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Worksheet 2 The Cell - wala

BS Medical Technology (Cagayan State University)

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Exercise 2
THE CELL

The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all multicellular organisms. Specific functions of the cell are
identified with its specific structural components and domains. It is divided into two major compartments which
include the cytoplasm and the nucleus.

The cytoplasm is the part of the cell located outside the nucleus and surrounded by the plasma membrane to
separate it from the external environment. It contains organelles and inclusions in the cytosol, an aqueous gel.

EM Micrograph of The Cell. C adjacent cells ER endoplasmic reticulum F collagen fibrils G Golgi apparatus IS intercellular space L
lysosome M mitochondria N nucleus NE nuclear envelope PM plasma membrane V secretory vesicles

The organelles contained in the cytoplasm can either be membranous or nonmembranous. Membranous
organelles have plasma membranes that separate the organelles’ internal environment from the cytoplasm.
These include the rough-endoplasmic reticulum, smooth-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, endosomes,
lysosomes, transport vesicles, mitochondria and the peroxisomes. On the other hand, nonmembranous

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organelles or those that lack plasma membranes include the microtubules, filaments, centrioles and the
ribosomes.

The nucleusis a membrane-limited oval or rounded compartment that contains the genetic information
encoded in the DNA of chromosomes and the machinery of DNA replication, RNA transcription and processing.
Its main components are the nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin consisting of DNA and the nucleolus.

EM Micrograph of Nucleus. C adjacent cells E euchromatin ER endoplasmic reticulum F collagen fibrils G Golgi apparatus IS
intercellular space L lysosome M mitochondria N nucleus NE nuclear envelope PM plasma membrane V secretory vesicles

Microscopic evaluation of nuclear morphology and structure provides a great deal of information about cell
well-being and plays an important role in tumor diagnosis. The following are the nuclear alterations that can be
seen in a dying cell: karyolysis or the disappearance of nuclei, pyknosis or shrinkage of the nuclei due to
condensation of chromatin, and karyorrhexis or fragmentations of nuclei.

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1. Draw a eukaryotic cell and label its parts.

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2. Draw a comparison of mitosis and meiosis in an idealized cell.

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3. Illustrate a diagram of the plasma membrane showing the modified fluid-mosaic model.

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Review Questions:

1. What are the differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell? Give an example of a prokaryote and
eukaryote.

2. Describe the characteristic appearances of the following cell organelles as seen under the light and electron microscope:
nucleus, the plasma membrane, Golgi bodies, mitochondria, glycogen

3. Give the different mechanisms of transport across the plasma membrane. What is vesicular transport? Give examples.

4. Give the three pathways of material delivery for lysosomal digestion. What is the main cause leading to the development
of lysosomal storage diseases?

5. Enumerate the steps in proteasome-mediated degradation. What is the significance of the polyubiquitin chain in a
proteasome-mediated degradation?

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