment given to a patient who won’t go to the ‫العالج فالعيادات‬
treatment hospital ‫الخارجية‬

Rigorous Exact, thorough ‫صارم‬

Baffle To puzzle or confuse ‫يربك‬

A serious infectious illness which affects spinal

Meningitis ‫التهاب السحايا‬
cord and brain

‫التهاب الرئة‬
Pneumonia A serious disease that affects the lungs

Hepatitis A serious disease that affects the liver ‫التهاب الكبد‬

Whooping A serious infectious disease which causes a cough

‫السعال الديكي‬
cough followed by a gasp in breath

A small cupboard with a lock where someone can

Locker ‫خزانة‬
put personal possessions

A small light stick used in a relay race and passed

Baton ‫عصا‬
from one racer to another
 Negate To cause something to lose its effect or value ‫ألغي‬

‫التزلج من علي‬
Heliskiing Jumping from a helicopter on a pair of skis
‫طائرات الهليكوبتر‬

A large mass of snow that falls down the side of a

Avalanche ‫انهيار تلجي‬
mountain

Assess To evaluate ‫يقيم‬

Grounds-
Someone who looks after a park or sports ground ‫حارس‬
keeper

Operating
A room in a hospital used for medical operations ‫غرفة العمليات‬
theatre

Alopecia Loss of hair, baldness ‫داء الثعلبة‬

Having a special quality which makes

Distinctive ‫متميز‬
someone/something different from others

Diligent Hardworking ‫مجتهد‬

 Kinship Relation, affinity ‫عالقة‬

Commit an
Make a mistake ‫يقترف خطأ‬
error

Waver over To hesitate and be unable to make decision ‫متردد‬

Relegation Moving to a less important position ‫تدني‬

Inclination Tendency ‫ميل‬

Adulation Obsequious flattery; excessive admiration or praise ‫تملق‬

Resonate To produce, increase or fill with sound ‫رنة‬

Clinch To achieve or win something hardly ‫يقتنص الفوز‬

Affable Easygoing ‫لطيف‬

 The practice of keeping oneself and their
Hygiene ‫نظافة‬
surroundings clean

Morsel A piece ‫قطعة‬

Anaphylaxis A kind of allergy ‫حساسية مفرطة‬

An injection of something into someone’s blood to

Jab ‫حقن‬
prevent illness

Administer To give drugs or medicine ‫أعطي دواء‬

Yearn Badly wanting something ‫يريد شئ بشدة‬

Having dislike or distrust of a person that is based

Prejudiced ‫متحامل‬
on false information

Neurotic Frightened or worried about unimportant things ‫قلق‬

Unpretentious Simple in appearance rather than luxurious ‫بسيط‬

 Conceal To keep something or someone from being seen ‫إخفاء‬

Pact Formal agreement ‫تحالف‬

Succinct Brief and clear ‫واضح‬

Contravention Violation ‫اختراق‬

The sport of going down a very steep slope by

‫الهبوط من قمم‬
Abseiling holding on to a rope which is fastened to the top of
‫الجبال‬
the slope

The sport of flying while hanging from a frame

Hang-gliding ‫قفز مظلي‬
covered in cloth

The sport of jumping out of an aircraft with a

Paragliding special parachute that allows someone to travel a ‫طيران شراعي‬
long horizontal distance before they land
A sport in which someone has to find their way to
Orienteering somewhere on foot as quickly as possible by using ‫التوجيه‬
a map and a compass

Rugged Uneven and covered with rocks ‫وعر‬

Refectory Canteen ‫عم حسين الزعامة‬

Indebted Obliged, grateful ‫ممتن‬

Phrases & Idioms:

1- Under the circumstances = Considering the situation and the
factors affecting it.
2- Under suspicion of sth = Suspected of having done sth wrong.
3- Under normal conditions = Considering the normal factors
affecting situation.
4- Under pressure = Stressed.
5- Under-age = Not old enough.
6- Be over the hill = To be old and no longer fit or able to work.
7- Be given a clean bill of health = To receive a doctor’s statement
that one is completely fit and healthy.
8- Be black and blue = To be badly bruised.
9- Be fit as a fiddle = To be very fit and healthy.
10- Have butterflies in one’s stomach = To feel nervous and excited
about sth.
11- Kick up one’s Heels = To enjoy oneself a lot.
12- Scare the life out of sb = To frighten someone a great deal.
13- Be of sound mind and body = To be in good mental and physical
health.
14- Have nerves of steel = To be calm, not easily upset.
15- Keep a stiff upper lip = Not to show one’s emotions.
16- Close to sb’s heart = Of deep interest.
17- See eyes to eyes with sb = To agree with someone, have the same
opinions and views.
18- Receive credit for sth = To be praised for something.
19- Give someone a glance = To have a quick look at someone.
20- Rough it = To live for a short time in uncomfortable conditions.

Phrasal Verbs:
1- Clear out = To throw away unwanted things.
2- Clear up = To go away (for diseases).
3- Clear away = To put away things that have been used
(especially for eating and cooking).
4- Hold out = To hold something so that sb can take it.
5- Hold up = To go into a bank, shop, with a gun and demand
money.
6- Hold back = To restrain.
7- Hold off = To delay.
8- Waver over = To hesitate and be unable to make a decision.
9- Step up = To increase and intensify.
 Unit 8

Vocabulary:

Enslave To control or keep someone forcefully ‫استعباد‬

Perseverance Continued effort and determination ‫مثابرة‬

A student at a British university who just started

Fresher ‫مستجد‬
his first term

Outcast Someone who is not accepted in the society ‫منبوذ‬

Scribble Draw something carelessly and quickly ‫شخبط‬

To reduce the length of a speech or a piece of

Condense ‫يكثف‬
writing

Critically Analytically ‫تحليلي‬

The evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality,

Assessment ‫تقييم‬
or ability of someone or something
 Seminary A college for training people to be priests ‫مدرسة قساوسة‬

A wooden frame with three legs that hold a picture

Easel
which an artist in painting

A square or rectangular frame holding an

Abacus
arrangement of balls on a metal rod to do math

A portable object other than furniture or costumes

Prop ‫ركيزة‬
used on the set of a play or movie

Archaic Ancient and very old ‫عتيق‬

Substantial Of considerable importance, size, or worth ‫جوهري‬

Showing strong, unreasonable beliefs and

Bigoted ‫متعصب‬
unwilling to change them

Opinionated Will never say he is wrong ‫عنيد‬

Chant A group of words repeated over and over ‫ترنيمة‬

 Expel To force someone out (Permanently) ‫يطرد‬

To officially stop something from continuing,

Suspend ‫فصل مؤقت‬
especially for a short time

Coincid-
By chance ‫بالصدفة‬
entally

Resemble To look like or be similar to someone or something ‫تشابه‬

An official record of a student’s work that shows

Transcript ‫موثوقة‬
the courses taken and the marks obtained

Remedial Intended to improve something that is wrong ‫تصحيحية‬

To make news or information widely known or to

Blazon ‫يشيع‬
make sure it is easily noticeable

Accepting one’s defeat and the need to obey

Submission ‫الخضوع‬
someone

Secrete Hide something ‫يخفي‬

 Prise To separate by force ‫فتح بالقوة‬

Assuage To make unpleasant feeling less intense ‫يخفف‬

Without worry about possible criticism or

Unabashedly ‫وال في دماغي‬
embarrassment

Lug To carry something with effort ‫جر‬

The way of thinking about sth, especially when

Stance ‫موقف‬
expressed in public

Polish A substance used for cleaning ‫مادة ملمعة‬

A branch of knowledge, typically one studied in

Discipline ‫قواعد السلوك‬
higher education.

The study of the casual relations between

Chorology geographical phenomena occurring within a ‫الكوريولوجيا‬
particular region

Cultivate To prepare a land and grow crops on it ‫زرع‬

 A person, especially a young one, endowed with
Prodigy ‫طفل اعجوبة‬
exceptional qualities or abilities

Debatable Not clear or certain ‫قابل للنقاش‬

Prescribed Suggested ‫مقترحة‬

A way of speaking or writing that makes sb or sth

Hyperbole ‫غلو في الكالم‬
appear bigger, better, more than they are

Roomy Spacious ‫واسع‬

‫مثير للدهشة او‬

Breathtaking Extremely exciting
‫قابض لالنفاس‬

Comforts Things that make someone’s life easier ‫وسائل الراحة‬

Encompass To include ‫يحتوي‬

Feeling slightly sad about things that happened in

Nostalgic ‫حنين‬
the past
 Fruitful Successful ‫مثمر‬

A system which allows the government of a

Welfare country to provide social services to people who ‫شؤون اجتماعية‬
need them

The punishment of being kept for a period of time

Detention ‫الحجز‬
after classes are over

Phrases and Idioms:

1- Have a feel for sth = To be naturally good at doing sth.
2- Strike a balance = To find an agreement between two things.
3- Mind your p’s and q’s = To behave politely.
4- Learn sth by heart = To know or learn sth so that you can
remember it perfectly.
5- As easy as one, two, three = Extremely easy.
6- Be of the old school = To believe in the old traditional ways and
refuse new ways. (Reject modernity, Embrace Tradition)
7- Know sth like the back of one’s hand = to know sth very well.
8- Pass with flying colors = To pass an exam with a high score.
9- Make the grade = To succeed in sth because one’s skills are
good enough.
10- By and large = Generally speaking.
11- By and by = Eventually.
12- Fall by the wayside = To come to nothing.
13- By chance = Incidentally.
14- By the way = Incidentally (used to introduce a topic not directly
connected with what was being spoken about previously).
15- By the book = Exactly according to instructions.
16- By law = Legally.
17- By word of mouth = Through various conversations.
18- Bear resemblance to = To look like.
19- Be having someone on = To play a trick on someone.
20- Deal a blow to sb/sth = To be shocking or harmful to sb/sth.
21- Bear in mind = Keep into consideration.
22- At someone’s disposal = Available for someone to use.
23- A stone’s throw = Very close.
24- Put one’s heart and soul into sth = To put someone’s all effort
in something.
25- Get one’s foot in the door = To have access.
26- Stand on one’s own two feet = To be able to live independently.
27- Pull out all the stops = To make effort to do something well.
28- Pick sb’s brains = To ask for information or advice from sb who
knows more about a subject.
29- A matter of course = Something happening without people
thinking about whether they want it or not.
30- Teach someone a lesson = To punish sb so that they will not
behave badly again.
 31- Put all the eggs in one basket = To risk losing everything by
putting all one’s efforts or money into one plan.
32- Up and running = Ready to operate.

Phrasal Verbs:
1- Pitch at = To target sth at sb. Ex: She pitches her books at young
women by writing about experiences they can relate to.
2- Pull down = Knock down.
3- Rake over = To overthink about sth when it is better to forget
about it.
4- Drag down = To make someone unable to succeed or to make
someone behave badly by setting a wrong example.
5- Drag out = To manage to obtain.
6- Drag in = To mention sth irrelevant.
7- Drag on = To continue successfully.
8- Keep to = To adhere to sth.
9- Keep up with = To stay level with.
10- Keep back = To reserve.
11- Keep on = To continue to employ someone.
12- Drill sb into sth = To teach sb a skill by way of repetition.
13- Brush up on = To improve, refresh (one’s skills).
 C. Hello
Unit 1,2,3

‫عضو‬
Councilor A member of a council.
‫مستشار‬/‫مجلس‬

Having or showing intense and eager enjoyment,

Enthusiastic ‫متحمس‬
interest, or approval.

A series of international contests for athletes with

‫األلعاب األوليمبية‬
Paralympics disabilities that are associated with and held
‫للمعاقين‬
following the summer and winter Olympic Games.
A form of competitive weightlifting in which
‫رياضة رفع‬
Powerlifting contestants attempt three types of lift in a set
‫األثقال‬
sequence.
The words and phrases that people use to tell the
Signposting
listener what has just happened, and what is going ‫لغة إرشادية‬
language
to happen next.

A competitor in a four-yearly international sports ‫العب‬/‫بارالمبي‬

Paralympian ‫أولمبي من‬
event for people with physical disabilities. ‫المعاقين‬

A disabling and life-threatening disease caused by ‫مرض شلل‬

Polio
the poliovirus. ‫األطفال‬
 “Répondez s'il vous plaît.” Which means “please
reply” ‫استمارة رد على‬
R.S.V.P. form
used on invitations to ask the invited guests to ‫دعوة‬
indicate whether they will be able to attend.

Rhetorical Relating to or concerned with the art of rhetoric. ‫بياني‬/‫بالغي‬

An item of illustrative matter, such as a film, slide, or

‫مساعدات‬/‫مؤثرات‬
Visual aids model, designed to supplement written or spoken
‫بصرية‬
information so that it can be understood more easily.

Colossal Extremely large or great. ‫هائل‬/‫ضخم‬

A brief account of a person's education,

Curriculum
qualifications, and previous occupations, typically ‫سيرة ذاتية‬
vitae (CV)
sent with a job application.
The department of a business or organization that
Human
deals with the hiring, administration, and training of ‫موارد بشرية‬
resources
staff.
A student or trainee who works, sometimes without
Intern pay, in order to gain work experience or satisfy ‫موظف متدرب‬
requirements for a qualification.
The position of a student or trainee who works in an
organization, sometimes without pay, in order to
Internship ‫فترة تدريب‬
gain work experience or satisfy requirements for a
qualification.
 Excellence The quality of being outstanding or extremely good. ‫امتياز‬

Pave Cover a piece of ground with flat stones or bricks ‫يمهد‬

A brief account of a person's education,

‫سيرة ذاتية‬
Resume qualifications, and previous occupations, typically
‫خالصة‬/ ‫مختصة‬/
sent with a job application

Including or involving several countries or

Multinational ‫متعدد الجنسيات‬
individuals of several nationalities.

Bullets A small symbol used to introduce each item in a list ‫نقاط‬

Concise Brief but comprehensive ‫مختصر‬

Relating to the part of a newspaper or magazine that

‫تحريري (خاص‬
Editorial contains news, information, or comment as opposed
)‫بكتابة جريدة‬
to advertising.

Residential Designed for people to live in. ‫سكني‬

Banking Steps that workers must follow to successfully

‫إجراءات بنكية‬
procedures complete a process in a bank
 Career
The basic strategic direction of your career path ‫توجه وظيفي‬/‫اتجاه‬
direction

The business conducted or services offered by a ‫أعمال‬/‫الصرافة‬

Banking
bank. ‫مصرفية‬

A person who sets up a business or businesses,

Entrepreneurs ‫رواد أعمال‬
taking on financial risks in the hope of profit.

Characteristic of, influenced by, or representing a

Fashionable ‫مساير للموضة‬
current popular style.

Second-hand Having had a previous owner ‫مستعمل‬

A discipline that studies how the healthy human

body works during exercise, and how sport and
Sports science ‫العلوم الرياضية‬
physical activity promote health and performance
from cellular to whole body perspectives.

Optimistic Hopeful and confident about the future. ‫متفائل‬

A small institution providing accommodation and

‫بيت رعاية‬
Care home care for people who are unable to look after
‫المسنين‬
themselves.

A morpheme added at the end of a word to form a

Suffix ‫الحقة‬
derivative
 A plan of things to be done or problems to be ‫ جدول‬/‫أجندة‬
Agenda
addressed. ‫أعمال‬

The area covered by something. / the size or scale of

Extent something. / the particular degree to which ‫مدى‬/‫حد‬
something is or is believed to be the case.

Job title A name that describes someone's job or position. ‫مسمى وظيفي‬
 Expressions, Phrases, Idioms & Prepositions:
Enthusiastic Having or showing intense and eager enjoyment,
‫متحمس بشأن‬
about interest, or approval.
The year to
Next year / the future ‫العام القادم‬
come
Give out Distribute something. ‫يوزع‬
Do an
------------------ ‫يقوم بالتدريب‬
internship
Come up Occur or present itself, especially unexpectedly. ‫يتضح‬/‫يظهر‬

Candidate for ------------------ ‫مرشح ل‬

To cover ً ‫يغطى قصصا‬
------------------
news stories ‫إخبارية‬
A further
More justification ‫سبب آخر‬
reason
Owing to Because of ‫بسبب‬
Take into You consider sth when you are thinking about a
‫يضع في االعتبار‬
account situation or deciding what to do.
The minimization of work-related stress, and the
Work-life ‫توازن بين العمل‬
establishing of a stable and sustainable way to work
balance ‫والحياة‬
while maintaining health and general well-being.
Derivatives:

Verb Noun Adjective

Administrate Administration/administrator Administrative

Impress Impression Impressive

Attendance
Attend Attendee Attendant
Attendant

Indicate Indication Indicative

Excel Excellence Excellent

Words, Synonyms & Antonyms:

Word Synonym Antonym

Disinterested/
Enthusiastic Eager/keen
unconcerned

Impressive Powerful/influential/significant Insignificant/ ordinary

Particularly Especially/unusually Normally/ commonly

Value Appreciate/respect Disregard/ despise

Mentally Psychologically Physically

 Similar words:
Used about something that people admire because it is very good,
Impressive large, important, etc.
E.X.: Seeing the Pyramids for the first time was really impressive.
Producing strong emotions of sadness, pity, etc.
Affecting/
E.X.: Oliver Twist is a deeply affecting story talking about how
moving
orphans really suffered.
Successful and working in the way that was intended
Effective E.X.: Antibiotics are only effective if you finish the whole course of
treatment.

The amount of money that something is worth

Value
E.X.: This beautiful garden increases the value of your house.

The amount of money you need to buy or do something

Cost
E.X.: The cost of running a factory is increasing.

The amount of money you must pay for something that is for sale
E.X.: The new supermarkets sell good-quality goods at reasonable
Price prices.
E.X: The prices of plane tickets have risen due to the high petrol
prices.
The amount you have to pay to enter a place, or for services of a
professional person such as a lawyer or a doctor
Fee
E.X.: Many people complain that the fees of doctors have recently
increased much.
 The amount you have to pay to travel somewhere by bus, train, plane
Fare
E.X.: I didn’t have enough money for my bus fare as I lost my wallet.

The amount you have to pay to live in or use a place that you don’t
Rent own or to use something that belongs to belongs to someone else
E.X.: The rent of my new flat is 2000 pounds a month.

Around the usual level or amount

Average E.X.: This six-year-old girl is of average height.
E.X.: The boy is genius. He is of above average intelligence.

Usual, typical, and as you would expect it to be

Normal
E.X.: This cold weather is normal for this time of year.

Used about things that are done regularly as part of a series of things.
Routine E.X.: The fault in the security system was discovered during a routine
check of the supermarket.

E.X.: I started work when I was sixteen.

Work
E.X.: Much of the heavy work on farms is now done by machines.
Works
E.X.: The works of Naguib Mahfouz are still read all over the world.
E.X.: (look for/apply for/find) a job.
Job E.X.: It’s not his job to tell us what we can and can’t do.
E.X.: I’ve applied for several jobs without success.

Career E.X.: Choosing a career can be a very difficult decision.

 E.X.: (the medical/legal/nursing/teaching profession)
Profession E.X.: We admit that a few members of our profession have behaved
badly.

To realize that something is there or that something is happening

Notice
E.X.: I noticed that the child was rather quiet during diner.

To notice that something that is difficult to see, hear, etc. because it is

very small, faint, or unclear.
Detect E.X.: The X-ray telescopes can now detect every type of astronomical
object.
E.X.: He thought he detected some interest in her eyes.
To notice something, especially something that is difficult to see or
that you see for a short time only
Spot
E.X.: Can you spot the difference between these two pictures?
E.X.: I’m glad you spotted the mistake before it was too late.

Show that a particular situation exists, or that something is likely to

Indicate be true
E.X.: The study indicates a connection between poverty and crime,

Mention or speak about someone or something

Refer to
E.X.: We agreed never to refer to the dispute again.
 To let someone have something without expecting to be paid for it
Give E.X.: He was always giving me gifts.
E.X.: They gave a free drink to all their customers.
To give money to an organization that helps people or protects
something, or to give your blood or part of your body to save
Donate someone’s life
E.X.: The company donates 1 percent of its profits to charity.
E.X.: 70% of people wanted to donate their organs after death.
To officially give money or a prize to someone
E.X.: She was awarded a million dollars to make up for the damages.
Award
E.X.: The Cinema Festival awarded the actor an Oscar for his
performance.

E.X.: It was very cold yesterday. It was about 10 degrees.

Degree E.X.: All students have different degrees of ability.
E.X.: Applicants must have a degree in engineering.
E.X.: In order to get a passport, you’ll need your birth certificate.
Certificate E.X.: Students who compete the program receive a skill certificate.
E.X.: I got the General Secondary Education Certificate in 2005.

Candidate E.X.: One candidate must receive a majority of the vote.

Applicant E.X.: Ten women were selected from over 30 applicants.

 E.X.: We advertised three jobs, over 50 people applied.
Apply for E.X.: How many jobs had you applied for before you were offered this
one?
Apply in
E.X.: You should apply immediately, in person or by letter.
person
Apply to +inf. E.X.: Hesham is applying to join the Armed Forces.
Apply to +
noun E.X.: Do the same rules apply to part-time workers?
‫ينطبق على‬
Apply to +
noun E.X.: You have to apply to the passport office for visa.
‫يتقدم بطلب إلى‬
Apply E.X.: Apply the cream in the morning and the evening.

E.X.: Smoking is a bad habit which many men usually do when they
Habit
are teenagers.
Mannerism E.X.: When they speak, Leila and her twin have the same mannerism.
E.X.: In the most societies, it is the custom for the bride to be married
Custom
in white.
E.X.: The hotel has ended the practice of leaving chocolates in guests’
Practice
rooms.
 E.X.: The sculptor’s name can be found at the base of the statue.
Base E.X.: After the attack, the aircrafts returned to base.
E.X.: She used her family’s history as a base for her novel.
Basis E.X.: The scientist’s work forms the basis of all modern physiology.

Basic E.X.: Rice is the basic ingredient of this dish.

E.X.: Although he was tired, Sami tried to pay attention to what the
speaker was saying.
E.X.: The train accident attracted a great deal of media attention.
Attention E.X.: The bike’s in a fairly goof condition, but the gears need a bit of
attention.
E.X.: Anyone who comes into contact with these chemicals should
seek urgent medical attention.

Interview E.X.: I’ve got an interview for a job as an interpreter.

Appointment E.X.: I have an appointment to see my lawyer next Saturday.

Conference E.X.: The president arrived for a conference with local officials.
E.X.: They organized meetings on a number of important political
Meeting
issues.
 Present E.X.: I’m going to buy a wedding present for my sister.

Prize E.X.: You can win a prize if you practice harder for the race.
E.X.: The young clerk has received a reward for being hardworking
Reward
at the office.
E.X.: Mohamed Salah received the Player of the Year Award in
Award
England in 2018.

Site E.X.: The worker has worked on various building sites.

E.X.: Anne’s sight is very good for someone of her age.
Sight
E.X.: As he reached the front door, he saw a strange sight.
Sights E.X.: We saw all the important sights on our first day in Rome.

E.X.: The salesman advised me to read the instructions carefully

Instructions before using the new microwave.
E.X.: You must obey your coach’s instructions to develop your skills.

E.X.: I followed my father’s directions, so I reached the new sports

Directions
centre easily.

Retire E.X.: I retired from teaching three years ago.

E.X.: The minister was forced to resign after the terrible train
Resign
accident.
 Believing that good things will happen
Optimistic E.X.: I’m optimistic about our chances of winning a gold medal in the
next Olympics. (an optimistic view of the future)
Believing that what you hope for will happen
Hopeful E.X.: The test results made him feel more hopeful about his chances
of recovery.
Thinking about what is a good in a situation, rather than what is bad.
Positive
E.X.: She has a very positive attitude to life.

A typical person or thing is a good example of that type of person or

thing.
Typical
E.X.: With his camera around his neck, he looked like a typical
tourist.
Used to describe a very typical and very good example of something
Classic
E.X.: The book is a classic example of great teamwork.
 Units 4,5,6
An agreement between parties settling what each
gives or receives in a transaction between them or
Bargain ‫صفقة‬
what course of action or policy each pursues in
respect to the other

‫مخصص أو‬
Dedicated Given over to a particular purpose
‫مكرس‬

Dealing with, containing, or being used for only ‫مخصص أو‬

Devoted
one thing ‫مكرس‬

Property that descends to an heir

Heritage site Something transmitted by or acquired from a ‫موقع تراث‬
predecessor

‫خالب أو بديع‬
Picturesque -------------
‫المنظر‬

To cut a pattern or letter on the surface of

Carve ‫ينحت‬
something

Cellar A room under the house of the building ‫دهليز أو سرداب‬

Contemporary Modern ‫معاصر‬

Mediterranean ---------------------- ‫البحر المتوسط‬

Mural A painting that is painted on a wall ‫لوحه جدارية‬

Relating to the principles of what is right and what

Moral ‫حكمة‬
is wrong

Someone’s muse is the force or person that makes

Muse them want to write, paint, or make music, and ‫ربة االلهام‬
helps them to have good ideas

Elaborate Carefully planned and organized in great deal ‫مشغول بعناية‬-‫متقن‬

A long and carefully organized journey, especially

Expedition ‫بعثة استكشافية‬
to a dangerous or unfamiliar place

The traditional beliefs, values, customs of a family,

Heritage ‫تراث‬
country, or society

A slope that has been built to connect two places

Ramp ‫منحدر‬
that are at different levels

Reign The period when someone is a king, or a queen ‫فترة قيادة‬-‫حكم‬

 The part of the building that is left after the rest has
Ruins ‫اطالل‬-‫حطام‬
been destroyed

Sacred Relating to god or religion ‫مقدس‬

Sculpture An object made out of stone, wood, clay by an artist ‫فن النحت‬-‫تمثال‬

To find something after searching for it especially

‫يستخرج بالحفر فى‬
Unearth something that has been buried in the ground or
‫التربة‬
lost for long time
A large stone building made specially to contain the
Mausoleum body of a dead person, or the dead bodies of an ‫ضريح‬
important family

Alleyway --------------- ‫زقاق‬

An object such as a tool, weapon that was made in

Artefacts ‫تحف‬
the past and is historically important

Authentic Based on facts ‫حقيقى‬

To attract someone very much and hold their

Captivate ‫يخلب‬-‫يأسر‬
attention
 Containing many small parts that all work of fit
Intricate ‫متشابك‬
together

A complicated and confusing arrangement of

Maze ‫متاهة‬
streets, roads

Parade Public celebration-Military ceremony ‫مسيرة‬-‫استعراض‬

Someone who is specially trained to perform

Priest religious duties and ceremonies in the Christian ‫قديس‬-‫كاهن‬
church

A long box in which a dead person is buried or

Coffin ‫تابوت‬
burnt ‫ملناش دعوة‬

To change a message written in a code into

ordinary language
Decipher ‫يفك شفرة‬
To find the meaning of something that is difficult to
read or understand

Books and stories about imaginary people and

Fiction ‫خيال‬-‫اعمال ادبية‬
events

A line of people or vehicles moving slowly as part

Procession ‫موكب‬
of a ceremony

Talkative Someone who talks a lot ‫ثرثار‬

 To give a decision in a court of law that someone is
Acquit ‫يخلى سبيل‬
not guilty of a crime

The sport or activity of making a boat move

Rowing ‫التجديف‬
through water with oars

Take my mind -‫احاول ان انسي‬

------------------------
of ‫اصرف عن ذهنى‬

Monolingual -------- ‫احادى اللغة‬

Bilingual ------------ ‫ثنائي اللغة‬

Multilingual ------------ ‫متعدد اللغات‬

Clear-cut Easy to understand or clear ‫واضح‬-‫محدد‬

Depp-seated Very strong and difficult to be changed ‫متجذر‬-‫متاصل‬

The ways of living developed by a community and

Culture passed on from generation to generation, including
‫الموروث الثقافى‬
heritage customs, practices, places, objects, artistic
expressions, and values.
 A form of language which is spoken only in one
Dialect area, with words or grammar that are slightly ‫لهجة‬
different from other forms of the same language

A tall, pointed stone pilar, built to remind people of

Obelisk ‫مسلة‬
an event or of someone who has died

People who are the same age as you, or who have

Peer ‫قرين‬
the same type of job, or social class

An organization, meeting, TV program where

Forum people have a chance to publicly discuss an ‫منتدى‬
important subject

Easternmost ------------- ‫اقصى الشرق‬

Something that is valuable and important and

Precious ‫نفيس‬-‫ثمين‬
should not be wasted or used without care

Embrace To accept new idea, or opinion ‫يعتنق‬-‫يتبنى‬

Someone who is fortunate has something good

Fortunate ‫محظوظ‬
happen to them, or is in a good situation

The ability to think that things are funny, or funny

Humor ‫السخرية‬-‫الفكاهة‬
things said to show this ability
 Someone who has a passionate belief believes
Passionate ‫متحمس‬-‫شغوف‬
something very strong

Someone who loves his\her country and is willing

Patriot ‫وطنى‬
to defend it

Felling unhappy because you are a long way from

Homesick ‫لديه حنين للوطن‬
your home

Steamer A steamship ‫باخرة‬

Feeling weak and as if you are about to become

Faint unconscious because you are very ill, tired, or ‫يغمى عليه‬
hungry

Fiercely Done with a lot of energy and violence ‫بعنف‬

Deliberately Done in a way that is intended or planned ‫عن قصد‬-‫عمدا‬

To talk too proudly about your abilities,

Boast ‫يتفاخر‬
achievements, or possessions

A shout of happiness, praise, approval, or

Cheer ‫يفتخر‬-‫يهلل‬
encouragement
 Chivalry Behavior that is honorable ‫فروسية‬- ‫شهمة‬

A traditional short story that teaches a moral lesson,

Fable ‫الحكاية الرمزية‬
especially a story about animals

Eternal Continuing forever and having no end ‫أبدى‬-‫أزلى‬

A man with a high rank in the past who was

Knight ‫فارس‬
trained to fight while riding a horse

Beloved Loved very much by someone ‫محبوب‬

A competition or a situation in which two or more

Contest ‫صراع‬-‫منافسة‬
people or groups are competing with each other

Things that are debatable are not certain because ‫محل‬-‫مثير للجدل‬
Debatable
people have different opinions about them ‫نقاش‬

Determination to keep trying to achieve something

Perseverance ‫مثابرة‬
in spite of difficulties

To make something seem better, larger, worse than

Exaggerate ‫يبالغ فى‬
it really is
 Fierce Done with a lot of energy and violence ‫شرس‬-‫عنيف‬

Hare ---------- ‫أرنب برى‬

Tale A story about exciting imaginary events ‫حكاية‬

Mythology Set of ancient myths ‫علم األساطير‬

Dove --------------- ‫حمامة‬

Expressions, Phrases, Idioms & Prepositions:

Be dedicated to ....‫مكرس ل‬
Be worth around ‫يقرب بما يقرب من‬
On the banks of ‫على ضفتي‬
End up in ‫ينتهى به المطاف فى‬
Maze of alleyways ‫متاهة االزقة‬
Passionate about ..‫شغوب ب‬
Take pride in ..‫فخور ب‬
I am fortunate to ‫انا محظوظ بأن‬
Be based partially on ‫قائمة جزئيا على‬
Be fed up with ‫يمل من‬-‫يسأم من‬
In a fit of anger ‫فى نوبة غضب‬
Boast about-of ‫يتباهى ب‬
Pass on-down ‫يورث‬-‫ينقل‬
Climb onto ‫يصعد الى السطح‬
Derivatives:

Verb Noun Adj

Bargain Bargain

Myth-mythology Mythological

Identify Identifiable

Words, Synonyms & Antonyms:

Word Synonym Antonym

Exhausted Worn out Relaxed

Come across Run into Ignore

Myth Fallacy Fact

Contemporary Modern Old fashioned

Aware Conscious Ignorant

Ancestor Forebear-Forefather Descendant

Pride Self-esteem Misery

 Similar words:

In or to a foreign country or countries.

Abroad
EX: I first travelled abroad last year when I went to Paris.

On or into a ship, aircraft, train, or other vehicle.

Aboard
EX: My plane has 125 passengers aboard.

Having an ample distance from side to side; wide.

Broad
EX: The new capital has broad streets.

Producing strong emotion, especially sadness or sympathy.

Moving
EX: The final scene of the movie was deeply moving.

Capable of being moved.

Movable
EX: I bought a toy with movable parts for my daughter.

A traditional story, especially one concerning the early history of a

Myth people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, and
typically involving supernatural beings or events.

A traditional story sometimes popularly regarded as historical but

Legend
unauthenticated.

A short story, typically with animals as characters, conveying a

Fable
moral.
 D. Grammar
• Compound Adjectives
• Narrative Tenses
• Adverbs
• Past Habits
• So/Such - Enough/Too
• Relative Clauses
• Inversions
• Quantifiers
 Compound Adjectives (Unit 11 Hello)
A compound adjective is an adjective that is made up of multiple
individual words. Usually, the words are connected by a hyphen or
hyphens when used as an adjective. Compound adjectives can be used
anywhere that other adjectives can and the don’t have any special rules
or exceptions. So, they can either come directly before nouns/pronouns
or can be used as predicate adjectives together with linking verbs.

• Examples:
- double-sided, wishy-washy, top-of-the-line, 700-word, eight-
hour, fat-free, never-ending, Spanish-speaking, middle-aged,
gender-neutral, out-of-the-way, born-again.
- The manager hired extra workers for the party so that staff
wouldn’t be short-handed.
- The company swore that it only used grass-fed beef.
Note:

Take care that we don’t use hyphens when an adjective is being

modified by an adverb, so it is not considered a compound adjective:

- She was really happy.

- He became extremely tired.
- We were cautiously optimistic.
 Narrative Tenses (Unit 12 Hello)
Narrative Tenses are simply four tenses which are used to tell
stories. These tenses are past simple, past continuous, past perfect, and
past perfect continuous. The tenses are used without any change.
(Revise the grammar section in the 1st term file to see these tenses’ uses)

Adverbs (Unit 7 Hello)

A word or a phrase which describes verbs, adjectives, or other
adverbs. They are classified into: Adverbs of manner, place, time,
frequency, and degree.

➢ Formation of Adverbs:
- Add -ly to the adjective. (Softly)
- If the adjective end with -le, remove the -e and put -y. (probably)
- If the adjective ends with -y, remove it and put -ily. (Heavily)
- Adjectives ending with -L, put -ly. (Carefully)
- Adjectives with -ic, usually takes -ally. (Tragically, publicly)
- Some adverbs have the same form as their adjectives or a totally
different form. ( Fast-Fast, Good-Well)
Note:

In most cases, adverbs come after auxiliary verbs (don’t, didn’t,

etc.)and verb to be, and before the main verbs, adjectives or at the end
of the sentence. Some adverbs can also come at the beginning of the
sentence.
 Some adverbs have two forms which come with different
meanings like:

She tried hard but she failed.
(means “with effort”)
Jessica lives quite near.
(means “close”)
Tim arrived late.
(means “not early”)
The kite rose high in the sky.
(means “at a high level”)
You can visit the museum free.
(means “with no money”)
Note:
He can hardly see without his
glasses. (means “scarcely”)
They nearly missed the bus.
(means “almost”)
She’s been going out a lot lately.
(means “recently”)
He’s highly respectable.
(means “very”)
EU citizens can travel freely
within Europe.
(means “without restraint)

Some words end with -ly, but are adjectives like: friendly, likely,
lonely, lovely, ugly. If they are used after (way or manner), they form
adverbs.
 Past Habits (Unit 10 Hello)
• We can use used to to talk about past habits (repeated past
actions) that don't happen anymore.
Ex: I used to go swimming every Thursday when I was at school.

• We can also use would + infinitive to talk about past habits and
typical behavior in the past.
Ex: I would go swimming every Thursday when I was at school.

• We can use v. to be + used to or getting used to to express actions

that we are accustomed to at the meanwhile or are getting
accustomed to.
Note:

We use used to (not would) to talk about situations which are no

longer true.

Ex: We used to live in the country, but now we live in the city. (Correct)

We would live in the country, but now we live in the city. (Incorrect)
 So, such, enough and too (Unit 12 Hello)
➢ We use so, such a, or such with that and a clause to express cause
and effect:
● So + adjective:

- I was so hungry that I ate everything on my plate.

● Such a + singular noun:

- He was such a nice person that he never said no.

● Such + plural noun:

- They were such brave knights that they always won the battles.
➢ We use too + to + infinitive to say that something is or isn’t more
than we want or need.
● too + adjective:

- They were too tired to walk any more.

- She wasn’t too tired to help me.
➢ We use enough + to + infinitive to say that something is or isn’t the
right amount.
● enough + noun:

We have enough food to feed a hundred people.

There wasn’t enough water to make a cup of tea.

● adjective + enough:

She’s clever enough to pass the exam without studying very much.

She isn’t brave enough to travel on her own.

 Relative Clauses (Unit 11 Hello)
Use relative clauses to give more information about someone or
something.

Meaning Example Sentences

The musician who wrote this song is

Who Relates to people (Subject)
French.

Whom Relates to people (Object) I know the boy whom sits next to you.

Which Relates to animals and objects This is the cake which Mary made.

Do you know the reason why the

Why Refers to reason
market is closed today?
The day when the concert takes
When Refers to time
place is Saturday.
This is the house where my son was
Where Refers to places
born.
The boy whose phone just rang
Whose Refers to possession
should stand
Relates to people, animals, and 12th September is the date that I was
That
things born.
➢ Use non-defining relative clauses with commas, to give further
(non-essential) information about something or someone.
- Ex: The ancient temple, which was mentioned in the guidebook,
was difficult to find.
➢ Use defining relative clauses, without commas, to give essential
information to explain who or what you are talking about.
- Ex: The place where we used to live was very noisy.
 Inversions (unit 7 Upstream)
There are two ways to invert the subject and verb:
1- Be, have, modal, or auxiliary verb.
This Case is used in these situations:
➢ In questions. Ex: Are you walking to work today?
➢ After the following words and expressions when they come at the
beginning of the sentence.
Seldom – Rarely – Little – Barely – Nowhere – Never – Not once – On
no account – Only by – Only in this way – Only then – Hardly … when
– No sooner … than – Not only … but = Not until/till – In no way –
In/Under no circumstances – Not since.

Ex: Not only did she make it on the school’s honor list, but she also won
a bursary.

➢ With So, neither, nor to express agreement. Ex: So do I.

➢ With Should, were, had when they come at the beginning of an if-
clause instead of if.
Ex: Should she arrive before I come, tell her to wait.
(Instead of “If she should arrive”)
2- Main verb + subject. Ex: Here comes the star of the show.
This Case is used in these situations:
➢ After verbs of movement or adverbial expressions of place when
they come at the beginning of the sentence.
Ex: There goes another missed chance.
➢ In direct speech. Ex: “who was that?” Said James.
 Quantifiers (Unit 9 Hello)
Quantifiers are words or phrases that we use before nouns to
show how much of something there is. Consider whether the noun you
want to say the amount of is a singular or a plural noun and whether
it’s a countable (i.e., you can use a number directly before it) or an
uncountable (i.e., you can’t use a number directly before it) noun.

Each → Countable to focus on one thing in a group.

Every → Countable to focus on everything in the group.

 E. Writing:
Rules for Comma Usage

While a period ends a sentence, a comma indicates a smaller

break. Some writers think of a comma as a soft pause, a punctuation
mark that separates words, clauses, or ideas within a sentence.
Guidelines
▪ With few exceptions, a comma should not separate a subject from
its verb.
▪ Don’t separate two nouns that appear together as a compound
subject or compound object.
▪ You get a compound predicate when the subject of a sentence is
doing more than one thing. In a compound predicate that
contains two verbs, don’t separate them with a comma.
▪ When you want to join two independent clauses, you need
a conjunction or a semicolon. A comma alone isn’t strong enough
to join them. This kind of mistake is called a comma splice.
▪ Don’t use a comma before “than” when you’re making a
comparison.
▪ When writing a date in month-day-year format, set off the year
with commas.
▪ When multiple adjectives modify a noun to an equal degree, they
are said to be coordinate and should be separated by commas.
One way to tell whether the adjectives are coordinate is to try
switching the order of them. If the sentence still sounds natural,
the adjectives are coordinate.
▪ Use a comma before the word but if it is joining two independent
clauses.
▪ When you have a list that contains only two items, don’t use a
comma before the and.
▪ When you have a list that contains more than two elements, use
commas to separate them.
▪ Don’t separate a transitive verb from its direct object with a
comma.
▪ A nonrestrictive clause offers extra information about something
you have mentioned in a sentence, but the information isn’t
essential to identify the thing you’re talking about. Nonrestrictive
clauses are usually introduced by which or who and should be set
off by commas.
▪ Correlative conjunctions are conjunctions that come in pairs
(such as either/or, neither/nor, and not only/but also) and connect
words or phrases in a sentence to form a complete thought.
Typically, commas are unnecessary with correlative conjunctions.
▪ An attributive tag is a phrase like “he said” or “she claimed” that
identifies the speaker of a quote or piece of dialogue. Attributive
tags can come before, after, or even in the middle of a quote. Use
commas to separate attributive tags from quotations.
▪ Don’t use a comma between an article and a noun.
 • Argumentative essay
Introduction:

The argumentative essay is a genre of writing that requires the

student to investigate a topic; collect, generate, and evaluate evidence;
and establish a position on the topic in a concise manner.

Guidelines:

There are many possible approaches to argumentative essays, but

there are two common models that can help you start outlining your
arguments: The Toulmin model and the Rogerian model.

The Toulmin Model of Argument:

The Toulmin Model is a tool for analyzing and constructing

arguments. It was created by British philosopher Stephen Toulmin and
consists of the following six parts which are divided into five
paragraphs:

1) Claim

The argument being made, a statement that you want the audience to
believe, accept, or act upon.

2) Grounds

The evidence that supports your claim.

 3) Warrant

The logic or assumptions that connect your evidence to the claim.

A statement of how your evidence logically and justifiably supports
your claim.

4) Backing

Support for the warrant. It might take the form of a well-

reasoned argument (or sub-argument) that directly strengthens the
warrant. So, for example, let’s say your argument depends on a warrant
of causality. To strengthen your warrant, you might give additional
evidence that shows that the causal relationship is not just a simple
correlation.

5) Rebuttal

Counterarguments to your claim. Situations where your claim

does not hold true. This may also include your response to the
counterargument.

6) Qualifier

The degree of certainty in your argument. Your argument may

state that something is true 100 percent of the time, most of the time, or
just some of the time. Words used to moderate the strength of your
argument include always, sometimes, usually, likely, loosely, etc.
Conclusion:

Perhaps it is helpful to think of an essay in terms of a

conversation or debate with a classmate. If I were to discuss the cause
of World War II and its current effect on those who lived through the
tumultuous time, there would be a beginning, middle, and end to the
conversation. the argumentative essay must be complete, and logically
so, leaving no doubt as to its intent or argument.
 • Discussion essay
Introduction:

A discussion essay presents and discusses issues surrounding a

particular topic – usually one that is debatable and open to argument.
A good discussion essay must include a thorough discussion of both
sides of the topic. It should provide a well-rounded understanding of
the issues before the writer presents his personal opinions and
conclusions.

Guidelines:

Following is a way to structure an effective discussion essay:

1) Introduction

▪ Paraphrase the question

▪ State two supporting reasons

▪ Give your opinion

2) Main body paragraph 1

▪ Topic sentence - outline the view you don't agree with

▪ Explanation - explain why this view is held by some people

▪ Example - give an example

 3) Main body paragraph 2

▪ Topic sentence - outline the view you do agree with

▪ Explanation - explain why this view is held by some people

▪ Example - give an example

4) Conclusion

▪ Summarize the key points and state your opinion

These are general tips to keep in mind while constructing the essay:

▪ Choose your discussion essay topic. Make sure the topic is one
that you're interested in personally since it will be easier for you
to write. You'll need to discuss both sides of the issues
surrounding the discussion essay topic, so ensure that you have
access to good research that provides pertinent information.

▪ Outline your discussion essay. Your goal at this point is to get

your thoughts on the discussion essay topic organized and in
writing. You can write a detailed outline for your discussion
essay, using traditional outline format – letters and numbers to
separate key points – or you can simply jot down a list of the main
discussion points you plan to cover in the body of your essay.

▪ Write your introduction. Your goal in the introduction of your

discussion essay is to introduce the issues relating to the topic and
to provide your reader with important background information.
Explain any important words or terms your reader may not
 understand that you'll need to use in the essay. Providing your
reader with a simple overview of how your discussion essay is
organized will ensure that she understands your flow of thought
throughout the body of the essay.

▪ Write the body of your discussion essay, using any research

sources that you have collected. Typically, you should present
each issue individually and impartially, discussing first one side
and then the other side of each argument that relates to your
topic. Progress through your body arguments in order, starting
with your weakest argument or issue and progressing to the
strongest. This structure allows your reader to follow your flow of
thought easily without getting distracted.

▪ Write your discussion essay conclusion. Your goal with your

conclusion is to summarize the overall information from the
discussion essay body, leading the reader to mentally review the
pros and cons of the topic argument. Although you don't
technically have to be in favor of one side of the discussion
yourself, if you are, be sure to present your own conclusions in
this paragraph rather than earlier in the essay.

Conclusion

A Discussion Essay discusses a range of evidence, views, theories,

findings, or approaches on a topic to develop a position through the
essay. The Conclusion usually states this position.
 • Expository essay
Introduction:

“Expository” means “intended to explain or describe something.”

An expository essay provides a clear, focused explanation of a
particular topic, process, or set of ideas. It doesn’t set out to prove a
point, just to give a balanced view of its subject matter.

Guidelines:

1) Introduction

▪ In the introduction, you present your essay topic and your thesis
statement, ideally hooking your reader with intriguing facts. You
also introduce your supporting evidence and all necessary context
to help your reader understand your thesis.

2) Body paragraph

▪ Each supporting point you make needs its own body paragraph.
Although the five-paragraph essay is typically considered the
“standard” essay length, you might need a six-paragraph or
longer essay to thoroughly communicate your thesis statement.

3) Body paragraph

▪ Use transition words and sentences to transition between body

paragraphs. Transition words and sentences are the phrases that
express the relationship between two paragraphs, signaling to the
 reader why you’re making a specific point and how that point fits
into your overall work.

4) Body paragraph

▪ In your last body paragraph, you’ll need to transition to your

conclusion. That doesn’t mean you should start summarizing
here—give your final body paragraph as much insight and detail
as you gave your previous body paragraphs.

5) Conclusion

▪ In your conclusion, you restate your thesis statement and

summarize the points you made in your body paragraphs. It
should neatly tie up any loose ends and answer any lingering
questions the reader may have.

Conclusion:

The expository essay is a genre of essay that requires the student to

investigate an idea, evaluate evidence, expound on the idea, and set
forth an argument concerning that idea in a clear and concise manner.
Don’t get confused: argumentative vs discussion essays
Discussion essays investigate and analyze an argument by
offering two or more opposing perspectives. Argumentative essays
investigate and analyze a topic by offering one perspective. Writers of
both essays should thoroughly research the topic or issue and choose
concrete evidence to support these perspectives. While the style and
purpose for each essay vary, both essays require the writer to analyze
and present a controversial topic or issue to the reader with supporting
evidence.

▪ Topics and issues

Discussion essays discuss a topic in a broad and thoughtful way so that

readers can easily consider both or all sides of a topic or issue.
Argumentative essays forcefully and with purpose present a set of
reasons why one should adopt this one point of view on an issue or
topic. Writers of both essays should structure their essay in a way that
is logical and clear. The topic of a discussion essay may be something
like, “Experiments on animals are neither good nor bad,” or “Insight
into the life of George Washington.” Argumentative topics are typically
questions, such as, "Is the death penalty ethical?” or “Do curfews keep
teens out of trouble?” Writers of discussion essays should maintain a
formal, third-person perspective throughout whereas writers of an
argumentative essay may use a first-person perspective.
 ▪ Style

When writing a discussion essay, it is important to establish your

opinion on the topic as the writer. The purpose of a discussion essay is
to persuade your readers by exploring and presenting why each view is
either valid or invalid. When writing a discussion essay, it is also
important to maintain a neutral stance throughout to establish an
informative and unbiased argument. When writing an argumentative
essay, the writer expresses opinion and uses rhetorical strategies to try
to persuade readers. These rhetorical strategies may include appealing
to the reader’s emotions, called pathos, or posing a question of the
reader that has an obvious answer, called a rhetorical question.

▪ Purpose

Discussion essays and argumentative essays can be about any number

of topics. Typically, discussion essays argue ideas about controversial
topics such as corporal punishment or stem cell research.
Argumentative essays can also be about controversial topics, but it is
not required. Discussion essays are intended to present an unbiased
and objective look of a topic with the goal of presenting a very
balanced discussion of the topic or issue. Argumentative essays are
more like a conversation or debate of a topic where the writer
establishes his viewpoint and tries to persuade or educate readers to see
or accept this viewpoint. Unlike discussion essays, argumentative essays
may be directed to a particular audience.
 ▪ Components

Both discussion and argumentative essays require research to learn

about the topic and collect and gather supporting evidence. An
argumentative essay always begins with a claim statement, or thesis
statement, that asserts the viewpoint of the writer. Throughout the body
paragraphs, the writer addresses both sides but refutes one side and
proves the other. A counterargument or refutation paragraph may
appear just before the conclusion, presenting the other side's viewpoint
but then refuting it with evidence. A discussion essay begins with an
unbiased introduction of the topic or issue. The body paragraphs
should be arranged so that each paragraph analyzes some aspect of the
topic or individual topics if appropriate. Sometimes, in the last body
paragraph before the conclusion, the writer will express an opinion
and leave the readers with something to think about.

Best wishes, good luck

References:

1- Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary

2- Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English
Online
3- Dictionary.com
4- Grammar way book
5- New Hello Students book
6- https://www.grammarly.com/blog/compare-
contrast/#:~:text=A%20compare%2Dand%2Dcont
rast%20essay%20is%20a%20style%20of%20essay,
other%20or%20unjustly%20lumped%20together
7- Cycles 1,2,3
8- Upstream Companion
9- Writing Academic English
10- Upstream Grammar Reference
11- The Official ACT Prep Guide 2020 - 2021
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT J,I / STEM / [ vv t ]
Ministry of Education ^
Completion of Egyptian G.S.C. E in the STEM Schools, 2016
First Session - New System
First Foreign Language : English Time: 3 hours
( Aiill ) jauAlLxli QMAJWA
[ _ _ %-
1
k

) Write a
^
iL»wi u3 ULI
Language Functions
dialogue of FIVE exchanges between Ali , a new graduate and his father:
Ali's father offers to help him start a small project . Greetings are not counted.

_ _
[ iuJlAJI 4 >uO waJf J iilLuikl ]
 Jfi / S T E M /
[2]

B- Vocabulary & Structure

^ [ WM

2) Choose the correct answer from a , b, c or d :

1- The .. between Cairo and my town is 650 kilometres.
a ) district b) area c) distance d ) space
2- It is hard to walk in space because there is no
a ) gravity b) waiting c) spin d ) air
3- She an archaeologist when she leaves university .
.

a) is going to become b) is becoming c) will become d) becomes

4- Six months half a year .
a) are b) is c) be d) were
5- I am writing that my teacher asked for .
a) essay b) an essay c ) the essay d ) that essay
6- After the accident, the doctor her to check if she was not injured.
a ) examined b) looked at c) tested d ) studied
7- Wind and wave power are types of energy.
a ) new b ) waste c) renewable d ) cheap
8- When I was younger, I go swimming every day .
a) am used to b) used c) use d) used to
9 - It that air travel will become more popular in the future.
a ) is thought b) was thought c) thought d ) thinks
10- Her uncle can ’ t remember his accident . The doctor thinks he may have
a ) headache b) phobia c) amnesia d ) injury
11 - Wanting friends is part of human
a ) conflict b) nature c) will d) life
12- She didn ’ t see her brother this morning. He . . the flat very early .
a ) must have left b) can ’ t have left
c) must leave d ) can ’ t leave
13- That plant has been . . . . so that it gets lots of light.
a ) explored b) purchased c) positioned d ) sold
14- Ahmed ’ s mother asked him where
a ) he had been b) had he been
c) has he been d ) he has been
15- Accidents more frequently when the roads are busy .
a ) take part b ) come in c) cause d ) occur
[ ill Lift J iLLu/ ! iLJL> ]
*
 L3 J
16- That tower is one of the town ’ s most famous .
^
d*l / STEM / £•** [ T V t ]

a) marks b) landmarks c) events d) products

17- My brother his ambition when he became a doctor .
a) achieved b) won c) got d ) made
18- Ali was very tired yesterday evening because he for a school test all day .
a) has revised b) had been revising c) revised d) revising
19- I really to very loud music in public places.
a) disagree b) argue c) can ’ t stand d ) object
20- Whose is it to make sure children arrive safely at school?
a) responsible b) responsibility c) response d ) respond
21- Five pounds a lot for a cup of coffee.
a ) are b) cost c) pay d ) is
22- In some countries, people use a passport instead of a/ an card.
a ) identity b) personal c ) national d) individual
23- Did they ever discover the of the fire?
a) reason b) purpose c) explanation d ) cause
24- My sister promised me after school this afternoon .
a) meeting b) to meet c) met d ) meet
25- I’ ve just finished a novel ..the main character is an 80-year-old man.
a ) which b) in which c) who d ) whose
26- I’ ve heard that a new treatment for flu has been discovered .
a ) effective b) useless c) real d ) cruel
27- On . that he had passed his driving test, Taha was very happy .
a) heard b) hear ^J I.V -
AAWVM A d ) hearing
28- There was great when our team won the football match .
a ) procession b) depression c ) excitement d ) attachment
29- He wasn’ t getting enough exercise, he joined a sports club .
a ) because b) although c ) and d ) so
30- By this time next week, the exam results will
a ) have been published b) have published c ) be publishing d ) publish
[ iuufjjj a >. d uMt j aiimkf a+i-j ]
 t43 Jjj / S T E M I [ VVqg Li
^
C- Reading Comprehension
3) Read the following passage, then answer the questions;
Do you like video games? Lots of people do. There are many types of video games.
Some people like action games. Other people like driving games. But the most popular
game of all time is a puzzle game .
Tetris is a game about making lines. Blocks fall from the top of the screen. They fall
one at a time . The player moves the blocks . Once the blocks hit the bottom, they
are
locked in place. Players try to make lines go across the screen with no gaps. Complete
lines disappear. This gives players more room . The blocks pile up during the game. The
game ends when the blocks get to the top of the screen.
A man named Alexey made Tetris in 1984. All the pieces in Tetris have four blocks .
The word "tetra" means four . Alexey named his game after tetra and tennis. He made
Tetris while working at a science academy in Moscow. Moscow is in Russia. Alexey
made his game on a screen that only showed letters. He could not use blocks. The blocks
were made out of letters in the first game of Tetris. Still , all Alexey's friends loved his
game. It was easy to learn and fun to play .
Soon the game spread across the world . It was on every computer . It was in arcades. It
came with every one of Nintendo's Game Boy. More than 100 million Game Boys were
sold. Tetris was all over the place. Even today Tetris comes with many phones. Dr.
Richard Haier has studied Tetris players . He ran many tests. He found that playing Tetris
boosts mental activity . Dr. Haier thinks Tetris is good for the brain. I agree with this
finding. Now go and play some Tetris. It 's just what the doctor recommended.
Choose the correct answer from a , b, c or d :
1- This article is about
a ) Video games b) Tetris c) Alexey d) Blocks
2- The goal of Tetris is
a ) to make tall piles of blocks b) to match the colors of blocks
c) to make complete lines d ) to get blocks to the top of the screen
3- Tetris is named after
a ) the number ten b) fish c) Paris d ) tennis
4- When Alexey created Tetris, he was in
a ) Paris b) Russia
c ) The United States of America d ) Germany
5- The highest selling game of all time is
a ) a driving game
[a HI aliM a
___ _ ^
b) Call of Duty
>» A wa b 9
c ) Tetris
a 1 \ ntKI a » a > ]
d ) an action game
 [5] Jil / STEM / .o
^
6- Which event happened first?
a ) Tetris was played with letters instead of blocks.
b) Tetris was released on the phone.
c ) Tetris was released in the arcade.
d ) Tetris was brought to the Game Boy .
7- The main idea of the second paragraph is
a) to persuade readers to play Tetris
b) to explain how Tetris is played
c) to describe different types of games
d ) to compare Tetris to other puzzle games
8- According to Dr. Richard Haier, which is true about Tetris?
a) Tetris lowers blood pressure.
b) Tetris increases physical strength.
c) Tetris boosts mental activity.
d ) Tetris has many side effects.
9- What happens to a block that hits the bottom and does not form a complete line in
Tetris?
a ) It disappears and reappears at the top.
b) It is locked in place.
c) The player moves the block.
d ) It gives the player more room .
10- Why did the first game of Tetris use letters instead of blocks?
a ) Alexey did not think of using blocks .
b) Alexey thought letters were more fun.
c) Alexey ' s screen could only show letters.
d ) Alexey wanted to teach people to read .
4) Read the following passage , then answer the questions:
Televisions show sounds and pictures. They get data from cables, discs, or over-the-air
signals. They turn this data into sounds and images. People watch news and shows on
them . You probably call them TVs . John Baird made the first TV in 1925. It had one
color . It could only show 30 lines. This was just enough room for a face . It didn't work
well , but it was a start.
The first TV station was set up in 1928. It was in New York. Few people had TVs.
The broadcasts were not meant to be watched . They showed a Felix the Cat doll for two
hours a day . The doll spun around on a record player . They were experimenting . It took
many years to get it right . By the end of the 1930s, TVs were working well . America got
its first taste at the 1939 World 's Fair. This was one of the biggest events ever. There
were 200 small , black and white TVs set up around the fair . The U.S . President gave a
speech over the TVs. The TVs were only five inches big but the people loved it ,

[ A in ll in U 4 a
^ Ulll 9
^
A 1 i .
tt yi 4 t iLj ]
 —_
Jji / STEM /
[6] -

They wanted TVs. But World War II was going on during that time.
— -
^ [ W £ ] £jli

Factories
were
i i

busy making guns and bombs . When the war was over, TV spread across the country . By
1948 there were 4 big TV networks in America. They aired their shows from 8 to 11 each
night . Local shows were aired at other times. Most of the time, nothing was shown at all .
TV was not " always on " like it is now. Color TVs came out in 1953. They cost too much
money for most. Also, shows were aired in black and white. By 1965, color TVs
were cheaper. TV stations started airing shows in color. People had to switch if they
wanted to see the shows.
Now most TVs are high-def. This means that they have many lines on them. This
makes the image clear. TVs have come a long way since Baird's 30 line set . High-
def. TVs have 1080 lines. There are state of the art sets called 4K TVs. These TVs have
3840 lines. Some people watch TV in 3D. I wonder what they will come up with next.
Choose the correct answer from a , b, c or d :
1- Color TVs came out in
a ) 1925 b) 1953 c) 1939 d ) 1965
2- Which was not true about the first TV?
a ) It could only show one color .
b) It only had 30 lines.
c) It did not have sound .
d ) It did not work well .
3- Networks started showing programs in color in
a ) 1948 b) 1953 c) 1965 d) 1939
4- Why did the first TV station only show Felix the Cat for two hours a day?
a ) They were running tests .
b) Felix the Cat was really popular.
c) Felix the Cat had been a big radio star.
d ) Felix the Cat was the only show that they had .
5- slowed the spread of TVs.
a ) The World's Fair of 1939
b) The Civil War
c ) The election of the U . S . President
d ) World War II
6- The author's main purpose is to
a ) try to explain how a TV works .
b) tell readers how TVs became popular.
c) describe the history of the TV .
d ) try to get people to watch more TV .

[ Jl .
J ili.u ifl ]
 [7] Jjl / SUilVl /
-
£.t J p v jj iu
^
7- Why did many families switch to color TVs in 1965?
a ) Color TVs cost a lot of money .
b) Many shows were only shown in color .
c ) Color TVs came out in 1965.
d ) World War II ended and troops returned home.
8- 1939 was an important year for TV because
a ) many Americans were introduced to TV .
b) the first color TV was released .
c) the first TV station began broadcasting.
d ) John Baird created the first TV.
9- How many lines does a 4K TV have?
a ) 30 b) 1080 c) 4000 d ) 3840
10- Which happened first ?
a ) The 1939 World's Fair
b) The release of high-def. TVs
c) The end of World War II
d) The release of color TVs
D- The Novel (The Prisoner of Zenda)
5) Answer only FIVE of the following questions;
1- Discuss some of the moral values embedded in the novel ' The Prisoner of Zenda

.
2- Write about a turning point in the story that changed the life of one of its characters

[ J all u. k ) LfJu ]
 Jji / STEM / fr
[8 J ^ [ TVilfrjLi
3- Write about the setting of the novel ‘The Prisoner ofZenda’ . Give information from the
novel to support your answer.

4- Sapt was the wise old man without whom Rassendyll's job as a King would have been
too difficult . Discuss the previous statement .

5- As a King, Rassendyll faced several hardships. Mention two and say how he was able
to overcome them .

-
6 Write a short paragraph about your favourite character.

.
[ a jt vuLiJI a > a >AJ1 9
^
a 11 > » ¥ ( a > A > ]
 [9] Jii / STEM / [W t]

E- Writing
6) Write an essay of not less than 250 words on the following topic :
“ Do you agree or disagree that modem technology has great effects on everyday life?”
Discuss.

[ aJ i ]
 '

i
«4

n^ [ ? AA ] «7
^ / waxs / fp [ 01 ]
 [ 11 ] J*1 / STEM / [ Wi ] gjD

* . •i
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT
Ministry of Education
Completion of Egyptian G.S.C.E in the STEM Schools, 2017
First Session
First Foreign Language: English Time: 3 hours
) ‫مقاييس المفاهيم ( اللغة اإلنجليزية‬
A- Language Functions
1- Write a dialogue of FIVE exchanges between Mr. and Mrs. Ahmed. The former suggests
entertaining some foreign guests at a restaurant, while the latter prefers to invite them at home.
Each tries to persuade the other, giving his/her reasons.
 / STEM / ‫ع‬.‫ث‬

B- Vocabulary & Structure

3- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1- During our stay in London, we paid a visit to the hospital founded ……………… the nurse
Florence Nightingale.
a) in honour of b) in favour of c) in case of d) in place of
2- Ali and his wife had invited them both over for a family cookout but Ahmed didn't
want to be around someone ……………… comfortable world when his was a tossed salad.
a) elses b) else c) elses' d) else's
3- The others picked themselves up from the ground one by one and quickly rejoined their
fellows, so for a/an ………………… the fighter thought he had won the fight with ease.
a) time b) moment c) suddenly d) once
4- Do you expect ………………… to be possible that more and more students from poor
families will be able to go to college?
a) it b) this c) which d) that
th
5- By the mid-20 century, America's dreamers were preoccupied with their great and glorious
future which seemed ………………….
a) avoidable b) capable c) inevitable d) invisible
6- Persons found guilty of bringing false charges of …………………were liable to criminal
prosecution by the state and a fine on conviction.
a) commitment b) blackmail c) admit d) recuperate
7- He finally won the general election because many of his promises were quite popular
………………… the voters.
a) in b) for c) with d) to
8- ………………… stretched as far as she could see in either direction with uneven stone and
shale between her and the rest of the island.
a) Rays b) Stones c) Cliffs d) Stairs
9- When I go out in the evening, I use the bike ………………… the car if I can.
a) regardless of b) in spite of c) other than d) rather than
10- Being an/a ………………… character, he immigrated to America when he was seventeen
years old.
a) conventional b) suitable c) adventurous d) timid
11- Dr. Perkins is a brilliant and dedicated scientist who had expected to be selected as the
director of the institute. She was very surprised not ………………… the position.
a) having offered b) having been offered
c) to have offered d) to have been offered
12- Why does she always ask you for help?
- Because there is no one else …………………
a) for whom to turn b) she can turn to c) for her to turn d) who to turn to
13- This fuel, he believes, will be vastly better than anything we ………………… produce.
a) luckily b) completely c) currently d) probably
14- Americans consume………………… vegetables per person today as they did in 1910.
a) twice as many b) as twice as many
c) more than twice d) more than twice many
15- Of all the mortals ………………… he'd ever known, he'd never considered one a friend.
a) apart b) different c) no word d) same

2
3
 16- Near the table ………………… a poor dog, who desired to satisfy his hunger with what fell
from the table.
a) lied b) lay c) lain d) laid
17- The earth has an enormous ………………… core that contains vast amounts of energy.
a) water b) cold c) molten d) hard
18- Whether you believe it or not, it is ………………… that causes your illness.
a) because the overweight b) because you overweight
c) you are so overweight d) your being overweight
19- More and more people try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, and
this ………………… creates further problems.
a) in case b) in turn c) after all d) once again
20- The free enterprise system is established ………………… markets reward those who devise
solutions for, say, pollution abatement or alternative energy creation.
a) even if b) if only c) as soon as d) as long as
21- The early inhabitants, whose race is unknown, were extirpated or ………………… in the
subsequent migrations.
a) illuminated b) illustrated c) occurred d) absorbed
22- The space underneath the roof, where they stood, permitted them to see on all sides of the tall
building, and they looked with ………………… curiosity at the city spread out beneath
them.
a) few b) a few c) many d) much
23- Tom had a bad headache yesterday, so he asked his twin brother Tim ……………… to class
for him. The teacher didn't know the difference between them.
a) is going b) to go c) goes d) has gone
24- Most businessmen are more interested in the ……………… success of their products than
their educational values.
a) criminal b) classical c) cultural d) commercial
25- Despite the excellent qualifications and experience of several candidates, we couldn't find
……………… who we thought would be the right man for the job.
a) sometime b) something c) anywhere d) anyone
26- His idea of having weekly family meals together, which seemed difficult at first, has
……………… many good changes in their lives.
a) turned into b) got through c) brought about d) resulted from
27- He’s one of ……………… people I’ve ever met. He never stops talking and never says
anything interesting.
a) the most boring b) the more boring
c) the least bored d) the more bored
28- Distance learning is being ……………… in some countries to help children in remote rural
schools obtain higher education.
a) adept b) adopted c) adopting d) adapting
29- The crisis we are facing now is ……………… than any of the previous ones.
a) the most serious b) seriously c) more serious d) as serious
30- He had pulled through so many sharp attacks of his "vile ………………… " and other lung
disorders that he began to be seriously alarmed only three days before his death.
a) influenza b) amnesia c) diabetes d) fever

4
 C- Reading Comprehension
3) Read the following passage, then answer the questions:
English Ivy betrays its poor reputation as a nuisance by its unparalleled ability to provide
shade. By seamlessly covering the exterior of a building, it works as a natural insulator, blocking
the sun and decreasing air conditioning costs. This means big savings for both building tenants
and homeowners alike. And it can happen quickly, too. Under the proper conditions, established
English Ivy can grow to cover an area of roughly 500 square feet per year. Given that most
homes have a roof measuring roughly 2000 square feet, ivy-friendly homeowners can rest
assured that their roofs will be completely covered in about four years. When considering
growth rates of newly planted ivy, just remember the old adage: First year, it sleeps. Second
year, it creeps. Third year, it leaps! For English Ivy, this is especially true.
Now, detractors may take this opportunity to remind readers about how invasive English Ivy
can be. For what ivy enthusiast hasn't been cautioned about is its ability to burrow holes,
fracture windows, and even deteriorate brick. But be warned. Oftentimes, this suggestion is
taken to the comical extreme. Naysayers take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns about a
particularly malevolent strand of ivy-one that slips in through the cracks on a hot summer night,
silently strangling homeowners in their sleep. Admittedly, this can be a funny story to tell. But
are we to believe such a tale? The intelligent gardener will quickly dismiss such rubbish for
what it is.
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
31- The primary purpose of the passage is to …………………..
a) highlight the reasons why English Ivy is beneficial.
b) argue that English Ivy is an essential for homeowners.
c) defend the reputation of English Ivy.
d) belittle detractors of English Ivy.
32- As used in paragraph1, which is the best definition of betrays?
a) gives away b) contradicts c) reveals d) supports
33- In paragraph1, the author states, “Given that most homes have a roof measuring roughly
2000 square feet, ivy-friendly homeowners can rest assured that their roofs will be
completely covered in about four years.” Which of the following logical mistakes DON’T
apply to the passage?
I. English Ivy will not cover the area of most roofs in 4 years if it only grows 500 square
feet per year.
II. Most homes may not have the proper conditions necessary for English Ivy to grow at
the specified rate.
III. Newly planted ivy does not grow as fast as established ivy.
a) I only b) II only c) I and II only d) II and III only
34- Based on information in paragraph1, which of the following would most likely be
considered an insulator?
a) an elevator b) an automobile c) a poster d) a winter jacket
35- Which choice would best replace “Admittedly, this can ...” ?
a) NO CHANGE b) Admittedly: this can...
c) Admittedly; this can... d) Admittedly this can...

5
 36- As mentioned in paragraph 2, the word fracture is an /a …………………..
a) noun b) adjective c) adverb d) verb
37- Which of the following characteristics of Ivy is NOT mentioned in the passage?
a) It wards off evil spirits. b) It digs holes.
c) It breaks windows. d) It provides shades.
38- As used in paragraph 2, which is the best antonym of malevolent?
a) wary b) sensitive c) virtuous d) serious
39- This passage would most likely be found…………………..
a) in a scholarly journal about botany.
b) in a magazine article about gardening.
c) in a letter from one gardener to another.
d) on a website identifying different types of plants.
40- The author's tone can best be described as …………………..
a) comic b) passionate c) neutral d) persuasive

6
 D- The Novel (The Prisoner of Zenda)
5) Answer only FIVE of the following questions:
1- Criticize the theme of “love and romance” in "The Prisoner of Zenda" by Anthony
Hope.

2- What are the strengths and weaknesses of Rudolf Rassendyll, the main character in "The
Prisoner of Zenda"?
3- How does the setting in "The Prisoner of Zenda"contribute towards the development of the
plot?
4- In "The Prisoner of Zenda", it is assumed that jealousy might lead to undesirable
outcomes. Discuss.
5- In Hope's "The Prisoner of Zenda", what are the similiarties and differnces between
Rassendyll and the king?
6- Which scene do you like most in "The Prisoner of Zenda", ? Discuss in detail.
E- Writing
6) Write an essay of not less than 250 words on the following topic:

7
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 Maadi STEM School for Girls
English Language Trial TOC
G12
March 2019 Time: 70 min
A- Language Functions(5m)
1- Write a dialogue of FIVE exchanges between two people discussing the importance of
traditional school subjects; one person believes they're important and must be taught and the
other thinks that they're not necessary.
B- Vocabulary & Structure (12 m)
2- Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1. Don’t let potential ……………… block your way to success.
a- hoards
b- hurdles
c- spurs
d- permutations

2. If you are really interested in applying, ask the university to send you the ........................ for the
upcoming year
a- syllabus
b- curriculum
c- prospectus
d- brochure

3. Taking IELTS was the most ………………thing I've ever experienced. I was worried and tension.
a- nerve-rising
b- nerve-reaching
c- nerve-racking
d- nerve-shaking

4. The airline is beginning to ………...........…. some of the business it lost after the bomb explosion.
a- claw in
b- claw back
c- claw out
d- claw forward

5. If you want to achieve your goal you must think all the time that nothing is ever……………….. .
Everything can be achieved one day.
a- undefinable
b- insurmountable
c- inconsiderable
d- undependable

6. At work, try to learn a new thing every day. This will help you ………...................…..your confidence and
self-trust.
a- knock
b- block out
c- boastful
a- boost
7. Keep doing hard work till it become your........................
a- first nature
b- second nature
c- third nature
d- fourth nature

8. If you had studied more, you _____ passed the exam.

a) must have
b) can’t have
c) might have
d) mightn’t have

9. Those shoes are gorgeous! They _____ cheap.

a) can’t have been
b) can’t have
c) mustn’t have
d) mustn’t been

10. Ramy wishes he _____ where he put the fifty pounds he misplaced.
a) could know
b) had known
c) knows
d) knew

11. Nehad regrets _____ her mother on her birthday. She should have done it.
a) not phone
b) not phoned
c) not phoning
d) not to phone

12. I really------------------to very loud music in public places.

a- disagree
b- Argue
c- Can’t stand
d- object

C- Reading Comprehension(8m)
3- Read the following passage, then answer the questions:
English Ivy betrays its poor reputation as a nuisance by its unparalleled ability to
provide shade. By seamlessly covering the exterior of a building, it works as a natural
insulator, blocking the sun and decreasing air conditioning costs. This means big savings for
both building tenants and homeowners alike. And it can happen quickly, too. Under the
proper conditions, established English Ivy can grow to cover an area of roughly 500 square
feet per year. Given that most homes have a roof measuring roughly 2000 square feet, ivy-
friendly homeowners can rest assured that their roofs will be completely covered in about
four years. When considering growth rates of newly planted ivy, just remember the old
adage: First year, it sleeps. Second year, it creeps. Third year, it leaps! For English Ivy, this
is especially true.
Now, detractors may take this opportunity to remind readers about how invasive English
Ivy can be. For what ivy enthusiast hasn't been cautioned about is its ability to burrow holes,
fracture windows, and even deteriorate brick. But be warned. Oftentimes, this suggestion is
taken to the comical extreme. Naysayers take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns about a
particularly malevolent strand of ivy-one that slips in through the cracks on a hot summer
night, silently strangling homeowners in their sleep. Admittedly, this can be a funny story to
tell. But are we to believe such a tale? The intelligent gardener will quickly dismiss such
rubbish for what it is.
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
13) The primary purpose of the passage is to
A. highlight the reasons why English Ivy’s fast growth rate is beneficial
B. argue that English Ivy is an essential plant for homeowners
C. educate readers about how to use English Ivy to insulate their homes
D. defend the reputation of English Ivy

14) As used in paragraph 1, which is the best definition for betrays?

A. gives away
B. contradicts
C. reveals
D. supports

15) In paragraph 1, the author states, “Given that most homes have a roof measuring roughly
2000 square feet, ivy-friendly homeowners can rest assured that their roofs will be
completely covered in about four years.” Which of the following logical mistakes does the
author make in drawing this conclusion?
I. English Ivy will not cover the area of most roofs in 4 years if it only grows 500 square feet
per year.
II. Most homes may not have the proper conditions necessary for English Ivy to grow at the
specified rate.
III. Newly planted ivy does not grow as fast as established ivy.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II only
D. II and III only

16) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best definition for deteriorate?

A. wear away
B. shield
C. add to
D. climb on
 17) Based on information in paragraph 1, which of the following would most likely be
considered an insulator?
A. an umbrella
B. an automobile
C. skin
D. a winter jacket

18) As used in paragraph 2, which is the best antonym for malevolent?

A. wary
B. sensitive
C. virtuous
D. injured

19) This passage would most likely be found

A. in a scholarly journal about botany
B. in a magazine article about gardening
C. in a letter from one gardener to another
D. on a website identifying different types of plants

20) The author's tone can best be described as

A. passionate
B. indignant
C. argumentative
D. persuasive
E. accusatory
D- The Novel (The Prisoner of Zenda) (10m )

4- Answer the following questions:

1- Write about the setting of the novel describing how it contributes to the development of
the events and the plot.
2- Compare between Rudolf Rassenyll and the king.
3- Describe the sides of weakness and strength in Rassenyll’s character, justifying your
answer.
4- (The Prisoner of Zenda) is an action & adventure genre of literature. Explain giving
evidence.

E- Writing(15m)

5- Write an essay of not less than 150 words on the following topic:
Parents’ opinions differ regarding teaching their children a foreign language in elementary
stages of education. Discuss the benefits and disadvantages of the former concept, giving
your opinion.
McQ:

1. b- hurdles
2. c- prospectus
3. c- nerve-racking
4. b- claw back
5. b- insurmountable
6. a- boost
7. b- second nature
8. c- might have
9. a- can’t have been
10. d- knew
11. c- not phoning
12. d- object

comprehension

13. d- defend the reputation of English Ivy

14. B. contradicts
15. D. II and III only
16. A- wear away
17. D. a winter jacket
18. C. virtuous
19. B. in a magazine article about gardening
20. B. indignant

Answers and Explanations

1) E

To answer this question correctly, we must study the first sentence: “English Ivy betrays its poor
reputation as a nuisance by its unparalleled ability to provide shade.” In this sentence, the author lets us
know that he or she is providing reasons why English Ivy betrays, or contradicts, its poor reputation. In
other words, the author intends to point out some benefits of English Ivy. By pointing out these benefits,
as well as discrediting detractors of ivy who often “take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns” about it,
the author defends the reputation of English Ivy. Therefore (E) is correct. Although the author does
highlight one reason why English Ivy’s fast growth rate is beneficial (it will quickly cover a house and thus
act as a natural insulator), he or she does not point out more than one reason. Furthermore, this minor
point serves the author’s larger argument, which is that English Ivy does not deserve its poor reputation.
Therefore (A) is incorrect. The author does not argue that English Ivy is an essential plant for
homeowners, only that it does not deserve its reputation as a nuisance. This means (B) is incorrect. In
paragraph 1, the author states that homeowners can use ivy to insulate their homes, but he or she does
not provide details about precisely how to do this. The author’s lack of specific directions indicates that
he or she is more concerned with defending English Ivy’s reputation than with educating readers. This
makes (C) incorrect. The author does not intend to belittle, or disparage, detractors of English Ivy, but
rather to contradict them. Although the author does gently mock their tendency to “take a strange
pleasure in spinning yarns” about ivy, this statement is not so harsh as to be considered belittling.
Therefore (D) is incorrect.

2) B

betray (verb): to be unfaithful in guarding, maintaining, or fulfilling.

In paragraph 1, the author indicates his or her intention to explain how English Ivy “betrays its poor
reputation as a nuisance.” The author then goes on to cite reasons why English Ivy is beneficial. Based
on this information, we can infer that English Ivy has a bad reputation, but in the author’s opinion, it
does not deserve such a reputation. This means that in this context betrays means goes against or fails
to remain true to. Contradicts is the only answer choice that reflects this meaning, so it is a good
definition in this context. Therefore (B) is correct. Although the word betray is often used to describe the
act of treason, or someone who disloyally gives away secrets, this is not the definition used in the
passage. This means (A) is incorrect. While betray can mean to reveal information that should remain
secret, this is not the definition used in the passage. Indeed, in this context, if the English Ivy revealed its
poor reputation as a nuisance, it would confirm it, not contradict it. This makes (C) incorrect. Support
means to maintain. This is the opposite meaning of contradict, so (D) is incorrect. Highlight means to
emphasize. This is the opposite meaning of contradict, so (E) is incorrect.

3) D

In paragraph 1, the author states, “Under the proper conditions, established English Ivy can grow to
cover an area of roughly 500 square feet per year. Given that most homes have a roof measuring
roughly 2000 square feet, ivy-friendly homeowners can rest assured that their roofs will be completely
covered in about four years.” 500 (square feet) multiplied by 4 (years) equals 2000 (square feet). Given
that English Ivy can grow to cover an area of roughly 500 square feet per year, and most homes have a
roof measuring roughly 2000 square feet, then it makes mathematical sense to figure that English Ivy
will indeed have enough time to cover the area of most roofs in 4 years. This means the author does not
make a logical mistake in this calculation. This eliminates option (I). While the author's math checks out
correctly, there are other flaws in his or her logic. In paragraph 1, the author states, “Under the proper
conditions, established English Ivy can grow to cover an area of roughly 500 square feet per year.” Given
that these figures only hold true under the proper conditions, it is wrong to assume that English Ivy will
grow at this rate at most homes. After all, many houses may not get the proper light, rain, or
temperatures necessary for English Ivy to grow well. This supports option (II). At the end of paragraph 1,
the author states, “When considering growth rates of newly planted ivy, just remember the old adage:
First year, it sleeps. Second year, it creeps. Third year, it leaps! For English Ivy, this is especially true.”
Using this information, it can be inferred that English Ivy will need up to two years before it begins to
grow at a regular pace. The author cites the growth rates for “established” ivy, or ivy that is not newly
planted. Using this information, we can infer that newly planted English Ivy will likely take longer than 4
years to cover a 2000-square foot roof. This supports option (III). Therefore (D) is correct.

4) A

deteriorate (verb): to make or become worse in quality or character; to disintegrate or wear away.

In paragraph 2, the author writes, “Now, detractors may take this opportunity to remind readers about
how invasive English Ivy can be. For what ivy enthusiast hasn't been cautioned about its ability to
burrow holes, fracture windows, and even deteriorate brick?” The author describes how invasive ivy can
be by listing ways in which it can be destructive. Based on this information, we can infer that deteriorate
has a negative, destructive connotation. Wear away is the only answer choice that has a destructive
connotation, so it is the best definition for deteriorate. Therefore (A) is correct. Shield means to cover or
protect, which is not a negative or destructive action. Since the author uses deteriorate in a list of
negative actions, we know that (B) is incorrect. Add to means to increase or build on, which is not a
negative or destructive action. Since the author uses deteriorate in a list of negative actions, we know
that (C) is incorrect. Climb on means to ascend or crawl up. Although this may accurately describe how
ivy grows, it does not indicate a way that ivy could be destructive to brick. Therefore (D) is incorrect.
Strengthen means to make stronger. This is not a negative or destructive action, so (E) is incorrect.

5) E

In paragraph 1, the author writes, “By seamlessly covering the exterior of a building, [English Ivy] works
as a natural insulator, blocking the sun and decreasing air conditioning costs.” According to this
statement, an insulator is something that covers the exterior of something else, thus providing
protection and regulating temperature. The English Ivy covers the outside of the house, providing shade
from the sun and therefore keeping the temperature of the house down. A winter jacket is something
that covers the exterior of the body, providing protection from winter elements such as wind, rain,
snow, and cold air, and therefore keeping the temperature of the wearer’s body up. Given that an
insulator covers the exterior of something, regulates temperature, and protects it from the elements, it
can be inferred that a winter jacket would most likely be considered an insulator. Therefore (E) is
correct. An

© Copyright Read Theory LLC, 2012. All rights reserved. 4

umbrella does provide protection from the rain, but it is held above one’s head and does not cover the
exterior of the body as ivy covers a house. Furthermore, an umbrella does not help regulate
temperature. This means (A) is incorrect. Although an automobile surrounds its occupant, its primary
purpose is not to provide protection, but rather to provide transportation. It also does not cover those
who ride in it in the same way that ivy covers a house. Therefore (B) is incorrect. Suntan lotion can
provide protection from the sun’s rays, but it does not regulate temperature as an insulator does. This
means (C) is incorrect. Skin is the exterior of the body; it is not a cover for an exterior. Although it may
provide protection from the elements and help regulate temperature, skin does not cover the outside of
something as ivy covers the outside of a house. This means (D) is incorrect.
6) C

malevolent (adjective): evil, harmful, or injurious.

In paragraph 2, the author writes, “Naysayers take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns about a
particularly malevolent strand of ivy-—one that slips in through the cracks on a hot summer night,
silently strangling homeowners in their sleep.” A plant that wishes to strangle someone is portrayed as
bad, so malevolent must mean bad or evil. Virtuous is the best antonym for evil. Therefore (C) is correct.
Wary means cautious. Although one might be wary about something evil, wary is not the opposite of
evil. This means (A) is incorrect. Sensitive means emotional or perceptive. Although these are generally
considered positive characteristics, they are not the opposite of evil. This makes (B) incorrect. Injured
means harmed in some way. Although something evil could cause harm, the opposite of evil is not
injured. Therefore (D) is incorrect. Willing means compliant or agreeable. Although this is a positive
characteristic, it is not the opposite of evil. This means (E) is incorrect.

7) B

The passage provides a defense of English Ivy’s reputation. In paragraph 1, the author notes its benefits,
namely that it can provide shade, act as an insulator, and is fast-growing. In paragraph 2, the author
argues that those who claim ivy is invasive often take their warnings “to the comical extreme.” Overall,
the author argues that English Ivy does not deserve its poor reputation as a nuisance. Moreover, the
author uses familiar, colloquial language that gives the passage a folksy tone. For example, he or she
writes: “When considering growth rates of newly planted ivy, just remember the old adage: First year, it
sleeps. Second year, it creeps. Third year, it leaps!” This tone is also evident when the author asks, “But
are we to believe such a tale?” Finally, the author seems to address a general audience that includes
“building tenants and homeowners,” “detractors,” “naysayers,” as well as “ivy enthusiasts.” Based on
the content, the colloquial tone, and the general audience of this passage, we can infer that it would
most likely be found in a magazine article about gardening. Therefore (B) is correct. The folksy, familiar
tone and general audience of this passage do not belong in a scholarly journal, so (A) is incorrect. The
audience of this passage includes many different types of people, and while the tone is familiar, it is not
as intimate as one would expect in a personal letter. This eliminates (C). The purpose of the passage is
not to identify plants in an objective way, but to defend English Ivy’s reputation. This means it would not
likely be found on a website identifying plants, so (D) is incorrect. Although in paragraph 1 the author
does note that English Ivy can act as a “natural insulator, blocking the sun and decreasing air
conditioning costs,” the focus of the passage is on English Ivy’s reputation, not on ways to make a home
energy-efficient. Therefore (E) is incorrect.

8) B

At the beginning of the passage, the author writes, “English Ivy betrays its poor reputation as a nuisance
by its unparalleled ability to provide shade.” This lets us know that the author intends to defend English
Ivy against its poor reputation. He or she then provides several reasons why English Ivy might be
considered a desirable plant. In paragraph 2, the author expresses indignation about how English Ivy
acquired such a bad reputation, suggesting that “naysayers take a strange pleasure in spinning yarns
about a particularly malevolent strand of ivy—one that slips in through the cracks on a hot summer
night, silently strangling homeowners in their sleep.” Furthermore, the author advises the reader to "be
warned" about these detractors of English Ivy, which implies that the author considers their tactics
somehow unfair or offensive. The author continues to discuss how detractors will try to scare the reader
into believing false accounts of English Ivy that the author states are "rubbish." Based on the displeasure
the author expresses about English Ivy’s poor reputation and how it is acquired, we can determine that
the author's tone is indignant. Therefore (B) is correct. The author may indeed be passionate about
gardening and English Ivy. However, the author's tone in this passage is not as passionate as it is
indignant. In passionate writing, the author would be more sentimental and expressive. Moreover, the
author would probably focus on his or her love of English Ivy rather than his or her indignation at its
detractors. Therefore (A) is incorrect. While the author does present several arguments in the passage,
the passage as a whole does not restrict itself to formal argument. In argumentative writing, facts are
used to support an opinion. However, in this passage, there is a mixture of facts (“Under the proper
conditions, established English Ivy can grow to cover an area of roughly 500 square feet per year”) and
opinions (“Oftentimes, this suggestion is taken to the comical extreme,” and “But are we to believe such
a tale?”). Furthermore, the author relies on anecdotal, conjectural evidence instead of concrete facts
and statistics to support his or her claim that the reader should ignore ivy’s detractors. This means the
tone is not strictly argumentative. Therefore (C) is incorrect. While one of the author’s secondary
purposes is to persuade the reader to agree with him or her, the author does not overtly call the reader
to action using language such as should, must, needs to, or has to. The author is not explicitly persuasive
about what the reader should believe. He or she merely claims that the reader should not listen to those
who criticize English Ivy. This means (D) is incorrect. The author does not overtly accuse or blame
anyone, but rather provides a defense against general “detractors.” An accusatory tone is harsher than
the author’s tone in this passage, so (E) is incorrect.
 STEM Schools
Model English TOC Exam
TOC‫نموذج اختبار‬
Time: 3 hours
a) Language Functions
Write a dialogue of FIVE exchanges between two friends one of them wants to
watch the match at a café or a club while the other prefers to watch it at home

b) Vocabulary & Structure

Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1. At a horserace, even the most detached and indifferent spectator can be
………… away by enthusiasm.
a) excited b) moved c) stirred d )carried
2. My friend had to quit smoking because the doctor advised …………..so.
a)to do b) doing c)to doing d ) do
3. An……………… boat was found miles away from the shore; the police never
found out who had been on it.
a) abandoned b)outworn c) austere d) outmoded
4. Some say that success in today’s competitive workplace calls for toughness
and………..
a) ruthlessness b) rudeness c) cruelness d) callousness
5. After a long training session, the coach allowed his players to let their
………………down for an hour.
a) hair b) heads c) hearts d) hands
6. -You're working so hard. Why don’t you …………………. some of your work to
your assistant?
a)delegate b) design c) resign d) consolidate
7. Most asthma patients have mild disease, ………….the burden of mild asthma is
not well understood nor studied.
a) while b) due to c) although d) despite
8. If you suffer from reflux, it is more important to avoid eating and drinking right
before bed since this can make your symptoms ………………………...
a)the worst b)further c) worse d)worst
9. Regular exercise can improve sleep quality and duration; ………… ,
exercising immediately before bedtime can have a stimulant effect on the body.
a) consequently b) furthermore c )nonetheless d) nevertheless
10. Had the weather forecast been predicted ………………... , we would have a
perfect picnic tomorrow
a) carefully b) acutely c) astutely d) accurately
11. He never shows his emotions ;no matter what happens, he always keeps a stiff
upper………..
a) hand b) eye c) head d) lip
12. Whatever candidates may think about examiners, they are not in fact
………………
a) Insensitive b) responsive c) inaccurate d) insensible
 13. I tried on two of the trousers but ……………..of them fitted me .
a)both b) neither c)either d) all
14. It is still uncertain whether or not the place …………………….. . The
decision must be made in May.
a) will be rebuilt b) has been rebuilt c) is rebuilt d) was rebuilt
15. The tailor was wondering whether Omar is not holding his stomach ………….,
as his waist was two centimetres more than the last time he measured it.
a)away b)for c)in d)off
16. We hope doctors may someday be able to diagnose lung cancer with ……..more
than a quick swab of the mouth.
a)everything b)nothing c)something d)anything
17. Throughout history, there have been some books which had an extraordinary
impact, …………..this was nothing compared to the influence the new media
have.
a) yet b)because c)otherwise d)in spite of
18. Parents tend to overlook the rates of their children’s intelligence and usually
make overly ……………..predictions about their future .
a) optimistic b) pessimistic c) intrinsic d) extrinsic
19. It is observed that nobody becomes great without self-doubt. But you can't let it
……………. you.
a) consume b) decay c) support d) uphold
20. A cave is a natural opening in the ground extending beyond the …………… of
light, and large enough to permit the entry of man.
a) district b) hamlet c) glow d) zone
21. Far……………………… actions have a very wide range of influence that
affects a great number of things.
a) fetched b) stretching c) sighted d) reaching
22. The architect’s idea recommended modernising various ………….. of the
house without changing its essential character.
a)ways b) sides c) aspects d)paths
23. -………. she wanted to stay at the party, she had to leave.
a) Otherwise b) Much as c) In contrast d) However
24. The engineer referred the workers………………..theinformation in the vehicle
operation manual.
a)of b) on c) for d)to
25. …………….. attempt to explain why humans think and behave in the way that
they do will inevitably be linked to one or another branch of psychology.
a-Some b- None c- All d-Any
26. Jewellery was important in ………… settled………..nomadic societies and
was worn for festive occasions and for displaying wealth.
a)just as / when b)either / or c)neither / nor d)both / and
27. The UN should introduce measures to put ………… , or at least restrict,
organised crime.
a) up b) out c) off d) down
 28. There is ……………………. rain and intense sunlight in tropical climates;
consequently, plant life is luxuriant and varied.

a)insufficient b) detrimental c) abundant d) deficient

29. Talented musicians are …………………….. at playing at least four
instruments.
a) adept b) keen c) careful d) awkward
30. Because many elderly are in poor health and have weakened immune systems,
they are vulnerable to getting the disease when exposed to the virus
…………………. they have already been immunized.
a) as if b) even if c) as long as d) in case
c) Reading Comprehension
3- Read the following passage, then answer the questions:
Many great inventions are initially greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of
the airplane was no exception. Although many people who heard about the first
powered flight on December 17, 1903 were excited and impressed, others reacted with
peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such
people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine,
impulsive fools. Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by
their desire to succeed, they continued their experiments in aviation.
Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in aeronautics
and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and
mechanical toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing
press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of
Otto Lilienthal, the brothers' interest in flight grew into a compulsion.
Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his
body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however,
and they searched for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne
vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights tested numerous gliders and developed control
techniques. The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders almost led
them to abandon their efforts.
After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the published tables of
air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong. They set up a wind tunnel and began a
series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the old tables were
repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved
surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for the brothers to design a machine that
would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than $1,000.
They even designed and built their own source of propulsion -a lightweight gasoline
engine. When they started the engine on December 17, the airplane pulsated wildly
before taking off. The plane managed to stay aloft for 12 seconds, however, and it flew
120 feet.
By 1905, the Wrights had perfected the first airplane that could turn, circle, and
remain airborne for half an hour at a time. Others had flown in balloons and hang
gliders, but the Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly
under its own power. As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering
achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately called the fathers of
aviation.

1- The idea of flying an aircraft was ______ to some people.

A. boring B. distasteful C. exciting D. needless
2- The best word to replace “repellent” in “ This idea was repellent …” could be
………..
a- rejecting b-motivating c- harmful d-harmless
3-The Wrights’ interest in aviation ………………
a-appeared suddenly b-was frustrating
c-was competitive d- was undeniable
4- According to the passage , the Wright Brothers made a plane that ………..
a-never took off b-fought enemies
c-travelled long distances d-flew for a short time
5- The best title for this passage could be …….
a- Wrong theories b- Aviation Forerunners c-Scientific research d- Passion for
interest
6- People thought that the Wright brothers had ………..
A. acted without thinking B. been negatively influenced
C. been too cautious D. been mistaken
7- The Wrights' interest in flight grew into a ______.
A. financial empire B. plan C. need to act D. foolish thought
8-. Lilienthal's idea about controlling airborne vehicles was _________ the Wrights.
A. proven wrong by B. opposite to the ideas of
C. rejected by d. improved by
9- The old tables were _________ and replaced by the first reliable figures for air
pressure on curved surfaces.
A. destroyed B. cancelled C. multiplied D. approved
10- The Wrights designed and built their own source of _________.
A. force for moving forward B. force for turning around
C. force of moving downward D. force for going backward
d) The Novel (The Prisoner of Zenda)
Answer Only FIVE of the following questions:
1. In your opinion, why did not Rassendyll shoot Rupert in the assault to release the
king?
2. Who do you think is more devilish Black Michael or Rupert of Hentzau ? Give
reasons.
3. Black Michael could not expose the real identity of Rassendyll .Discuss
4. Although Madam Mauban was ready to do anything for Michael, she helped
Rassendyll against him. Discuss.
5. Do you think the poor people of Ruritania really hated the real king ?Give reasons.
6. Rassendyll was a good man and loyal for the king, but he did not keep his word to his
sister-in-law, Rose. Discuss
E. Writing
Write an essay of not less than 250 Words about the following topic:
One of your friends told you that his family has a lot of old books and clothes. What
advice can you give him about the best ways to make use of them?
 STEM Schools
Model English TOC Exam
TOC‫نموذج اختبار‬
Time: 3 hours
a) Language Functions
Write a dialogue of FIVE exchanges between two friends one of them wants to
watch the match at a café or a club while the other prefers to watch it at home

b) Vocabulary & Structure

Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1. At a horserace, even the most detached and indifferent spectator can be
………… away by enthusiasm.
no longer
a) excited b) moved c) stirred d )carried
useful or 2. My friend had to quit smoking because the doctor advised …………..so.
important a)to do b) doing c)to doing d ) do
outworn 3. An……………… boat was found miles away from the shore; the police never
industries found out who had been on it.
plain in a) abandoned b)outworn c) austere d) outmoded
style and 4. Some say that success in today’s competitive workplace calls for toughness A callous
without and……….. person or
decoration action is
a) ruthlessness b) rudeness c) cruelness d) callousness very cruel
The church
is large and
5. After a long training session, the coach allowed his players to let their and shows
austere. ………………down for an hour.let your hair down
to relax and enjoy yourself, without worrying about behaving politely no concern
a) hair b) heads c) hearts d) hands for other
If you describe people or
something as 6. -You're working so hard. Why don’t you …………………. some of your work to
their
outmoded, you your assistant? feelings.
mean that you a)delegate b) design c) resign leave your job d) consolidate
think it is 7. Most asthma patients have mild disease, ………….the burden of mild asthma is
old-fashioned not well understood nor studied. If you
and no longer consolidate

useful or a) while b) due to ‫ارﺗﺟﺎع اﻟﻣرئ‬ c) although d) despite something that

you have, for
relevant to 8. If you suffer from reflux, it is more important to avoid eating and drinking right example power
or success, you
modern life. before bed since this can make your symptoms ………………………... strengthen it so
that it becomes
a)the worst b)further c) worse d)worst more effective or
9. Regular exercise can improve sleep quality and duration; ………… however,
secure.

exercising immediately before bedtime can have a stimulant effect on the body.
a) consequently b) furthermore c )nonetheless d) nevertheless
10. Had the weather forecast been predicted ………………... , we would have a
perfect picnic tomorrow
a) carefully b) acutely ‫ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ ﺣﺎدة‬ c) astutely ‫ﺑذﻛﺎء‬ d) accurately
11. He never shows his emotions ;no matter what happens, he always keeps a stiff
upper……….. keep a stiff upper lip
to maintain one's courage or composure
a) hand b) eye c) head d) lip during a time of trouble without giving way to
or revealing one's emotions
12. Whatever candidates may think about examiners, they are not in fact
insensitive monsters
………………
a) Insensitive b) responsive c) inaccurate d) insensible
‫ﻏﯾر ﺣﺳﺎس‬ ‫ ﻏﺎﻓل‬/‫ﺟﺎھل‬
 13. I tried on two of the trousers but ……………..of them fitted me .
a)both b) neither c)either d) all
14. It is still uncertain whether or not the place …………………….. . The
decision must be made in May.
a) will be rebuilt b) has been rebuilt c) is rebuilt d) was rebuilt
15. The tailor was wondering whether Omar is not holding his stomach ………….,
as his waist was two centimetres more than the last time he measured it.
a)away b)for c)in d)off
16. We hope doctors may someday be able to diagnose lung cancer with ……..more
‫ اﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﻟﻣﺳﺣﺔ‬than a quick swab of the mouth.

a)everything b)nothing c)something d)anything

17. Throughout history, there have been some books which had an extraordinary
impact, …………..this was nothing compared to the influence the new media
have.
a) yet= but = however b)because c)otherwise d)in spite of
18. Parents tend to overlook the rates of their children’s intelligence and usually
make overly ……………..predictions about their future .
‫داﺧﻠﻰ‬
‫ ﻣﺗﻔﺎﺋل‬a) optimistic b) pessimistic ‫ﺗﺷﺎﺋم‬c) ‫ﻣ‬ intrinsic d) extrinsic ‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻰ‬
19. It is observed that nobody becomes great without self-doubt. But you can't let it
……………. you.
a) consume b) decay c) support d) uphold support =back ‫ﯾﺗﻣﺳك ب‬
20. A cave is a natural opening in the ground extending beyond the …………… of
light, and large enough to permit the entry of man.
a) district b) hamlet c) glow d) zone
21. Far……………………… actions have a very wide range of influence that
‫ى‬ ‫د‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ة‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺑ‬

affects a great number of things.

a) fetched b) stretching c) sighted d) reaching
22. The architect’s idea recommended modernising various ………….. of the
house without changing its essential character.
a)ways b) sides c) aspects d)paths ‫ھﯾﺋﺔ‬/ ‫ﻣظﮭر‬/ ‫ﺟﺎﻧب‬
23. -………. she wanted to stay at the party, she had to leave.
a) Otherwise b) Much as ‫ﺑﻘدر‬ c) In contrast d) However
24. The engineer referred the workers………………..theinformation in the vehicle
‫اﺣﺎل اﻻﻣر اﻟﻰ‬

operation manual.
a)of b) on c) for d)to
25. …………….. attempt to explain why humans think and behave in the way that
they do will inevitably be linked to one or another branch of psychology.
a-Some b- None c- All d-Any
26. Jewellery was important in ………… settled………..nomadic societies and
was worn for festive occasions and for displaying wealth.
a)just as / when b)either / or c)neither / nor d)both / and
27. The UN should introduce measures to put ………… , or at least restrict, ‫ﯾﻘﯾد‬
organised crime.
a) up b) out c) off d) down To bring to an end
 28. There is ……………………. rain and intense sunlight in tropical climates;
consequently, plant life is luxuriant and varied.

a)insufficient b) detrimental ‫ﻣؤذى‬/‫ ﺿﺎر‬c) abundant d) deficient‫ﻧﺎﻗص‬

29. Talented musicians are …………………….. at playing at least four
instruments.
a) adept ‫ﺑﺎرع‬ b) keen c) careful d) awkward
30. Because many elderly are in poor health and have weakened immune systems,
they are vulnerable to getting the disease when exposed to the virus
…………………. they have already been immunized.
a) as if b) even if c) as long as d) in case
c) Reading Comprehension
3- Read the following passage, then answer the questions:
Many great inventions are initially greeted with ridicule and disbelief. The invention of
the airplane was no exception. Although many people who heard about the first
powered flight on December 17, 1903 were excited and impressed, others reacted with
peals of laughter. The idea of flying an aircraft was repulsive to some people. Such
people called Wilbur and Orville Wright, the inventors of the first flying machine,
impulsive fools. Negative reactions, however, did not stop the Wrights. Impelled by
their desire to succeed, they continued their experiments in aviation.
Orville and Wilbur Wright had always had a compelling interest in aeronautics
and mechanics. As young boys they earned money by making and selling kites and
mechanical toys. Later, they designed a newspaper-folding machine, built a printing
press, and operated a bicycle-repair shop. In 1896, when they read about the death of
Otto Lilienthal, the brothers' interest in flight grew into a compulsion.
Lilienthal, a pioneer in hang-gliding, had controlled his gliders by shifting his
body in the desired direction. This idea was repellent to the Wright brothers, however,
and they searched for more efficient methods to control the balance of airborne
vehicles. In 1900 and 1901, the Wrights tested numerous gliders and developed control
techniques. The brothers' inability to obtain enough lift power for the gliders almost led
them to abandon their efforts.
After further study, the Wright brothers concluded that the published tables of
air pressure on curved surfaces must be wrong. They set up a wind tunnel and began a
series of experiments with model wings. Because of their efforts, the old tables were
repealed in time and replaced by the first reliable figures for air pressure on curved
surfaces. This work, in turn, made it possible for the brothers to design a machine that
would fly. In 1903 the Wrights built their first airplane, which cost less than $1,000.
They even designed and built their own source of propulsion -a lightweight gasoline
engine. When they started the engine on December 17, the airplane pulsated wildly
before taking off. The plane managed to stay aloft for 12 seconds, however, and it flew
120 feet.
By 1905, the Wrights had perfected the first airplane that could turn, circle, and
remain airborne for half an hour at a time. Others had flown in balloons and hang
gliders, but the Wright brothers were the first to build a full-size machine that could fly
under its own power. As the contributors of one of the most outstanding engineering
achievements in history, the Wright brothers are accurately called the fathers of
aviation.

1- The idea of flying an aircraft was ______ to some people.

A. boring B. distasteful C. exciting D. needless
2- The best word to replace “repellent” in “ This idea was repellent …” could be
………..
a- rejecting b-motivating c- harmful d-harmless
3-The Wrights’ interest in aviation ………………
a-appeared suddenly b-was frustrating
c-was competitive d- was undeniable
4- According to the passage , the Wright Brothers made a plane that ………..
a-never took off b-fought enemies
c-travelled long distances d-flew for a short time
5- The best title for this passage could be …….
a- Wrong theories b- Aviation Forerunners c-Scientific research d- Passion for
interest
6- People thought that the Wright brothers had ………..
A. acted without thinking B. been negatively influenced
C. been too cautious D. been mistaken
7- The Wrights' interest in flight grew into a ______.
A. financial empire B. plan C. need to act D. foolish thought
8-. Lilienthal's idea about controlling airborne vehicles was _________ the Wrights.
A. proven wrong by B. opposite to the ideas of
C. rejected by d. improved by
9- The old tables were _________ and replaced by the first reliable figures for air
pressure on curved surfaces.
A. destroyed B. cancelled C. multiplied D. approved
10- The Wrights designed and built their own source of _________.
A. force for moving forward B. force for turning around
C. force of moving downward D. force for going backward
d) The Novel (The Prisoner of Zenda)
Answer Only FIVE of the following questions:
1. In your opinion, why did not Rassendyll shoot Rupert in the assault to release the
king?
2. Who do you think is more devilish Black Michael or Rupert of Hentzau ? Give
reasons.
3. Black Michael could not expose the real identity of Rassendyll .Discuss
4. Although Madam Mauban was ready to do anything for Michael, she helped
Rassendyll against him. Discuss.
5. Do you think the poor people of Ruritania really hated the real king ?Give reasons.
6. Rassendyll was a good man and loyal for the king, but he did not keep his word to his
sister-in-law, Rose. Discuss
E. Writing
Write an essay of not less than 250 Words about the following topic:
One of your friends told you that his family has a lot of old books and clothes. What
advice can you give him about the best ways to make use of them?
 Toc exam/ time : 3 hours
A- Language Functions
1) Write a dialogue of FIVE exchanges between
Two friends; one of them was a victim of cybercrime discuss how it happened and what he
should do to keep safe.
B- Vocabulary & Structure
2) Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
1- By the end of the next year, the government …………a lot of projects.
a) will achieve b) will be achieving c) will have achieved d) will have been achieved
2- His health has been declined gradually……………. the accident.
a) since b) at c) for d) from
3- She was so angry but she didn’t ………..any reasons.
a) remind b) calibrate c) elaborate d) recap
4- They are ………, that helps a lot to overcome all the obstacles they face.
a) reactive b) overactive c) proactive d) inactive
5-………………. is the most spread crimes in an open retail.
a) Fraud b) Hacking c) Scam d) Shoplifting
6- I spent my holidays in Alex,………all my relatives.
a) as did b) so spent c) like did d) the same as
7- It was ……………for us when our host was arrested in front of us.
a) disorder b) inconvenient c) indolent d) dishonest
8- People hope that if they live in ………..country, there won’t be any bias.
a) multilingual b) multispecies c) multilateral d) multicultural
9- You cannot rely on social media as it is an unreliable source as it……… everything.
a) proclaims b) exaggerates c) assures d) declares
10- During the light storm, all the plane passengers were…….
a) agitated b) contented c) gratified d) satisfied
11- We should be grateful for our ancestors who ….…. a great history to be proud of.
a) make b) made c) have made d) had made
12- He is a ……..…… clever player that no one can compete him in chess.
a) so b) such c) to d) very
13- Their father as a role model and great ………… helps them to build their career.
a) inspiration b) invasion c) intrusion d) interference
14- Because of his continuous achievements, he ……. to the Board of Directors several times.
a) elected b) has elected c) will be elected d) was elected
15- Although there were a lot of things to do, I stopped………lunch.
a) eat b) to eat c) have eaten d) eating
16- He knew that they …………. school in 1985 and his father was the donor.
a) were building b) have built c) had been built d) had built
17- It was a great shock to him and he was completely ……………. unable to react.
a) bewildered b) organized c) focused d) systematized
18- They are going to have lunch as soon as their father………. home.
a) gets b) got c) will go d) had gone
19- The more carefully you read, ………. you will understand this passage.
a) more b) much c) the better d) the best
20- They didn’t want any interruption because they……………..a new project plan.
a) developed b) had developed c) were developing d) were developed
21- In my deep sorrow time, my friend is able to make me ………….
a) laughs b) laugh c) laughing d) laughed
22- Teacher should ……... the task instructions before students start doing it.
a) mumble b) intone c) whisper d) articulate
23- He ………..a promotion due to his excellent performance, I am happy for him.
a) won b) earned c) grew d) raised
24- London is a …………….town where you can see magnificent old fortresses.
a) picturesque b) immature c) contemporary d) pastoral
25- She wouldn't have been tired if she ………………to bed earlier.
a) had gone b) went c) have gone d) was going
26-Parents should be aware of their children’s…………. to reinforce them.
a) potential b) preliminary c) initial d) original
27- Not only ……… me a job but he also gave me a good salary.
a) he offers b) he offered c) did he offer d) had he offered
28- As a\an………….person, he could achieve all his goals.
a) contemptible b) affluent c) deprived d) pitiable
29- How did you know the man ……… house you bought?
a) what b) whose c) his d) which
30- In order ……….stressed, you should have a schedule for all tasks.
a) not to be b) to not be c) as not to be d) so not to be
 C- Reading Comprehension
3) Read the following passage, then answer the questions:
(1)
You may have heard the story of how Isaac Newton discovered gravity. As the legend goes,
Newton was sitting under an apple tree when, all of a sudden, an apple dropped from the tree
and fell on his head. This incident made him wonder why the apple fell toward the ground
and not in any other direction. Nowadays, it seems quite silly to think that an apple might fall
up, or sideways. That’s because now we know that Earth’s gravity makes everything fall
down, toward the planet’s center. Gravity is the reason we are able to stand on the earth.
Without it, we would all float off into space!
(2)
Gravity is also necessary for the operation of satellites. Usually when people talk about
satellites, they are referring to manmade objects that have been sent into orbit. However, the
moon is also a satellite! A satellite is any object that revolves around a planet in a circular or
elliptical path. The path of a satellite is its orbit.
Manmade satellites have all kinds of important applications. Communications satellites, for
instance, are satellites that are sent to orbit the earth for the purpose of sending
communication signals or messages. Though we might not think about it when we’re on the
phone, using the Internet, watching television, or listening to the radio, many satellites help
make those activities possible for us to enjoy.
(3)
Scientists have used observation satellites. These are satellites that have been specifically
designed to monitor the earth. Observation satellites are used to keep track of the weather,
detect changes in the environment, and create maps of the earth. They can be very useful for
scientists in monitoring natural disasters, global warming, pollution, and other changes to the
planet. The military also has spy satellites (very similar to observation satellites) that help
them to peek in on other people around the world. If you’re ever in the car and need to find
directions to go somewhere, you have probably used the Global Positioning System, also
known as GPS. This is a network of 24 satellites that people with a GPS receiver can use to
determine their location.
(4)
These are the main applications of satellites you may have encountered in your everyday life,
but of course there are countless others! Satellites are incredibly useful, but how exactly do
they stay in orbit?
It might seem strange that gravity doesn’t cause satellites to just fall straight down to Earth,
like Newton’s apple. Why is that? It turns out that the earth’s gravitational pull on an object
weakens the farther away it is from the planet’s surface. Satellites orbit far above the earth’s
surface at a set speed. Earth has an “escape velocity,” which is the minimum speed necessary
for an object to escape the earth’s gravity entirely and fly off into outer space.
Earth’s escape velocity is more than 25,000 miles per hour. Engineers don’t build satellites
that travel faster than that because they don’t want their satellites flying off into space.
(5)
Satellites are designed to achieve a balance. They revolve around the earth slowly enough to
avoid drifting off into space, but fast enough to avoid getting pulled completely down toward
the center of the earth by the force of gravity. At the correct velocity, a satellite is pulled by
the earth with just enough force to maintain its orbit. The closer a satellite is to the earth’s
surface, the faster it needs to go in order to stay in orbit. And satellites have a circular or
elliptical orbit because they are constantly being pulled toward the earth’s surface, which is curved.
Therefore, gravity is an important part of our daily lives, whether it’s keeping our feet firmly
planted on the planet’s surface, or keeping our satellites in orbit to help us communicate with
one another and learn more about the world we live in.
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
31- According to the text, the most appropriate definition of a satellite is……………..
a) any object that revolves around a planet in a circular or elliptical path.
b) any object that affected by earth’s gravitational pull nothing else.
c) an important part of our daily lives keeping our feet firmly planted on earth.
d) a network of 24 objects in space that help people determines their location.
32- Satellites can remain in orbit above earth by……….
a) having a circular or elliptical orbit.
b) achieving a balance between gravity and their velocity.
c) reaching their escape velocity with the help of scientists.
d) gravity that pulls satellites sideways around earth’s curved surface.
33- ……..…………..satellites demonstrate our dependence on satellites in daily life.
a) Observation b) Spy c) Communication d) Space
34- The underlined lines in paragraph No 3 means “Satellites ………………
a) cause a large amount of pollution.
b) spend lots of money to build satellites.
c) can help to peek in on other people.
d) can help us be aware of potential dangers.
35- We can infer from the introduction paragraph and the other one that……………
a) earth’s gravity allows us to use satellites.
b) Satellites allow us to communicate easily.
c) Newton should receive greater recognition.
d) Satellites are designed to achieve balance.
36- The synonym of the underlined word “applications” is…………….
a) uses. b) problems. c) mysteries. d) lessons.
37- Scientists depend on satellites for many things, ……….… information about global
warming and pollution.
a) otherwise. b) therefore. c) instead. d) including.
38- Escape velocity is the…………… speed necessary for an object to escape the earth's
gravity entirely.
a) minimum b) maximum c) unfavourable d) moderate
39- ……………..…… is like a manmade satellite because it revolves around a planet in
a circular or elliptical path.
a) Moon b) Planet c) Communication d) Observation
40- Engineers don’t let their satellites travel at speed more than 25,000 miles per hour
so that they wouldn’t fly………. into space.
a) at b) away c) of d) for
4) Read the following passage, then answer the questions:
(1)
Do you like to shoot hoops or swim? Without the help of your thyroid, you would
not have the energy to compete -- or to get off the couch. Your thyroid is a 1-ounce gland
that controls the speed of your heartbeat, the speed with which your body burns calories,
and the growth of your bones, teeth, and brain. The pinkish, butterfly-shaped gland wraps
around the windpipe in front of the throat. It affects nearly every organ in your body.
(2)
The thyroid is your body’s factory for a hormone, or body chemical, called thyroxin.
The thyroid secretes this chemical into your bloodstream, which is your body’s
superhighway. The bloodstream delivers the chemical’s message to your cells: Get to
work! Thyroxin controls your body’s metabolism. That means it sets the pace for how
quickly cells transform food into energy. The hormone also affects the speed of many
chemical reactions in your body.
(3)
The thyroid is one of many endocrine glands that control body functions. The glands
are part of a system that regulates hormones. When the thyroid springs into action, the
original work order comes from your brain. From atop your brain stem, an organ called the
hypothalamus keeps tabs on hormone levels in your body—about 200 in all. When
thyroxin levels drop too low, the hypothalamus sends off a warning to its neighbor, the
pituitary gland. That pea-sized "master gland" kicks the thyroid into production—and kicks
you into gear.
(4)
Pay attention to your body because diseases of the thyroid are common. These
problems affect millions of Americans. An overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) can affect a
person’s heart and make the person skinny and nervous. The underactive thyroid
(hypothyroidism) people feel exhausted, gain weight, and are often cold.
(5)
Pollution may cause thyroid disease. The body through air, water, or food absorbs
some industrial chemicals. Those substances can disrupt the body’s hormone balance. Toxins
from smoking cigarettes or chewing tobacco can damage the thyroid too.
(6)
The good news is that there are treatments for some thyroid conditions. In addition, if
you are like most people, your body’s energy control system keeps everything in balance so
that you are eager to go!
Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:
41- The passage …………. the thyroid, its function and what affects it.
(a) compares (b) convinces (c) provides (d) describes
42- The most appropriate synonym for the underlined word “Secrets” in the passage
is…………..
(a) removes. (b) distributes. (c) hides. (d) controls.
43- If you notice your heartbeat is often irregular, you might suffer from …………
(a) overactive. (b) underactive. (c) hyperthyroidism. (d) hypothyroidism.
44- The underlined words “keeps tabs on” mean…………
(a) partakes. (b) monitors. (c) participates. (d) contributes.
45- If you secure whatever keeps you warm and you still feel ….…. your thyroxin
levels may be low.
(a) warm (b) hot (c) scorch (d) chill
46- The butterfly-shaped gland produces hormones that………. your body’s energy use
(a) regulate (b) waver (c) halt (d) confuse

47- …….is a process where the food you take into your body is transformed into energy.
(a) Metabolic (b) Thyroxin (c) Pituitary (d) Metabolism

48- The thyroid is an endocrine gland is small, …….. has a variety of functions.
(a) although (b) but (c) just (d) only

49- The antonym of the word “balance “ is …….…….

(a) instability. (b) firmness. (c) constancy. (d) immovability.

50- Hyperthyroidism is a thyroid disease which can affect anyone and make them ……
(a) cold. (b) fat. (c) nervous. (d) exhausted.

D- The Novel (The Great expectations)

5) Answer Only FIVE of the following questions:
1- “Kindness to others sometimes makes miracles even with bad ones” in the light of this
sentence explain the impact of Pip’s behavior with the criminal.
2- Dickens shows Pip as an idealistic person. Explain.

3- Pip said in one of his visits “Nothing ever changes. Miss Havisham sat in her wedding dress,
in her dusty dress room” Do you think this quote describes the Havisham’s character? Why?
Why not?
4- Do you think Joe Gargery is a cunning person? Why? Why not?

5- What is the moral theme of " Great Expectations "?

6- Pip is ashamed of how Joe behaves in front of people. Illustrate.
E- Writing
6) Write a descriptive essay of not less than 250 Words about the following topic:
“Any one of us is influenced by a person who has had a positive or negative impact
on their lives. Write about your most influential person in your life and reflect on how
and why he/she has influenced you”
 ;§.5L4l\@§J

,==~l=I-‘U 3-.\eJ-1" U3:

I\..u.\\ -Lusms 1...»J}-“ em; 3.19:. Q\a3.n\

‘ @+J1@1==1u,~@1~1* ..§<;~,-§@r»=\ u-uh-4

(1,=3g+s\;s ma ) ¢.u..\__u\,. gm ¢s.».:...~1\ ,\,c¢\ , saws

~r~sw ¢3j~2$,_,m

4&1, l=\....; Zg\.;§1\g.=3

\
\ u
_u;J\$.Hd>ti.\\d>\$1»4.~.i..4( \/\)¢'.o\A.§.¢A.“.JA9 0

.e¢\-¥=1\5\=¢J1w»J¥"-:3-~\J$3\0»33Ja3e§->35 ~
 URT ENGLISH TEST
First Session 2016
Directions

This booklet contains English test. There are 50 multiple choice questions (MCQs) in the
test that measures skills and abilities highly related to course works completed in Grades
1, 2, and 3 STEM schools.

The questions in the test are numbered, and the suggested answers for each question are
lettered (A, B, C, and D). On the answer document, the rows of ovals are numbered to
match the questions, and the ovals in each row are lettered to correspond to the suggested
answers.

For each question, first decide which answer is best. Next, locate on the answer document
the row of ovals numbered the same as the question. Then, locate the oval in that row
lettered the same as your answer. Finally, fill in the oval completely. Use a soft lead
pencil and make your marks heavy and black (see below an example). D0 NOT USE A
PEN.

Mark only one answer to each question. If you change your mind about an answer, erase
your first mark thoroughly before marking your new answer. For each question, make
certain that you mark in the row of ovals with the same number as the question.

Only responses marked on your answer document will be scored. Your score on each test
will be based only on the number of questions you answer correctly during the time
allowed for that test. You will NOT be penalized for guessing. IT IS T0 YOUR
ADVANTAGE T0 ANSWER EVERY QUESTIONEVENIF YOUMUST GUESS.

If you finish a test before time is called for that test, you should use the time remaining to
reconsider questions you are uncertain about in that test.

Lay your pencil down immediately when time is called at the end of the test. You may
NOT for any reason fill in or alter ovals for the test after time is called for that test. To do
so will disqualify you from the examination. Do not fold or tear the pages of your test
booklet.

DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL TOLD TO DO SO.

1/ 13 Go on to the next page.

 URT ENGLISH TEST
First Session 2016
50 Questions— 90 Minutes
B§a2e_I
(1)
_I grew up with buckets, shovels, and nets waiting by the back door,_hip-waders
hanging in the closet; tide table charts covering the refrigerator door; and a microscope
s_a’t on the kitchen table. My mother is a marine biologist. Our household might have been
described as uncooperative. Our meals weren’t always served in the expected order of
breakfast, lunch, and supper. Everything depended on the tides. When the tide was low,
Mom could be found down on the mudflats. When the tide was high, she would be
standing on the inlet bridge with her plankton net.
(2)
I have great respect for my mother. I learned early that the moon affected the tides.
Mom was always waiting for a full moon, when low tide would be much lower than usual
and high tide much higher. The moon is closer to the earth when full, so olg’_s_
gravitational pull is stronger. I knew that it took about eight hours for the tides to change
from high to low and sixteen hours for a complete cycle of tides. I didn’t have to wait to
learn these things in school. In our house they were everyday knowledge.
(3)
[1] Often, brother and I, joined our mother on her adventures into tidal lands. [2] At the
very low tides of the full moon, when almost all the water was sucked away, we found
the hideaways where crabs, snails, starfish, and sea urchins stored in order not to be seen.
[3] Sometimes we would dig with shovels in the mud, where yellow and white worms
lived in their leathery tunnels.
(4)
For plankton tows, we would stand on the bridge while Mom lowered a cone-shaped
net that is often used by marine biologists. Then we would patiently wait. After a while,
she would pull up the net, and we would go home. Later, we would see her sitting at the
kitchen table, peering through the lenses of her microscope at a drop of water from the
bc@e_—watching the thousands of tiny swimming organisms.
Questions (_1 to 14Lnre related to Passage I:
1. Which choice would best fit the underlined portion in line 1?
A. waiting by the back door.
B. waiting by the back door;
C. waiting, by the back door,
D. NO CHANGE
2/13 Go on to the next page.
Which choice would best fit the word “Q” in line 3?
A. was sitting
B. sitting
C. NO CHANGE
D. would sit

Which choice would best fit “My mother is” in line 3?

A. NO CHANGE
B. As my mother’s interest is science, she is
C. My mother’s occupation is that of
D. Having studied, my mother is

Which choice for "our household might have lzgen described as un cooperative
would most effectively introduce the rest of paragraph l?
A. NO CHANGE
B. Our household was not run on a regular routine.
C. There seemed to be no explanation for why mom ran our household the way
she did.
D. Mom ran our household in a most remarkable manner.
\lVhich choice would best describe “depended on” in line 5?
A. was subservient to the disposal
B. trusted in
C. NO CHANGE
D. was defenseless in the face of

Which choice would best replace “The moon is” in line 10?
A. Is
B. Since the moon is
C. NO CHANGE
D. The moon,

Which choice would best replace “one’s” in line 10?

A. it’s
B. its’
C. NO CHANGE
D. Its

If the writer were to delete the phrase “sixteen hours for a complete cycle of tides 7)
in line 12, the essay would primarily lose a detail that:
A. reflects the narrator’s knowledge regarding the tides.
B. helps establish the setting for the essay.
C. contradicts a point made earlier in the paragraph.
D. shows how the narrator’s interests are different from the mother’s interests.

3/ 13 Go on to the next page.

Which choice would best fit “brother and I.” in line 14?
A. brother, and I
B. NO CHANGE
C. brother, and I,
D. my brother and I

Which choice would best fit the underlined words in line 15?

A. away. We
B. away; we
C. NO CHANGE
D. away. Then we

Given that all of the choices are true, which one provides information that is
relevant to line 20 and that makes the rest of paragraph 4 understandable?
A. NO CHANGE
B. was shaped like a three-dimensional geometric figure.
C. was woven from flax and nylon material.
D. had a sample bottle tied to its smaller end.

The best placement for "at a drop of water from the bottle" in lines 22 and 23
would be:
A. after the word peering.
B. after the word lenses.
C. where it is now.
D. after the word watching.

Which choice most effectively signals the shift from paragraph l to the first line of
paragraph 2?
A. NO CHANGE
B. The moon is a mysterious orb afloat in the sky.
C. A contrast between the moon and the tides.
D. The effects of the phases of the moon on our lives.

the following sequences of sentences makes paragraph 3 most logical?

wows; HANGE
zuU~Ju[\)uU~)6' OJ-~u>—*_|l\)'D-d (.)l\.>bJ>——2h

4/ 13 Go on to the next page.

 Passage II
(1)
Surrounded by the ancient city of Rome, Vatican City is an independent nation on the
west bank of the Tiber River. This tiny counlry—-about one-sixth ofa square mile in aIl—
aIl,—
is also home to a disproportionately large number of sites with great historical, artistic,
and as well as religious significance.
(2)
The Vatican Museums house a great many valuable paintings, sculptures, pieces of
jewelry, tapestries, and the world’s
World’s most extensive collections of ancient manuscripts.
Scholars often check out the museums’ archives of early written works for insights into
lives led long ago.
(3)
Accordingly, St. Peter’s Basilica, the largest cathedral in the Northern Hemisphere, is
remarkable. Built upon second-century foundations: St. Peter’s features a dome designed
by the artist and architect Michelangelo. Intricate mosaics—enormous
mosaics—en0rmous “paintings”
fashioned from millions of tiny cut stones of various colors—line
colors—1ine each of the Basilica’s
several smaller domes. The marble floor, with its intricate designs, covers the cathedral’s
catacombs, where popes are buried. Sculptures by Michelangelo and Bernini, including
Michelangelo’s poignant Pietd, contributes to the basilica’s beauty.

(4)
However, to many, the most spectacular part of Vatican City is the Sistine Chapel.
This vast chapel displays what many consider some of the most important works of
Renaissance art: Michelangelo’s awe inspiring frescoes. These frescoes—paintings made
on freshly spread, still-moist plaster—capture the attention of viewers with a complex
array of religious images. One of his most famous frescoes, The Last Judgment, is
painted on the west wall. A series of interrelated frescoes covers the vaulted ceiling.
Despite its small size, Vatican City offers its many visitors a chance to see a wide range
of historical and artistic wonders. It is easy to understand why the city has become one of
the most frequently visited places in the world.

Questions (15 to 24) are related to Passage II:

15. Given that all of the choices are true, which one in lines 1 and 2 best supports the
sentence’s claim about Vatican City’s status as an independent nation?
A. its own financial system, postal service, military forces and government.
B. an amazing history.
C. NO CHANGE
D. that has to buy most of it needs, even such necessities as water and food.

5/ 13 Go on to the next page.

\7Vhich choice would best fit "about one-sixth of a square mile in all-" in line 2?
A. NO CHANGE
B. a grand total sum of about one-sixth of a square mile~
C. a total of about one-sixth of a square mile when added together—
D. about one-sixth of a square mile in its center

If the writer were to delete the word ‘great’ in line 3, it would primarily lose:
A. an emphasis on the location of the country.
B. parts of the setting of the essay.
C. a comparison between Vatican City and Rome.
D. information that stresses the importance of the sites.

Which choice would best fit the underlined words in line 4?

A. NO CHANGE
B. OMIT the underlined portion.
C. which have
D. having
Given that all of the choices are true, which one best emphasizes the extent and
worth of the museums’ holdings for "a great many valuable" in line 5?
A. NO CHANGE
B. numerous important
C. a group of precious
D. thousands of treasures

VVhich choice would best fit “check out” in line 7?

A. grab an eyeful of
B. pry out
C. probe through
D. NO CHANGE

Which choice would best fit the underlined portion in line 9?

A. Nevertheless,
B. NO CHANGE
C. OMIT the underlined portion.
D. For instance,
If the writer were to delete the quotation marks around the word “paintings” in line
1 1, the sentence would primarily lose a feature that suggests:
A. how carefully mosaics are grouped together.
B. that the mosaics in St. Peter’s are the same as the mosaics in general.
C. that mosaics are not paintings in the exact meaning of the word.
D. the huge number of complexity of the mosaics in St. Peter’s.

5/ 13 G0 on to the next page.

23. In paragraph 3, the writer is considering adding the following true statement:
“In addition to being an architect and artist, Michelangelo wrote poetry, including
more than 300 sonnets.” Should the writer make this addition here?
A. No, since it does not focus on the main idea of the paragraph.
B. No, because it limits Michelangelo’s contributions.
C. Yes, because it implies that Michelangelo was extremely gifted.
D. Yes, because it provides further details about Michelangelo.

24. Which choice would best fit the underlined portion in line 17?
A. NO CHANGE
B. consider as some
C. consider that some
D. consider for some

7/ 13 Go on to the next page.

 Passage III
(1)
I was 16 when my father unequivocally decided he would send me to wilderness camp
for several months. He had threatened to do it many times before, but my mother had
always managed to prevent him from actually packing me up and shipping me off. This
time he was dead set on it. My latest transgression was viewed as the last straw. In a fit of
unbridled rage, I had shoved my math teacher down a flight of steps at school. He broke
his ann in two places and severely dislocated his shoulder. The man hadn’t done a thing
to me. I am hard-pressed to remember why I was so irritated at him.

(2)
AnyWay1,_l'1/lr. Ford. my math teacher, had agreed not to press charges as favor to my
dad. He was a friend of my dad’s from way back. Mr. Ford knew what was at stake. We
all did. Dad was in the middle of a tight race for sheriff in our town. This latest “Danny
Thing,” as my reckless behavior was now called, had all my dad’s closest advisors
talking. “John, he’s your son and he’s a kid, but he is dragging you down,” I heard Jake
Hutch tell my dad through his closed office door the night after I pushed Mr. Ford. “If it
appears you can’t set the course for enforcement in your own home, how can you set the
course for this town?” So, off to Pisgah National Forest I went. I knew in my heart that
“Wilderness Camp” was surely just a euphemism for “Torture Center.” I imagined hours
of untold abuse at the hands of some lumberjack-sized drill sergeant. I resolved not to be
broken and to emerge from the program unchanged. I was who I was.

(3)
Nearly everyday for six months, a small group of other troubled teens and I lugged our
30-pound backpacks on a trek that covered about l0 miles. We hiked in a rugged
wilderness which seemed untouched by civilization. 'l'he_grandeur of the sky, rock, un_(__[
wilderness 111'.-,:_dc inc reverent. Our counselors were firm but kind, not the ogres I had
imagined. We learned how to make a fire without matches and create a shelter with
twigs, branches, and grass. We learned which plants were safe to eat out in the wild. Late
into the night, we talked about our fears and hopes. We were devoid of radios,
televisions, and cell phones. I felt myself change. I was calm and often reflective. My old
impulsive self was gone.

(4)
One morning, six months later, my dad came to pick me up. I ran to hug him and saw
relief and love in his eyes.“So what’s it like being sheriff?” I asked on the ride home.“I
lost the race, Danny,” he said.“I’m sorry, Dad.” I knew my behavior probably had a lot to
do with his defeat. Dad squeezed my shoulder and brought me close. “As long as I don’t
ever lose you, I’m okay.”

3/ 13 Go on to the next page.

Questions_(25 to 133) are related to Passagg: IIl:_

25. "I was l6 when my father unequivocally decided he would send me to wilderness
camp for several months."
Which of the following is the best way to rewrite the above sentence (from
paragraph 1) while keeping its original meaning as used in the story?
A. I was 16 when my father angrily decided he would send me to wilderness
camp for several months.
B. I was 16 when, over the course of several months, my father decided he would
send me to wildemess camp.
C. I was l6 when my father decided without question he would send me to
wilderness camp for several months.
D. I was 16 when my father tentatively decided he would send me to wilderness
camp for several months.

26 Which choice would best fit the sentence “my mother had alwzg/s managed” in
lines 2 and 3?
A. NO CHANGE
B. my mother was having always managed
C. my mother always managed
D. my mother has always managed

27 What does the idiomatic expression, "the last straw," in line 4 suggest?
A. the biggest problem of all
B. the worst thing someone could have done
C. the last in a line of unacceptable occurrences
D. the deed someone wishes he or she could take back

28 Which choice would be an appropriate synonym of "unbridled" used in line 5?

A. peaceful
B. amusing
C. scarce
D. unrestrained

29 Which choice would best fit the sentence "Anywayg Mr. Ford, my math teacher" in
line 8?
A. Away Mr. Ford, my math teacher
B. NO CHANGE
C. Away; Mr. Ford, my math teacher
D. Away, Mr. Ford, my math teacher

9/ 13 Go on to the next page.

 As it is used in line 16, the underlined word “euphemism” most nearly means:
A. a meaningless title
B. code word
C. a less offensive term
D. a nick name

VVhich of the following is the best way to rewrite the sentence “The grandeur of
the sky, rock and wilderness made me reverent” in lines 21 and 22 without
changing its original meaning used in the passage?
A. I was awed by the majesty of the sky, rock, and wilderness.
B. The inherent danger of the sky, rock, and wilderness made me nervous.
C. The power of the sky, rock and wilderness made me regret my past behavior.
D. I felt small in comparison to the sheer size of the sky, rock, and wilderness.

Which choice would best fit the underlined sentence in lines 26 and 27?
A. NO CHANGE
B. My old; impulsive selfwas gone.
C. My old, impulsive selfwas gone.
D. My impulsive old self was gone.

What is evident at the end of the story?

. I low much Danny has changed
:1. How much John loves his son
III. How much John wanted the office
A. I, II and III
B. Ionly
C. II and III
D. I and II

10/ 13 Go on to the next page.

 Passage IV

(1)
How should the law treat a mentally disturbed person who commits a criminal offense?
Should individuals whose mental faculties are impaired be held responsible for their
actions? These questions are of concern to social scientists, to members of the legal
profession, and to individuals who work with criminal offenders.
(2)
Over the centuries, an important part of Western law has been the concept that a
civilized society should not punish a person who is mentally incapable of controlling his
or her conduct. In 1724, an English court maintained that a man was not responsible for
an act if “he doth not know what he is doing, no more than . . . a wild beast.” Modern
standards of legal responsibility, however, have been based on the McNaghten decision
of 1843. McNaghten, a Scotsman, suffered the paranoid delusion that the English Prime
Minister, Sir Robert Peel, was persecuting him. In an attempt to kill Peel, he mistakenly
shot Peel’s secretary. Everyone involved in the trial were convinced by McNaghten’s
senseless ramblings that he was insane. He was judged not responsible by reason of
insanity and sent to a mental hospital, where he remained until his death. But Queen
Victoria was not pleased with the verdict—apparently she felt that political assassinations
should not be taken lightly—and called on the House of Lords to review the decision.
The decision was upheld and rules for the legal definition of insanity were put into
Writing. The McNaghten Rule states that a defendant may be found “not guilty by reason
of insanity” only if he were so severely disturbed at the time of his act that he did not
know what he was doing, or that if he did know what he was doing, he did not know it
was wrong.
(3)
The McNaghten Rule was adopted in the United States, and the distinction of knowing
right from wrong remained the basis of most decisions of legal insanity for over a
century. Some states added to their statutes the doctrine of “irresistible impulse,” which
recognizes that some mentally ill individuals may respond correctly when asked if a
particular act is morally right or wrong but still be unable to control their behavior.
4
During the 1970s, a number of state (arid federal courts adopted a broader legal
definition of insanity proposed by the American Law Institute, which states: “A person is
not responsible for criminal conduct if at the time of such conduct, as a result of mental
disease or defect, he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the \yrongfi1ln§ss of
his conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law.” The word
substantial suggests that “any” incapacity is not enough to avoid criminal responsibility
but that “total” incapacity is not required either. The use of the word appreciate rather

11/13 Go on to the next page.

than know implies that intellectual awareness of right or wrong is not enough; individuals
must have some understanding of the moral or legal consequences of their behavior
before they can be held criminally responsible.

(5)
The problem of legal responsibility in the case of mentally disordered individuals is
currently a topic of intense debate, and a number of legal and mental health professionals
have -recommended abolishing the insanity plea as a defense. The reasons for this
recommendation are varied. Many experts believe that the current courtroom
procedures—in which psychiatrists and psychologists for the prosecution and the defense
present contradictory evidence as to the defendant’s mental state—are confusing to the
jury and do little to help the cause of justice. Some also argue that the abuse of the
insanity plea by clever lawyers has allowed too many criminals to escape conviction.
Others claim that acquittal by reason of insanity often leads to a worse punishment (an
indeterminate sentence to an institution for the criminally insane that may confine a
person for life) than being convicted and sent to prison (with the possibility of parole in a
few years).

(6)
Despite the current controversy, actual cases of acquittal by reason of insanity are
quite rare. Jurors seem reluctant to believe that people are not morally responsible for
their acts, and lawyers, knowing that an insanity plea is apt to fail, tend to use it only as a
last resort. In California in I980, only 259 defendants (out of approximately 52,000) were
successful in pleading not guilty by reason of insanity.

Questions (34 to 42) are related to Passagg IV.

34. From infonnation in paragraphs 3 and 4, it can reasonably be inferred that the
legal definition of insanity was changed in the 1970s after:
A. federal courts won a case with state courts over a proposal made by the
American Law Institute.
B. the doctrine of “irresistible impulse ” was found to be in contrast with accepted
notions ofjustice.
C. supporters of the McNaghten Rule had been using the insanity defense in far
too many murder cases.
D. courts found that justice was not always established when the McNaghten Rule
was applied.

12/ 13 Go on to the next page.

Based on the passage, the primary purpose for the 1970s redefinition of insanity
proposed by the American Law Institute was to:
A. remove the insanity defense from American courtrooms.
B. define more precisely the concepts of responsibility and intellectual capacity.
C. redefine legal insanity to include as many criminals as possible.
D. apply the McNaghten Rule only to trials comprising cases of mistaken identity.

According to the explanation provided in paragraph 4, the use of the verb

“appreciate” in the phrase “to appreciate the wrongfulness” (line 30) instead of
“kn ow” implies which of the followi n g?.
A. The contrast between right and wrong is something people feel rather than
know, which makes deciding legal responsibility difficult.
B. To know suggests inevitability, and distinguishing right from wrong is often a
subjective issue in determining legal responsibility.
C. The verb "appreciate" implies that an action and that action’s implications must
be understood for there to be legal responsibility.
D. An insane person would “know” something the way a sane person would
“know” something, and be able to value that knowledge, too.

According to the passage, a lawyer contemplating using insanity as a defense for a

client should do which of the following?
A. Carefully assess using the defense, since in actual practice it rarely works
B. Assemble for trial a team of expert witnesses with a wide range of viewpoints
on mental illness
C. Ensure that the prosecution in a client’s trial does not use the doctrine of
“irresistible impulse”
D. Recommend that the client be acquitted because a doctor has judged him/her
criminally insane

The passage indicates that individuals who use the insanity defense:
A. are not allowed to do so unless it can be proved that they are really insane.
B. should be tried, convicted, and punished whether or not they are really insane
C. are legally responsible for their actions even if a jury decides they are not
guilty.
D. might risk a lifelong imprisonment even if the acquittal is based on insanity.

13/ 13 Go on to the next page.

According to the passage, one of the reasons some mental health and legal groups
want to abolish the insanity defense is that:
A. even skillful lawyers are confiised about when to use and when not to use it.
B. juries that must classify conflicting testimony become confused, and justice
suffers.
C. when it is invoked, even if the case is won, the punishment often ends up being
too lenient.
D. innocent defendants are too often being punished unfairly by unsympathetic
juries.

The passage states that McNaghten wanted to kill the English prime minister
because the Scotsman thought that he:
A. would establish a confusing legal precedent.
B. had been rejected by Peel’s secretary.
C. would be better off in a mental hospital.
D. had been wronged by the prime minister.

One of the author’s main points about the legal concept of responsibility in the
passage is that:
A. the phrase “not guilty by reason of insanity” has made our legal system more
effective.
B. responsibility and guilt are legal concepts, and their meanings can be modified.
C. distinguishing right from wrong is a simple issue of admitting the truth to oneself.
D. people can become severely disturbed without a word of waming to anyone.

One of the main points made in the last paragraph is that insanity pleas were:
A. unjustifiable to most juries in California in 1980.
B. used in most trials in California in 1980.
C. often successful in California in 1980.
D. common with lawyers in California in 1980.

14/ 13 Go on to the next page.

 Qssage V
(1)
Clifford Jackson, or Abshu, as he preferred to be known in the streets, had committed
himself several years ago to use his talents as a playwright to broaden the horizons for the
young, gifted, and black—which was how he saw every child milling around that dark
street. As head of the community center he went after every existing grant on the city and
state level to bring them puppet shows with the message to avoid drugs and stay in
school; and plays in the park such as actors rapping their way through Shakespeare's A
Midsummer Night's Dream. Abshu believed there was something in Shakespeare for
everyone, even the young of Brewster Place, and if he broadened their horizons just a
little bit, there might be enough room for some of them to slip through and see what the
world had waiting. No, it would not be a perfect world, but definitely one with more
room than they had now.
(2)
The kids who hung around the community center liked Abshu because he never
preached and it was clear that when they spoke he listened; so he could zero in on the kid
who had a real problem. It might be an offhand remark while shooting a game of pool or
a one-on-one out on the basketball court, but he had a way of making them feel special
with just a word or two. Abshu wished that his own family could have stayed together.
There were four of them who ended up in foster care: him, two younger sisters, and a
baby brother. He understood why his mother did what she did, but he couldn't help
wondering if there might have been a better way.
(3)
Abshu was put into a home that already had two other boys from foster care. The
Masons lived in a small wooden bungalow right on the edge of Linden Hills. And Mother
Mason insisted that they tell any-body who asked that they actually lived in Linden Hills,
a more prestigious address than Summit Place. It was a home that was kept immaculate.
But what he remembered most about the Masons was that it seemed there was never quite
enough to eat. She sent them to school with a lunch of exactly one and a half
sandwiches—white bread spread with margarine and sprinkled with sugar—and half an
apple.
(4)
When Abshu dreamed of leaving——which was every day——he had his own apartment
with a refrigerator overflowing with food that he gorged himself with day and night. The
Masons weren't mean people; he knew he could have ended up with a lot worse. Abshu
lived with these people for nine years, won a scholarship to the local college, and moved
out to support himself through school by working in a dough-nut shop. By this time his
mother was ready to take her children back home, but he decided that since he was
already out on his own, he would stay there one less mouth for her to wony about
feeding.
(5)
After he graduated with his degree in social work, he might even be able to give her a

15/ 13 Go on to the next page.

little money to help her along. One thing he did thank the Masons for was keeping him
out of gangs. There was a strict curfew in their home that was rigidly observed. And
church was mandatory. “\lVhen you're out on your own,” liather Mason always said, “you
can do whatever you want, but in my home you do as I say.” No, they weren't mean
people, but they were stingy——stingy with their food and with their affection.
(6)
Existing that way all the time, on the edge of hunger, on the edge of kindness, gave
Abshu an appreciation for a life fully lived. Do whatever job makes you happy,
regardless of the cost; and fill your hoine with love. Well, his home became the
community center right around the corner from Brewster Place and the job that made him
most fulfilled was working with young kids.
(7)
The kids who hung out at the community center weren't all lost yet. They wanted to
make use of the tutors for their homework; and they wanted a safe place to hang. His
motto was: Lose no child to the streets.

Questions (43 to 50) are related to Passagg,V.

43. According to the passage, which of the following most closely identifies Abshu's
definition of a life fully lived?
A. Being loved in your home and satisfied with your job.
B. The realization of your dreams and following of your goal.
C. Togethemess with your family and the sharing of laughter.
D. Working in the community and striving for equality.

44. \lVhich of the following statements about Abshu's attitude toward his mother's
choices early in his life is supported by the passage?
A. Abshu wishes he could overcome his bitterness feeling toward her for placing
him and his siblings into foster care.
B. As an adult, Abshu is concerned that his mother is troubled by her decision to
put her children in foster care and he wants to support and comfort her now.
C. Abshu wonders if she might have made a better decision about letting him and
his siblings go into foster care, even though he understands why she did it.
D. Being ungrateful to his mother as a child, Abshu wants to apologize to her
because she was doing her best for her family.

15/ 13 Go on to the next page.

Vtrhich of the following statements about the children entering the community
center is supported by the passage?
A. They had unrealistic expectations that Abshu’s voice softened while talking to
them.
B. Abshu's wanted to raise the children’s expectations without toning them down.
C. In Abshu's eyes, the children who would succeed were the ones who cause the
most trouble.
D. They were prepared to believe in each other more than in themselves.

As can be inferred from the passage, which of the following characters lives
according to Abshu's definition of a life fully lived?
A. Mother Mason
B. Father Mason
C. Abshu as a child
D. Abshu as an adult

The point of view from which the passage is told can best be described as that of:
A. An anonymous narrator writing about a man dedicating his life to help children
after years of his own suffering.
B. A friend describing another man's experience with children in a neighborhood
where he helped bring back a falling community center.
C. A man thinking about his best days of his life working as a head of a
community center in a fighting district.
D. A man speaking about his different experiences beginning with his childhood
after years of his own suffering.

It can reasonably be inferred from the first paragraph that in obtaining outside
funding for the community center, Abshu could be characterized as:
A. thorough in searching for potential sources for financial aid.
B. reluctant to spoil the children with charity.
C. interested in having the children write grant applications for financial aid.
D. determined on letting the children decide how the money would be spent.

17/ 13 Go on to the next page.

As can reasonably be inferred from the passage that Abshu and the Masons would
agree with, which of the following statements is the best way to raise a child?
A. Children must enhance their sense of discipline to shoulder community
responsibility.
B. Children must give priority to the society to accomplish greatness.
C. Achieving happiness for a child requires being religious from the early years.
D. A child must get involved in works of art and literature including universal
themes.

Which of the following is a cherished dream that Abshu expects to make a reality
in his lifetime, as can reasonably be inferred from the passage?
A. Establishing similar centers all over the country due to the achievements of the
district center.
B. Helping most of the children, if not all, change their views of themselves and
their future life.
C. Making a big sum of money to restore his family in one house. .
D. Helping most of the children, if not all, at the neighborhood center transition
from sports to creative dramatic arts.

END OF TEST

18/ 18
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 URT ENGLISH TEST
1st Session 2017
Directions

This booklet contains the English test. There are 50 multiple choice questions
(MCQs) that measure skills and abilities highly related to course work completed
in Grades 1, 2, and 3 STEM schools.

The questions in the test are numbered, and the suggested answers for each
question are lettered (A, B, C, and D). On the answer document, the rows of ovals
are numbered to match the questions, and the ovals in each row are lettered to
correspond to the suggested answers.

For each question, first decide which answer is best. Next, locate on the answer
document the row of ovals numbered the same as the question. Then, locate the
oval in that row lettered the same as your answer. Finally, fill in the oval
completely. USE A SOFT LEAD PENCIL AND MAKE YOUR MARKS HEAVY
AND BLACK. DO NOT USE A PEN.

Mark only one answer to each question. If you change your mind about an answer,
erase your first mark thoroughly before marking your new answer. (MAKE SURE
THAT YOU MARK YOUR ANSWER IN THE CORRECT ROW OF OVALS.)

Only responses marked on your answer document will be scored. Your score on each test
will be based only on the number of questions you answer correctly during the time
allowed for that test. You will NOT be penalized for guessing. IT IS TO YOUR
ADVANTAGE TO EVERY QUESTION EVEN IF YOU MUST GUESS. HOWEVER,
IF YOU CHOOSE MORE THAN ONE ANSWER FOR A QUESTION, IT WILL BE
MARKED ZERO.

If you finish a test before time is called for that test, you should use the time
remaining to reconsider questions you are uncertain about in that test.

Lay your pencil down immediately when time is called at the end of the test. You
may NOT for any reason fill in or alter your answers after time is called for that
test. To do so will disqualify you from the examination. Do not fold or tear the

161 / Go on to the next page.

pages of your test booklet.

DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL TOLD TO DO SO.

Passage (1)
(1)
Do you like to shoot hoops or swim? Without the help of your thyroid, you
wouldn’t have the energy to compete ­ or to get off the couch. Your thyroid is a
1­ounce gland that controls the speed of your heartbeat, the speed with which your
body burns calories, and the growth of your bones, teeth, and brain. The pinkish,
butterfly­shaped gland wraps around the windpipe in front of the throat. It affects
nearly every organ in your body.
The thyroid is your body’s factory for a hormone, or body chemical, called
thyroxin. The thyroid secretes this chemical into your bloodstream, which is your
body’s superhighway. The bloodstream delivers the chemical’s message to your
cells: Get to work! Thyroxin controls your body’s metabolism. That means it sets
the pace for how quickly cells transform food into energy. The hormone also
affects the speed of many chemical reactions in your body.
(2)
The thyroid is one of many endocrine glands that control body functions. The
glands are part of a system that regulates hormones. When the thyroid springs into
action, the original work order comes from your brain. From atop your brain stem,
an organ called the hypothalamus keeps tabs on hormone levels in your
body—about 200 in all. When thyroxin levels drop too low, the hypothalamus
sends off a warning to its neighbor, the pituitary gland. That pea­sized master gland
kicks the thyroid into production—and kicks you into gear.
(3)
Pay attention to your body because diseases of the thyroid are common. These
problems affect millions of people worldwide. An overactive thyroid
(hyperthyroidism) can affect a person’s heart and make the person skinny and
nervous. People with an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) feel exhausted, gain
weight, and are often cold.
(4)
Pollution may cause thyroid disease. Some industrial chemicals are absorbed by
the body through air, water, or food. Those substances can disrupt the body’s
hormone balance. Toxins from smoking cigarettes or chewing tobacco can damage

162 / Go on to the next page.

the thyroid too. The good news is that there are treatments for some thyroid
conditions. And if you are like most people, your body’s energy control system
keeps everything in balance so that you’re raring to go!

1­ According to the text, how does an overactive thyroid lead to weight loss?
a) It can help people eat less fattening foods.
b) It can make people want to do more exercise.
c) It controls people’s metabolism.
d) It can make people feel sleepy and less energetic.
2­ Which option below describes the relationship between the following two
sentences? “The thyroid is one of many endocrine glands that control body
functions. The glands are part of a system that regulates hormones.”
a) The sentences make comparisons about the thyroid.
b) The first sentence names a cause, and the second sentence describes an
effect.
c) The first and second sentences describe steps in a sequence.
d) The second sentence adds information to the description in the first
sentence.
3­ In the second paragraph, the word superhighway refers to .....................
a) thyroid
b) bloodstream
c) body
d) chemical
4­ What is the other endocrine gland mentioned in the passage?
a) adrenal
b) ovaries
c) pineal
d) pituitary
5­ According to the text, which of the following does the thyroid gland NOT
play an important role in?
a) the rate at which a person can run
b) the heart rate
c) the rate at which the body converts food into energy
163 / Go on to the next page.
 d) a person’s energy level
6­ What is the main purpose of the text?
a) To compare and contrast the thyroid with the pituitary gland.
b) To persuade young people to eat better and exercise more.
c) To describe the thyroid gland and explain how it works.
d) To provide a list of hormones and explain what each one does.

7­ Why is the pituitary gland called master gland, according to the passage?
a) It can push the thyroid into production.
b) It can push the pancreas into production.
c) It can push the thymus into production.
d) It can push the adrenal into production.
8­ According to the text, which of the following explains how living in a
highly­polluted area can cause thyroid disease?
a) The thyroid produces melatonin, and high pollution areas help maintain
circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones.
b) The thyroid produces insulin and glucagon, and high pollution are as
regulate blood glucose.
c) High pollution areas expose people to harmful chemicals that damage the
hormone balance.
d) The hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary to release or inhibit
pituitary hormone production in high pollution areas.
9­ Which of the following is in the brain and sends messages to the pituitary
gland?
a) thyroxin
b) hypothalamus
c) thymus
d) ovaries
10­ It can be inferred from the text that thyroid imbalance has been totally cured
in
a) Hyperthyroidism
b) Hypothyroidism
c) Both conditions
d) None of the above

164 / Go on to the next page.

 Passage (2)
(1)
Everyone knows that belching is rude, but cows do it all the time — every 40 seconds,
in fact! The noisy burst of gas is more than just bad manners. It's bad for the environment.
Each belch releases methane, a colorless, odorless gas. Methane is one of the gases that
contribute to global warming, or the gradual increase in Earth's temperature. Scientists
say a single cow releases up to 150 gallons of methane a day.
(2)
All that belching adds up, say scientists. Altogether, the 100 million cows in the US are
responsible for 20 percent of the nation's methane emissions. Cows aren't trying to harm
the environment—they just can't help it. The methane is made by billions of
microorganisms, or tiny creatures that live in cows' stomachs. The microorganisms help
the animals digest hay and grass. The gas comes out when cows exhale. Bad belches
haven't stopped cows from being in demand. Cattle and other livestock currently supply
one­third of the world's protein; nevertheless, the gas they release is harmful to the
environment. As Earth's population continues to grow, the market for cattle and other
livestock is expected to increase quickly.
(3)
The United Nations predicts that demand for meat and milk will be more than double
by 2050. Meeting that increased demand will require more livestock. As a result, even
more methane will be released into the atmosphere. "Livestock's contribution to
environmental problems is on a massive scale," U.N. officials wrote in a recent report.
They added that, "The impact is so significant that it needs to be addressed with urgency."
Scientists all over the world are trying to figure out ways to lower cows' methane
production. They want to make sure that more cows doesn't mean more pollution.
(4)
German scientists have invented a pill that they say could improve cow digestion. The
fist­sized pill would release new microorganisms into a cow's stomach. Early studies
suggest the pill could help reduce overall methane emissions in Europe by 4 to 6 percent.

165 / Go on to the next page.

Other researchers are fiddling with cows' food. British scientists think cows should eat
more natural sugar. Swiss researchers propose adding extra fat to cows' diets by mixing
coconut or sunflower seeds into cattle feed. Some scientists are even trying garlic. Early
results suggest that garlic may reduce methane, but it also gives cows bad breath and
could give their milk an unusual flavour.
(5)
Lowering cows' emissions could make a big difference to the planet's climate. The
methane they produce is more than 20 times more harmful than carbon dioxide which is
also a greenhouse gas.
The research on improving cows' digestion might have other benefits too. Jess Miner, an
animal nutritionist at the University of Nebraska, says it could help the animals get more
energy from their food. That would mean cows wouldn't have to eat as much. "We could
produce more cows with the same amount of feed," Miner told CNN. "Agriculture will be
made more efficient."
You can help protect the Earth!
1­ Get walking: If you're not going far, walk or ride your bike. Cars burn fuel,
producing greenhouse gases.
2­ Cool off: Put on a sweater instead of blasting the heat. Running a heater uses a lot
of energy. In the summer, use a fan instead of an air conditioner.
3­ Shop locally: Look for foods and products made near your home, such as
vegetables at a local farmers' market. Companies use a lot of fuel to ship products
by plane or truck to faraway stores.
11­Which word would best replace nevertheless in the following sentence? “Cattle
may seem harmless; nevertheless, the gas they release is harmful to the
environment.”
a) because
b) otherwise
c) however
d) since
12­According to the text, how much methane does a single cow release?
a) up to 100 gallons a day
b) up to 150 gallons a day
c) up to 100 gallons a week
d) up to 150 gallons a week
13­According to the excerpt, what are some ways to solve the problem of pollution
created by cows?
a) all of the below
b) adding extra fat into cattle feed
c) adding garlic into the cows’ diet
166 / Go on to the next page.
 d) giving cows a pill to help their digestion
14­Based on the text, which of the following conclusions can be drawn about cows?
a) Cows are not an important part of the food chain.
b) Only certain types of cows are releasing methane.
c) Cows have a significant impact on the planet’s health.
d) The demand for cows will decrease after 2050.
15­What is the primary topic of the text?
a) The reason for the high demand of cattle.
b) The different ways of measuring methane released by cows.
c) The way in which cows are polluting the planet.
d) d) The various ways human beings are responsible for polluting the planet.

16­Which word would best replace emissions in the following sentence?

“Lowering cows' emissions could make a big difference to the planet's climate.”
a) containment
b) concealment
c) refrainment
d) emanation
17­According to the text, how many cows are responsible for 20 percent of the
nation's methane emissions in the United States?
a) 10000 million cows
b) 10 million cows
c) 100 million cows
d) 1000 million cows
18­According to the text, if everyone were to shop locally, how would it help the
earth?
a) companies would use less vegetables
b) companies would use more fuel
c) companies would use more vegetables
d) companies would use less fuel
19­Why has The United Nations predicted that the demand for meat and milk will
increase by more than double by 2050?
a) Because Earth’s population is growing.
b) Because Earth’s agriculture is growing.
c) Because Earth’s solution is growing.
d) Because Earth’s pollution is growing.
20­Which word would best replace efficient in the following sentence?
167 / Go on to the next page.
 “Agriculture will be made more efficient?
a) confusing
b) expensive
c) interesting
d) effective

Passage (3)
(1)
Mass transportation transformed the social and economic fabric of the American
city in three fundamental ways. It catalyzed physical expansion, it sorted out people
and land uses, and it accelerated the inherent instability of urban life. By opening
vast areas of unoccupied land for residential expansion, the omnibuses, horse
railways, commuter trains, and electric trolleys pulled settled regions outward two
to four times more distant from city centers than they were in the pre­modern era.
In 1850, for example, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old
business district; by the turn of the century the radius extended ten miles. Now
those who could afford it could live far removed from the old city center and still
commute there for work, shopping, and entertainment. The new accessibility of
land around the periphery of almost every major city sparked an explosion of real
estate development and fueled what we now know as an urban sprawl. Between
1890 and 1920, for example, some 250,000 new residential lots were recorded
within the borders of Chicago, most of them located in outlying areas. Over the
same period, another 550,000 were plotted outside the city limits but within the
metropolitan area. Anxious to take advantage of the possibilities of commuting,
real estate developers added 800,000 potential building sites to the Chicago region
in just thirty years – lots that could have housed five to six million people.
(2)
Of course, many were never occupied; there was always a huge surplus of
subdivided, but vacant, land around Chicago and other cities. These excesses
underscore a feature of residential expansion related to the growth of mass
transportation: urban sprawl was essentially unplanned. It was carried out by
thousands of small investors who paid little heed to coordinated land use or to
future land users. Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes,

168 / Go on to the next page.

particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and middle­class
inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much as to respond to it.
Chicago is a prime example of this process. Real estate subdivision there
proceeded much faster than population growth.
21­ What is the main topic of this text?
a) The mass migration to rural areas and farming communities.
b) The unusual experience of mass transportation in Chicago that has not
taken place anywhere else.
c) The effect of modern technology on mass transportation.
d) The relationship between mass transportation, urban development and
real estate.
22­ Which word would best replace sorted out in the following sentence? It
catalyzed physical expansion, sorted out people and land uses.
a) testified
b) stratified
c) ratified
d) modified
23­ According to the text, which of the following sentences is correct?
a) Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the
American city in three fundamental ways.
b) Mass transportation revised the social and economic fabric of the
American village in three fundamental ways.
c) In 1850, the borders of Boston lay scarcely two miles from the old tourist
district.
d) Mass transportation accelerated the inherent instability of rural life.
24­ According to the text, which of the following refers to many in the first
sentence of the second paragraph?
a) buses
b) land lots
c) houses
d) cities
25­ What was the effect of mass transportation?
a) It had no effect on the rural or urban life in the USA.
b) It negatively affected the distribution of goods.
c) It accelerated the inherent stability of urban life.
d) It affected the distribution of people over areas surrounding cities.
26­ Why did areas of land remain unoccupied around Chicago?
a) in order for new residents of Chicago to look for work opportunities.

169 / Go on to the next page.

 b) because people preferred rural life to living in the chaotic city.
c) because the real estate subdivision proceeded much faster than population
growth.
d) in order to open day­care centers for people who recently moved to the
Chicago suburbs.
27­ Which of the following would best replace it in the underlined section:
"Now those who could afford it………’
a) to live outside of the city.
b) to cultivate new areas.
c) to build luxurious houses.
d) to leave their rural lives .
28­ How was urban expansion carried out?
a) It was carried out by thousands of large investors.
b) It was well planned.
c) It was done to stimulate economic growth.
d) It was unplanned.
29­ Which of the following best fits the underlined section in paragraph 1“the
borders of Chicago, most of them located…”?
a) the borders of Chicago: most of them located.
b) the borders of Chicago. Most of them located.
c) NO CHANGE.
d) the borders of Chicago; most of them located.
30­ Which word would best replace anticipated, in the following sentence?
“Those who purchased and prepared land for residential purposes,
particularly land near or outside city borders where transit lines and
middle­class inhabitants were anticipated, did so to create demand as much
as to respond to it.”
a) doubted
b) amazed
c) expected
d) unprepared

Passage (4)
(1)
Palaces are known for their beauty and splendor, but they offer little protection
against attacks. It is easy to defend a fortress, but fortresses are not designed with

1610 / Go on to the next page.

the comfort of a king or queen in mind. When it comes to structures that are both
majestic and well­fortified, the classic European castle is the pinnacle of design.
Across the ages castles changed, developed, and eventually fell out of use, but they
still command the fascination of our culture.
(2)
Castles were originally built in England by Norman invaders in 1066. As
William the Conqueror advanced through England, he fortified key positions to
secure the land he had taken. The castles he built allowed the Norman lords to
retreat to safety when threatened by English rebellion. Castles also served as bases
of operation for offensive attacks. Troops were summoned to, organized around,
and deployed from castles. In this way castles served both offensive and defensive
roles in military operations.
(3)
Not limited to military purposes, castles also served as offices from which the
lord would administer control over his fiefdom. That is to say, the lord of the land
would hold court in his castle. Those that were socially beneath the lord would
come to report the affairs of the lands that they governed and pay tribute to the
lord. They would address disputes, handle business, feast, and enjoy festivities. In
this way castles served as important social centers in medieval England. Castles
also served as symbols of power. Built on prominent sites overlooking the
surrounding areas, castles constantly loomed in the background of many peasants’
lives and served as a daily reminder of the lord’s strength.
(4)
The first castles constructed in England were made from earth and timber. Those
who constructed them took advantage of natural features, such as hills and rivers,
to increase defenses. Since these castles were constructed from wood, they were
highly susceptible to attacks by fire. Wooden castles were gradually replaced by
stone, which greatly increased the strength of these fortifications; however, being
made from stone did not make these castles entirely fireproof. Attackers could hurl
flaming objects into the castle through the windows or ignite the wooden doors.
This led to moving the windows and entrances off the ground floor and up to the
first floor to make them more difficult to access.
Castles served many purposes during the Middle Ages.
(5)
As the nobility accumulated wealth, England became increasingly attractive to
those who sought to plunder. Raids by Vikings and other marauders increased in
regularity. In response to these attacks, castle defenses were updated and improved.
Arrow­slits were added. These were small holes in the castle, large enough for an
arrow to fit through, which allowed defenders to fire from nearly invulnerable
positions. Towers were built from which defenders could provide flanking fire.

1611 / Go on to the next page.

These towers were connected to the castle by wooden bridges, so that if one tower
fell, the rest of the castle was still easy to defend. Multiple rings of castle walls
were constructed, so that even if attackers made it past one wall, they would be
caught on a killing ground between inner and outer walls. Advances such as these
greatly increased the defense of castles.
(6)
The demise of castles can ultimately be attributed to gunpowder. Gunpowder
was first introduced to Europe during the 14th century, but the first gunpowder
weapons were unreliable, inaccurate, and weak by later standards. During the 15th
century, artillery became powerful enough to break through stone walls. This
greatly undermined the military role of castles. Castles were then replaced by
artillery forts that had no role in civil administration, and country houses that were
indefensible. Though castles no longer serve their original purposes, remaining
castles receive millions of visitors each year from those who wish to experience
these majestic vestiges of a time long passed.
31­ The idiom pay tribute in paragraph 3 means........................
a) bold court
b) pay fees
c) offer protection
d) show gratitude
32­ Which of the following best describes the main idea in paragraph 2?
a) It describes how and why William the Conqueror took control of
England.
b) It explains why castles were first built in England and the military
purposes they served.
c) It shows how Norman lords were often scared and frequently retreated.
d) It details all of the purposes that English castles served.
33­ Which best explains why the original castles were first made from earth and
timber?
a) It takes a lot more time and energy to build a stone castle.
b) It did not occur to people to build castles out of stone.
c) People did not realize how weak wooden castles would be against fire.
d) Wooden castles were prettier than dirty stone castles.
34­ Which of the following is not a true statement according to the text?
a) Palaces are designed for luxury, not fortification.
b) Fortresses are designed for fortification, not luxury.
c) Castles are designed for luxury and fortification.
d) Palaces are designed for luxury and fortification.

1612 / Go on to the next page.

35­ Which explains why castles are no longer built nowadays.
a) They take a long time and effort to build.
b) They lost their defense power.
c) They can be easily destroyed by new weapons.
d) All of the above.
36­ Which of the following best describes the structure of the text in the fifth
paragraph?
a) Compare and contrast
b) Order of importance
c) Cause and effect
d) Chronological order

37­ Which is not described in the text as an improvement in castle defenses?

a) Towers attached to the main castle by wooden bridges.
b) Deep ditches dug around the castle walls and filled with water.
c) Multiple castle walls providing layers of defenses.
d) Windows and entrances raised off of the ground floor.
38­ Which choice would best replace ‘fortifications; however,’?
a) fortifications: however;
b) fortifications: however,
c) fortifications; however;
d) NO CHANGE
39­ Which of the following titles would best describe the content of this
passage?
a) William the Conqueror: Bringing Castles to England.
b) Defending the Castle: Technologies Used to Defend Medieval Castles.
c) History of Castles: The Rise and Fall of Castles in England.
d) Fancy Living: Learning about Castles, Palaces, and Fortresses.
40­ The following sentence, This greatly undermined the military role of
castles refers to....................................
a) defensible castles
b) first gunpowder weapons
c) strong artillery
d) civil administration

1613 / Go on to the next page.

 Passage (5)
(1)
If you are reading this right now, you are taking part in the wonder of literacy.
Because of printed words, people can relay information across both time and space.
Ideas are encoded in writing and transmitted to readers across thousands of miles
and years. Because of this development, the words of people distant to us can
influence events, impart knowledge, and change the world. Much of the credit for
the development of this phenomenon can be attributed to one man.
(2)
Johannes Gensfleischzur Laden zum Gutenberg, better known as Johannes
Gutenberg, was born in the German city of Mainz. Though most of Gutenberg’s
early life is a mystery, historians believe that he studied at the University of Erfurt
in 1418 and spent much of his young adult life practicing the profession of his
father: goldsmithing. Having a penchant for fortune and success, Gutenberg
borrowed money from investors in 1439 and found himself in financial trouble. In
the year 1439 the city in which Gutenberg lived was planning to exhibit its large
collection of relics from Emperor Charlemagne (a famous ruler who had united
much of Western Europe around 800 AD). The exhibit was expected to bring many
visitors to the town, so Gutenberg took investments and created many polished
metal mirrors which were to be sold to the visitors (it was a common belief at that
time that mirrors were able to capture holy light from religious relics). The mirrors
which Gutenberg produced probably would have sold well, but due to severe
flooding the event was delayed by one year. The impatient investors demanded that
Gutenberg return their investments, but he had already spent the money on
producing the unsalable mirrors. He was trapped in a difficult situation. In order to
satisfy the investors, Gutenberg decided to share his greatest secret with them.
(3)
This secret would forever change the world, all of history, and even the process
of keeping history. It’s been argued that Gutenberg’s idea was one of the greatest of
all mankind. This one idea would lead to the spread of countless others. It would
play a key role in the development of the Renaissance, Reformation, the Age of
Enlightenment, and the Scientific Revolution. This idea would bring learning to the
masses and form the backbone of the modern knowledge­based economy.
Gutenberg had created the mechanical printing press with movable type. This
brilliant idea would soon change the world, but in the short term he bungled what

1614 / Go on to the next page.

proved to be a large and risky investment. He found himself in financial trouble
once again and was sued by one of his investors, who accused Gutenberg of
mismanaging money meant for the production of books. The courts ruled against
Gutenberg; he lost control of the shop and was effectively bankrupt.
(4)
Before the spread of Gutenberg’s idea, literature was primarily handwritten. That
means that each copy of the Catholic Bible and all of its 73 books were tediously
and painstakingly hand scribed, and this was done before the invention of the
ballpoint pen. Given the amount of detail that went into scribing each text, creating
a single copy of a bible could take years. Because of the effort that went into
producing them, books were extremely rare and valuable. Because of the value and
scarcity of books, there was little reason for common people to learn to read or
write since it was unlikely that they would ever handle a book in their lifetimes.
Gutenberg’s invention would change all of that. His printing press allowed
literature to be produced on a mass scale. The first major text that Gutenberg
produced was a 42 line copy of the Bible. Most copies of his Bible went to
monasteries and universities, though one was sold to a wealthy private individual.
Copies are known to have sold for 30 florins (about three years of wages for a clerk
at the time), which may seem expensive but was nonetheless much cheaper than a
hand produced copy. Only twenty­one complete Gutenberg Bibles exist today and
the last one traded hands in 1987 for 4.9 million dollars, the highest price ever paid
for a book at the time.
(5)
Though he had failed as a businessman, the technologies that he had created
spread across Europe rapidly. As these printing technologies and techniques
spread, news and books began to travel across Europe much faster than previously
possible. The world has not been the same since. Though Gutenberg was
financially unsuccessful in his own lifetime, he made the world a much richer
place.
41­ Which best describes the structure of the text in paragraph 2?
a) Compare and contrast
b) Problem and solution
c) Chronological order

1615 / Go on to the next page.

 d) Spatial order
42­ Which of the following expresses the correct order of events?
a) Gutenberg was born in Mainz, invested in mirrors, and then became a
goldsmith.
b) Gutenberg created the printing press, printed the bible, and then invented
the metal mirror.
c) Gutenberg went to college, revealed his press, and then invested in shiny
mirrors.
d) Gutenberg studied goldsmithing, invented the printing press, and then
lost his shop.
43­ Which best explains why Gutenberg’s plan to sell mirrors failed?
a) The mirrors were less popular than he had expected.
b) Too many other people had the same idea.
c) Newly invented glass mirrors rendered his metal mirrors obsolete.
d) None of the above.
44­ Which of the following replaces the phrase Penchant for in paragraph 2?
a) strong inclination
b) strong disliking
c) weak desire
d) complete failure
45­ Which is NOT listed in the text as a movement to which Gutenberg’s idea
contributed?
a) The Great Schism
b) The Scientific Revolution
c) The Renaissance
d) The Age of Enlightenment
46­ Which of the following is best supported by evidence from the text?
a) Gutenberg’s idea was a tremendous success that made him incredibly
wealthy.
b) Gutenberg’s idea didn’t catch on in his lifetime, but grew very popular
after his death.
c) Gutenberg’s idea did not make him rich but it spread very quickly.
d) Gutenberg’s idea did not catch on right away but made him incredibly
rich over time.
47­ Which best explains why most people were illiterate during Gutenberg’s
time?

1616 / Go on to the next page.

 a) Books were rare and very expensive.
b) The public school system had not yet been created.
c) Writing had not yet been invented.
d) Emperor Charlemagne made reading and writing illegal for common
people.
48­ Which best expresses the author’s purpose in writing this text?
a) To describe what life was like during the Middle Ages.
b) To persuade people to read and write more.
c) To chart the spread of printing technologies across Europe.
d) To provide biographical information about Johannes Gutenberg.
49­ Which best explains why so few of Gutenberg’s bibles were sold to private
individuals?
a) Gutenberg wanted to use his talents to help churches and universities.
b) Gutenberg’s Bible was pretty expensive and most people couldn’t read.
c) Most Europeans were not religious and did not care about the bible.
d) Gutenberg’s investors forbade him from selling the bibles to private
individuals.
50­ Which of the following titles best expresses the main idea of this text?
a) Investing Wisely: Turning Your Good Ideas into Money.
b) How to Make Books Using the Gutenberg Method.
c) The City of Mainz: Life in Medieval Germany.
d) Gutenberg: A Man Who Changed the World.

1617 / Go on to the next page.

Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
Scanned by CamScanner
 URT ENGLISH TEST

Directions
This booklet contains the English test. There are 50 multiple choice questions (MCQs)
that measure skills and abilities highly related to course work completed in Grades 1,
2, and 3 STEM schools.

The questions in the test are numbered, and the suggested answers for each question
are lettered (A, B, C, and D). On the answer document, the rows of ovals are numbered
to match the questions, and the ovals in each row are lettered to correspond to the
suggested answers.

For each question, first decide which answer is best. Next, locate on the answer
document the row of ovals numbered the same as the question. Then, locate the oval
in that row lettered the same as your answer. Finally, fill in the oval completely. USE
A SOFT LEAD PENCIL AND MAKE YOUR MARKS HEAVY AND BLACK.
DO NOT USE A PEN.

Mark only one answer to each question. If you change your mind about an answer,
erase your first mark thoroughly before marking your new answer. (MAKE SURE
THAT YOU MARK YOUR ANSWER IN THE CORRECT ROW OF OVALS.)

Only responses marked on your answer document will be scored. Your score on each test will
be based only on the number of questions you answer correctly during the time allowed for
that test. You will NOT be penalized for guessing. IT IS TO YOUR ADVANTAGE TO
EVERY QUESTION EVEN IF YOU MUST GUESS. HOWEVER, IF YOU CHOOSE
MORE THAN ONE ANSWER FOR A QUESTION, IT WILL BE MARKED ZERO.

If you finish a test before time is called for that test, you should use the time remaining
to reconsider questions you are uncertain about in that test.

Lay your pencil down immediately when time is called at the end of the test. You may
NOT for any reason fill in or alter your answers after time is called for that test. To do
so will disqualify you from the examination. Do not fold or tear the pages of your test
booklet.

DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL TOLD TO DO SO.

Passage (1)
Page 1 of 16 Go on to the next page.
 (1)
You know that you're doing something big when your company name becomes
a verb. Ask Xerox. In 1959 they created the first plain paper copy machine. It was one
of the most successful products ever. The company name Xerox grew into a verb that
means "to copy," as in "Bob, can you Xerox this for me?" Around 50 years later, the
same thing happened to Google. Their company name grew into a verb that means "to
do an internet search." Now everyone and their grandma know what it means to Google
it.
(2)
Unlike Xerox, Google wasn't the first company to invent their product, not by a
long shot. Lycos released their search engine in 1993. Yahoo! came out in 1994.
AltaVista began serving results in 1995. Google did not come out until years later, in
1998. Though a few years difference may not seem like much, this is a major head start
in the fast moving world of tech. So how did Google do it? How did they overtake
their competitors who had such huge leads in time and money? Maybe one good idea
made all the difference.
(3)
There are millions and millions of sites on the internet. How does a search engine
know which ones are relevant to your search? This is a question that great minds have
been working on for decades. To understand how Google changed the game, you need
to know how search engines worked in 1998. Back then most websites looked at the
words in your query. They counted how many times those words appeared on each
page. Then they might return pages where the words in your query appeared the most.
This system did not work well and people often had to click through pages and pages
of results to find what they wanted.
(4)
Google was the first search engine that began considering links. Links are those
blue underlined words that take you to other pages when you click on them. Larry
Page, cofounder of Google, believed that meaningful data could be drawn from how
those links connect. Page figured that websites with many links pointing at them were
more important than those that had few. He was right. Google's search results were
much better than their rivals. They would soon become the world's most used search
engine.
(5)
It wasn't just the great search results that led to Google becoming so well liked.
It also had to do with the way that they presented their product. Most of the other search
engines were cluttered. Their home pages were filled with everything from news
stories to stock quotes. But Google's homepage was, and still is, clean. There's nothing
on it but the logo, the search box, and a few links. It almost appears empty. In fact,

Page 2 of 16 Go on to the next page.

when they were first testing it, users would wait at the home page and not do anything.
When asked why, they said that they were, "waiting for the rest of the page to load."
People couldn't imagine such a clean and open page as being complete. But the fresh
design grew on people once they got used to it.
(6)
These days Google has its hands in everything from self-driving cars to helping
humans live longer. Though they have many other popular products, they will always
be best known for their search engine. The Google search engine has changed our lives
and our language. Not only is it a fantastic product, it is a standing example that one
good idea (and a lot of hard work) can change the world.

1. Which event happened last?

a. Lycos released their search engine.
b. Yahoo! released their search engine.
c. Google released their search engine
d. Xerox released their copy machine.
2. Which statement would the author of this text most likely disagree with?
a. Part of Google's success is due to the design of their homepage.
b. Google succeeded by following examples of others in their field.
c. Google wasn't the first search engine, but it was the best.
d. Google's success may not have been possible without Larry Page.
3. Which best expresses the main idea of the third paragraph?
a. There are lots and lots of websites connected to the internet.
b. Google created a better way to organize search results.
c. Many smart people have worked on search engines over the years.
d. Older search engines used unreliable methods to order results.
4. What is the author's main purpose in writing this article?
a. To explain how Google overtook its rivals
b. To compare and contrast Google and Xerox
c. To persuade readers to use Google for internet searches
d. To discuss how companies can influence language over time
5. Which statement would the author most likely agree with?
a. Google became successful because its founders were well-connected.
b. Google was the world's first and best search engine.
c. Google changed the world by solving an old problem in a new way.
d. Google's other products are now more important to its success than
search.
6. Which best expresses the main idea of the fourth paragraph?
Page 3 of 16 Go on to the next page.
 a. Links allow people to surf from one website to the next.
b. Larry Page's ideas about links helped Google get to the top.
c. Larry Page contributed to the internet by inventing the link.
d. Google is a website that serves important links to users.
7. Which best explains why the author discusses Xerox in this text?
a. He is discussing big companies that came before Google.
b. He is explaining how companies must change with the times.
c. He is showing how companies can affect our language.
d. He is comparing and contrasting Google and Xerox.
8. How did Google improve search quality in 1998?
a. They counted how many times queries appeared on each page.
b. They looked more closely at the words in search queries.
c. They linked to more pages.
d. They studied the relationships of links.
9. Which was cited as a reason why Google became so popular?
a. Google's homepage was clean.
b. Google provided catchy news stories on their homepage.
c. Google homepage loaded quickly.
d. Google provided useful stock quotes on their homepage.
10.Which title best expresses the author's main purpose in writing this text?
a. Xerox Vs. Google: Battle of the Titans
b. Search Engines: How They Work and Why They're Important
c. A Better Way: How Google Rose to the Top
d. Search Engines: A Short History of Important Tools

Passage (2)
(1)
"Click!" That's the sound of safety. That's the sound of survival. That's the sound of a seat
belt locking in place. Seat belts save lives and that's a fact. That's why I don't drive
anywhere until mine is on tight. Choosing to wear your seat belt is a simple as choosing
between life and death. Which one do you choose?
(2)
Think about it. When you're driving in a car, you may be going 60 MPH or faster.
That car is zipping down the road. Then somebody ahead of you locks up his or her brakes.
Your driver doesn't have time to stop. The car that you are in crashes. Your car was going
60 miles per hour. Now it has suddenly stopped. Your body, however, is still going 60
MPH. What's going to stop your body? Will it be the windshield or your seat belt? Every
Page 4 of 16 Go on to the next page.
time that you get into a car you make that choice. I choose the seat belt.
(3)
Some people think that seat belts are uncool. They think that seat belts cramp their
style, or that seat belts are uncomfortable. To them I say, what's more uncomfortable?
Wearing a seat belt or flying through a car windshield? What's more uncool? Being safely
anchored to a car, or skidding across the road in your jean shorts? Wearing a seat belt is
both cooler and more comfortable than the alternatives.
(4)
Let's just take a closer look at your choices. If you are not wearing your seat belt, you
can hop around the car and slide in and out of your seat easily. That sounds like a lot of fun.
But, you are also more likely to die or suffer serious injuries. If you are wearing a seat belt,
you have to stay in your seat. That's no fun. But, you are much more likely to walk away
unharmed from a car accident. Hmmm...A small pleasure for a serious pain. That's a tough
choice. I think that I'll avoid the serious pain.
(5)
How about giving money away? Do you like to give your money away? Probably
not. And when you don't wear your seat belt, you are begging to give your money away.
That's because kids are required to wear seat belts in every state in America. If you're riding
in a car, and you don't have a seat belt on, the police can give you or your driver a ticket.
Then you will have to give money to the city. I'd rather keep my money, but you can spend
yours how you want.
(6)
Wearing a seat belt does not make you invincible. You can still get hurt or killed
while wearing your seat belt. But wearing them has proven to be safer than driving without
them. You are much less likely to be killed in a car wreck if you are wearing a seat belt.
You are much less likely to get seriously injured if you are wearing one. So why not take
the safer way? Why not go the way that has been proven to result in fewer deaths? You do
want to live, don't you?

11.Which title best expresses the main idea of this text?

a. Car Accidents: Ways That We Can Prevent Them
b. Slow Down: Save Lives By Driving Slower
c. Seat Belts: Wear Them to Survive Any Wreck
d. Why Not? Improve Your Odds with Seat Belts
12.Which best expresses the author's main purpose in writing this text?
a. To inform readers about seat belt laws
b. To persuade readers to wear seat belts
Page 5 of 16 Go on to the next page.
c. To entertain readers with stories and jokes about seat belts
d. To describe what car accidents are like without seat belts
13.Which best describes the text structure in the fourth paragraph?
a. Compare and contrast b. Chronological order
c. Sequential order d. Problem and solution
14.Which best defines the word alternatives as it is used in the third
paragraph?
a. Being safe
b. Being unsafe
c. Other choices
d. Driving fast
15. Which best expresses the main idea of the fifth paragraph?
a. Seat belts are a waste of money.
b. People don't like to give money away.
c. Not wearing a seat belt may cost you.
d. Seat belt laws save lives.
16.Which best defines the word invincible as it is used in the last paragraph?
a. Uncool
b. Difficult or impossible to see
c. Glow-in-the-dark
d. Unable to be harmed
17.Which statement would the author most likely agree with?
a. Being safe is more important than being cool.
b. Moving freely around a car is worth the risks.
c. Seat belts will keep you safe in any car accident.
d. You should be most concerned with your comfort.
18.Which argument is not made by the author?
a. Not wearing a seat belt can be expensive.
b. Penalties for not wearing a seat belt should increase.
c. Seat belts keep you from flying through the windshield.
d. Wearing a seat belt is cooler than suffering an injury.
19.Which statement would the author most likely disagree with?
a. Seat belts save lives.
b. Every state in America has seat belt laws.
c. You shouldn't drive anywhere until you are wearing your seat belt.
Page 6 of 16 Go on to the next page.
d. Seat belts increase your chances of being injured in a car wreck.
20.Which best explains why the author starts his essay with the word click?
a. He is trying to scare readers.
b. He is trying to get the reader's attention.
c. He is trying to remind readers how seat belts sound when clasped.
d. He is trying to describe what it's like to ride in a car.

Passage (3)
(1)
More than a million people immigrate to the United States to start new lives
every year, and if they are arriving in New York, one of the first sights that they will
see is the Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty stands on Liberty Island, near
Manhattan in New York. Though she is often thought to be resident of New York,
Liberty Island is actually federal property, which means that the Statue of Liberty
belongs to the whole country. The Statue of Liberty is not only the tallest statue in
America, it is also one of the most recognizable American symbols.
(2)
The Statue of Liberty is huge. From the tip of the torch to the pedestal on
which she stands, she is just over 151 feet tall. If you include the pedestal in your
measurement, she stands more than 305 feet off of the ground. That’s more than 30
basketball hoops or an entire football field. Her waist size is 35 feet, which would
make it awfully tough to find pants, and the tablet she holds is 23 feet long. Don’t
worry though; she hasn’t had any trouble holding that tablet yet with her 8 foot
index finger. Talk about heavy handed…
(3)
Though America financed and built the pedestal on which the Statue of Liberty
stands, the statue itself was a gift from France. In this way the complete work, much
like the United States, is a product of both American and French contributions. At
one time America was ruled by the British. The founding fathers of America chose
to fight against Great Britain for the independence of their country. France
supported America by providing money, men, and weapons of war. Had it not been
for French contributions during the Revolutionary War, America would not exist in
the way that it does today; therefore, it is quite fitting that the Statue of Liberty,
which represents freedom, came to being by a joint American and French effort. On
October 28th, 1886, just over one-hundred years after America declared its

Page 7 of 16 Go on to the next page.

 independence from Great Britain, the Statue of Liberty was completed and
dedicated by its designer, FrédéricAuguste Bartholdi.
(4)
Perhaps no person did more to bring the statue into being than Bartholdi. Not
only did Bartholdi gain both French and American approval for the project, he led
the French fundraising efforts and designed the appearance of the statue. The
appearance of the Statue of Liberty is somewhat derived from Libertas, the Roman
goddess of freedom. The torch represents how liberty enlightens the world. The
seven points or rays coming from the top of the crown represent the sun, the seven
seas, the seven continents, and (as with the torch) how liberty enlightens the world.
Though much of the statue was modeled after depictions of goddesses, Bartholdi
modeled the face after his mother. Now that’s a Mother’s Day gift that’s hard to top.
Though Bartholdi was responsible for the external appearance of statute, the internal
design can be largely credited to innovative designer, Gustave Eiffel. Though Mr.
Eiffel is best known for his contributions to a tower in Paris that is named after him,
he also engineered the internal structure that holds up the Statue of Liberty. Eiffel
chose to use a flexible structure, so that changes in the temperature and strong
winds from the ocean would not cause the statue to crack. Because of Eiffel’s crafty
design, the Statue of Liberty may sway as much as three inches on a windy day. If
the winds exceed 50 miles per hour, the torch may sway five inches. Eiffel is also
responsible for including two spiraling staircases on the interior of the statue to help
visitors reach the observation point in the crown.
(5)

While most people appreciate the Statue of Liberty today, during its construction in
the 1870s, many Americans were critical of the project. Some took issue with the
fact that Bartholdi was French. They believed that American monuments should be
designed and constructed by Americans. Others felt that the statue wasn’t much of a
gift since it required Americans to foot the bill for the pedestal. After the Panic of
1873, America fell into a deep economic depression that lasted through much of the
1870s. (During an economic depression people spend less money and it is harder to
find jobs.) Because the nation was going through a depression, many Americans
thought that money should not be spent to support a giant French statue. I think
most Americans would now agree that it was a good investment.

21.Which is not represented by the seven points on the crown of the Statue of
Liberty according to the text?
a. The points represent how liberty enlightens the world.

Page 8 of 16 Go on to the next page.

 b. The points represent the seven continents.
c. The points represent the sun.
d. The points represent the seven days of creation.
22.Information in the second paragraph is mainly organized using which text
structure?
a. Spatial order
b. Order of importance
c. Chronological order
d. Cause and effect
23.Which best expresses the main idea of the third paragraph?
a. France assisted the United States in the Revolutionary War.
b. The statue was a joint effort between France and the U.S. just like U.S.
independence.
c. The U.S. was once a colony of Great Britain.
d. The statue of liberty was dedicated 100 years after America declared its
independence.
24.Which is not a reason why people criticized the Statue of Liberty during
its construction?
a. Some people felt that the statue should have been bigger.
b. Some people felt that the statue should have been built by an American.
c. Some people felt that France should have paid for the statue and the
pedestal.
d. Some people felt that America shouldn't spend money on a statue during
a depression.
25. Which of the following statements is false?
a. The tablet that the Statue of Liberty holds is 23 feet long.
b. The Statue of Liberty's waste size is 35 feet.
c. The pedestal underneath the Statue of Liberty is 305 tall.
d. The Statue of Liberty is over 151 feet tall.
26.Which best expresses the author's purpose in writing the last paragraph?
a. To describe what a depression is
b. To show that some people did not think very highly of the French
c. To argue why the Statue of Liberty was a good investment
d. To explain why some people were against building the statue.
27.Which of the following is an opinion?
a. The Statue of Liberty cost a tremendous amount of money to build.
b. The Statue of Liberty was sculpted by Frederic Auguste Bartholdi.
c. The Statue of Liberty is over 151 feet tall.

Page 9 of 16 Go on to the next page.

 d. The Statue of Liberty may sway 3 inches on a windy day.
28.Which of the following statements is false?
a. The guy who built the Eiffel Tower also designed the inside of the
Statue of Liberty.
b. The Eiffel Tower was a gift to the Americans from the people of France.
c. The Statue of Liberty is located on federal property.
d. Bartholdi got permission from both the French and the US to build the
statue.
29.Which of the following is not one of the ways that Bartholdi contributed to
the statue?
a. He designed the interior of the statue.
b. He gained approval for the project from the U.S. and from France.
c. He sculpted the exterior of the statue.
d. He gained financing to complete the project from France.
30.Which best expresses the author's purpose in writing this text?
a. To persuade people to visit the Statue of Liberty
b. To inform readers with interesting facts about the Statue of Liberty
c. To entertain readers with stories about the construction of the Statue of
Liberty
d. To describe the appearance of the Statue of Liberty.

Passage (4)
(1)
The need for a surgical operation, especially an emergency operation, almost always
comes as a severe shock to the patient and his family. Despite modern advances,
most people still have an irrational fear of hospitals and an aesthetics. Patients do not
often believe they really need surgery - cutting into a part of the body as opposed to
treatment with drugs.
(2)
In the early years of this century there was little specialization in surgery. A good
surgeon was capable of performing almost every operation that had been devised up
to that time. Today the situation is different. Operations are now being carried out
that were not even dreamed of fifty years ago. The heart can be safely opened and its
valves repaired. Clogged blood vessels can be cleaned out, and broken ones mended
or replaced. A lung, the whole stomach, or even part of the brain can be removed and
still permit the patient to live a comfortable and satisfactory life. However, not every
Page 10 of 16 Go on to the next page.
surgeon wants to, or is qualified to carry out every type of modern operation.
(3)
The scope of surgery has increased remarkably in this century. Its safety has
increased too. Deaths from most operations are about 20% of what they were in 1910
and surgery has been extended in many directions, for example to certain types of
birth defects in newborn babies, and, at the other end of the scale, to life-saving
operations for the octogenarian. The hospital stay after surgery has been shortened to
as little as a week for most major operations. Most patients are out of bed on the day
after an operation and may be back at work in two or three weeks.
(4)

Many developments in modern surgery are almost incredible. They include the
replacement of damaged blood vessels with simulated ones made of plastic; the
replacement of heart valves with plastic substitutes; the transplanting of tissues such
as the lens of the eye; the invention of the artificial kidney to clean the blood of
poisons at regular intervals and the development of heart and lung machines to keep
patients alive during very long operations. All these things open a hopeful vista for
the future of surgery.
(5)

One of the most revolutionary areas of modern surgery is that of organ transplants.
Until a few years ago, no person, except an identical twin, was able to accept into his
body the tissues of another person without reacting against them and eventually
killing them. Recently, however, it has been discovered that with the use of x-rays
and special drugs, it is possible to graft tissues from one person to another which will
survive for periods of a year or more. Kidneys have been successfully transplanted
between non-identical twins. Heart and lung transplants have been reason-ably
successful in animals, though rejection problems in humans have yet to be solved.
(6)

'Spare parts' surgery, the simple routine replacement of all worn-out organs by new
ones, is still a dream of the distant future. As yet, surgery is not ready for such
miracles. In the meantime, you can be happy if your doctor says to you, ‘Yes, I think
it is possible to operate on you for this condition.'

31.Most people are afraid of being operated on………………..

A. in spite of improvements in modern surgery.
B. because they think modern drugs are dangerous.
C. because they do not believe they need an aesthetics.

Page 11 of 16 Go on to the next page.

 D. unless it is an emergency operation.
32.Surgeons in the early years of this century, compared with modern
ones,…………………..
A. needed more knowledge.
B. could perform every operation known today.
C. were more trusted by their patients.
D. had less to learn about surgery.
33.Open heart surgery has been possible…………………….
A. from prehistoric times.
B. since the nineteenth century.
C. ? only in the last fifty years.
D. since the invention of valves.
34.A patient can still live a comfortable and satisfactory life, even after the
removal of……….
A. his brain.
B. his lungs.
C. a major organ such as the stomach or one lung.
D. part of the stomach or the whole liver.
35.Modern surgeons…………………..
A. do not like to perform operations of the new type.
B. are obliged to specialize more than their predecessors.
C. are not as highly qualified as the older ones.
D. often perform operations which are not really needed.
36.Today, compared with 1910…………………….
A. five times fewer patients die after being operated on.
B. 20 % fewer of all operation patients die.
C. 20% of all operation patients recover.
D. operation deaths have increased by 20%.
37.Some of the more astonishing innovations in modern surgery
include……………..
A. ear, nose and throat transplants.
B. valve less plastic hearts.
C. leg transplants.
D. plastic heart valves.
38.The main difficulty with organ transplants is……………………
Page 12 of 16 Go on to the next page.
 A. it is difficult to find organs of exactly the same size.
B. only identical twins can give permission for their organs to be ex changed.
C. the body's tendency to reject alien tissues.
D. the patient is not allowed to use drugs after them.
39.'Spare parts' surgery………………
A. has yet to be come a reality.
B. will be available in the near future.
C. is only possible for animals.
D. has been replaced by modern drug treatments.
40.You can be happy if your surgeon can operate because it
means…………………
A. he is a good doctor.
B. he thinks your condition may be curable.
C. he knows you will survive.
D. you are getting better already.

Passage (5)
(1)

Pottery is the name given to all kinds of pots and utensils made from clay and other
minerals when they have been ‘fired’, that is, hardened by heat in the potter's kiln.
Articles made of pottery include plates, cups and saucers, cooking dishes, wall and
floor tiles, chemical storage jars, bathroom fittings, filters, drain pipes, electrical
insulators and ornaments for the home.
(2)
Pottery is one of the oldest crafts, which began to be practiced as soon as man
learned to control fire, and long before the melting of metals. It enabled him from
very early times to make vessels for storing and cooking food, for carrying water, and
for ritual burial purposes. Early vessels were shaped by hand and probably' fired' in a
big bonfire by covering them over with dried grass and dead branches, which were
then set alight.

(3)
A great advance in pottery followed the invention of the potter's wheel and the kiln. It
is not certainly known where the potter's wheel was first used, but it is thought that
by about 3500 B.C. potters in Central Asia were using some kind of wheel. From

Page 13 of 16 Go on to the next page.

there its use spread west and east to Egypt, Crete, China - and then to Ancient Greece
and Rome.

(4)
At first the wheel was nothing more than a small disc, turned on a pivot by hand, but
later it was improved by raising it and providing it with a larger
circular platform near the ground as well which could be rotated by the potter with
his feet. Such a wheel was probably in use in Egypt by about 200 B.C., though this is
only conjecture; but it was certainly still in use in Europe at the beginning of the
nineteenth century. In the eighteenth century, however, the potter's wheel was
improved so that it could be worked by a treadle, or turned by an assistant. Modern
potters' wheels are power driven.

(5)
There are three principal ways articles may be made of pottery. They may be simply
shaped by hand. They may be thrown on the potter's wheel and shaped against
the spin with the fingers or some scraping tool. Thirdly, the wet clay may be put in a
pre-shaped ‘form’ of plaster-of Paris.

(6)
After the pots have been made, they are slowly baked in the kiln. This produces
chemical changes in the' clay which have a hardening effect. The time taken
for firing pottery varies with the size of the kiln and the type of clay. It can take
anything from 24 hours to as long as 2 weeks.

(7)

If pottery is to hold water, it must be ‘glazed’, since clay is porous by nature. Glaze
consists of the raw materials of glass, ground together and mixed with water to a
creamy consistency. The glaze is sprayed on to the pot which is then heated in the
kiln again until it is, in effect, covered with a very thin layer of glass. This seals
the pores in the clay and gives us the versatile table and oven dishes we know so well
today.

41.Pottery is the name given to……………….

A. all kinds of utensils.
B. all kinds of pots and utensils.
Page 14 of 16 Go on to the next page.
 C. domestic fittings and table dishes.
D. things made of baked clay or other minerals.
42.The early making of pottery……………..
A. pre-dated the discovery of fire.
B. post-dated the smelting of metals.
C. was dependent on the control of fire.
D. avoided the need for storing and treating food.
43.Before the invention of the potter's wheel…………………
A. pottery vessels were shaped by hand.
B. it was impossible to make pottery vessels.
C. pottery vessels were shaped by heating in a bonfire.
D. pottery could only be obtained from Central Asia.
44.The first potter's wheel was invented…………………
A. in Central Asia.
B. in Egypt.
C. in Ancient Greece.
D. probably before 3500 B.C.
45.The ancient Greeks and Romans…………….
A. did not use the potter's wheel.
B. learned about the potter's wheel from elsewhere.
C. did not make pottery.
D. carried the potter's wheel to Egypt, Crete and China.
46.Improvements to the potter's wheel………………
A. came only in the twentieth century.
B. have never really been successful.
C. have been concerned with motive power methods mainly.
D. ceased after 200 B.C.
47.A foot-operated potter's wheel was in use in Egypt………..
A. certainly by 2000 B.C.
B. probably by the beginning of the nineteenth century.
C. for a short period in the second century A.D.
D. perhaps around 200 B.C.
48.The three ways articles can be made of pottery are…………..
A. spinning, molding and ‘throwing’.
B. 'throwing', hand shaping and on a wheel.
Page 15 of 16 Go on to the next page.
 C. hand shaping, 'throwing' on a wheel, and molding in a 'form'.
D. are becoming increasingly sophisticated.
49.The time taken for firing pottery varies according to………….
A. the type of clay the kiln is made of.
B. the type of clay and the size of kiln it is baked in.
C. the type of kiln the pottery is baked in.
D. atmospheric conditions.
50.The glaze on a pottery vessel……………..
A. keeps the clay soft.
B. prevents the clay from becoming porous.
C. prevents the clay from allowing moisture to pass through its pores.
D. makes it more attractive to look at.

Page 16 of 16 Go on to the next page.

‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻠط ﯾرﺟﺎﻟﮫ‬