P530/2

BIOLOGY THEORY

2HOURS 30Minutes

UGANDA ADVANCED CERTIFICATE OF EDUCTION

BIOLOGY

PAPER 2

2 HOURS 30 MINUTES

SECTION A (40 Marks) COMPULSORY

1. In fish, oxygen is transported in the blood in the form of oxyhaemoglobin. The table below
shows the percentage saturation of blood with oxygen of a teleost (bony ) fish after equilibrating
with oxygen of different partial pressures. The experiment was carried out at two different
partial pressures of carbon dioxide.

Partial pressure of oxygen in Percentage saturation of

Pa blood with oxygen

Partial pressure of carbon Partial pressure of carbon

dioxide at 500 Pa dioxide at 2600 Pa

500 30 5

1000 70 13

2000 90 24

3000 96 33

4000 98 41

5000 99 48

7000 100 60

9000 100 69

11000 100 76

13000 100 81
(a) Present the data in a suitable graphical form. (09marks)
(b) Calculate the difference of percentage saturation of blood with oxygen at the two different
partial pressures of carbon dioxide at an oxygen partial pressures of 500Pa. (02 marks)
(c) With reference to the graph, describe the effects of different partial pressuresof
carbondioxide on the percentage saturation of blood with oxygen. (05 marks)
(d) Explain how the properties of the hemoglobin molecule are affected by changes in the
oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures. (05 marks)
(e) Explain how changes in oxygen content of the blood at different partial pressures of carbon
dioxide are important in the release of oxygen to the tissues of the fish. (04 marks)
(f) What information do the experiments of this type give about the environmental conditions
in which fish would maintain high level of growth as required in commercial farming?
(03 marks)
(g) Expain the effect of high crabon monoxide concentration on percentage saturation of
haemoglobin with oxygen. (06 marks)
(h) What are the short- and long-term effects of the respiratory and circulatory systems of a
person moving from lowto high altitude? (06 marks)

SECTION B (60 MARKS)

Answer three questions

2 (a) Describe the features of common to all nerve impulses. (08 marks)

(b) Explain how action potential and repolarisationis achieved across membrane of a motor
neurone. (12 marks)

3 (a) Describe how changes in soil osmotic pressure can affect mechanical support in a plant.

(05marks)

(b) Describe the mechanism of of pressure flow hypothesis in the translocation of

photosynthetic products. (15 marks)

4 (a) State the functions of water sbsorbed into plants. (04 marks)

(b) Expalin

(i) the ways in which the soil temperature and humidity of air surrounding leaves affect
absorption by roots. (05 marks)

(ii) how the leaf structure is suited fot transpiration? (05 marks)

(c) Compare transpiration in plants and sweating in mammals. (05 marks)

5 (a) Explain the glowing eyes of the cat at night when shone with light. (05 marks)

(b) Account for the sensitivity of rods towards light (05 marks)

(c) Describe the physiological behavior of a rod in darkness. (10 marks )

6 (a) Differentiate between the circulatory system of fish and mammals. (05 marks)

(b) Outline the events that lead to ventricular systole I mammals. (06 marks)

(c) Explain each of the following observations

(i) Endothermy requires a double circulatory system. (04 marks)

(ii) Single circulation is not suitable for fresh water fish (05 marks)

6 (a) Describe the structure of antibody (08 Marks)

(b) Explain the adaptations of antibody to perform its function (07 marks)

(c) Explain five ways how antibodies defend the body from pathogens (05 marks)

END