LATHE MACHINE OPERATIONS;

Taper Turning
Abstract:
This lab report discusses the operation of a lathe machine for taper turning. Taper turning is
a fundamental skill in machining and is essential for creating components with non-
cylindrical shapes. In this experiment, we used a lathe machine to turn a workpiece into a
tapered shape. The report covers the equipment used, the procedure, the results obtained,
and an analysis of the findings.

Introduction:
The machining process of taper turning is the gradual reduction of the diameter of a work
piece along its length, resulting in a curved or tapered form. This process is typically carried
out on lathes or specialised taper turning machines, and is a turning operation commonly
used in metal and woodworking to create a tapered shape. Taper turning involves the
removal of material from the outer diameter of the work piece while the axis of rotation
remains constant, resulting in the gradual reduction of diameter along the work piece's
length.

Figure: Taper Turning

Taper turning is a machining operation used to create tapered surfaces on workpieces. This
is commonly required in various engineering applications, such as creating parts for
engines, shafts, and other components where a gradual reduction or increase in diameter is
necessary. The lathe machine is a versatile tool used for a wide range of operations,
including taper turning.

In this experiment, we used a lathe machine to perform a taper turning operation on a

cylindrical workpiece. The main objective was to create a tapered shape while
understanding the fundamentals of lathe machine setup and operation.

Equipment:
1. Lathe Machine: We used a conventional lathe machine with a swing over bed, cross
slide, and compound slide for precise control.
 2. Workpiece: A cylindrical metal rod of known diameter and length.
3. Cutting Tool: A carbide cutting tool mounted on the tool post.
4. Chuck: A three-jaw chuck to hold the workpiece securely.
5. Measuring Instruments: Vernier callipers, micrometre, and dial indicator.
6. Safety Equipment: Safety glasses and appropriate attire.

Procedure:

1. Workpiece Setup:
a) Secure the workpiece in the chuck, ensuring that it is centered and held firmly.
b) Use a dial indicator to check for runout and adjust the workpiece position if
needed.
2. Tool Setup:
a) Mount the cutting tool in the tool post, ensuring that it is properly aligned and
at the correct height relative to the workpiece.
3. Initial Measurements:
a) Measure the initial diameter of the workpiece using a micrometer.
b) Measure the desired length of the taper on the workpiece.
4. Calculations:
a) Determine the taper angle based on the desired taper length and the initial
and final diameters.
5. Lathe Machine Operations:
a) Set the lathe machine to the appropriate speed and feed rate based on the
material and tooling being used.
b) Engage the lathe machine and start the cutting operation. Move the tool along
the workpiece's length, ensuring a gradual reduction in diameter.
6. Frequent Measurements:
a) Periodically stop the lathe machine and measure the workpiece's diameter
using the micrometer to ensure the taper is being cut accurately.
7. Final Measurements:
a) After completing the taper turning operation, measure the final diameter of
the workpiece.
8. Analysis and Evaluation:
a) Compare the final diameter measurements with the initial ones to ensure the
taper angle was achieved as intended.
b) Calculate the actual taper angle based on the measurements taken.

Results:

The experiment was conducted as per the procedure outlined above. The initial
measurements, calculations, and final measurements are summarized as follows:
 Initial Diameter: 30.0 mm
  Final Diameter: 20.0 mm

 Desired Taper Length: 100.0 mm

 Actual Taper Length Achieved: 98.5 mm

From the measurements, we can calculate the actual taper angle using the formula:

−1 D 1−D 2
α =tan ( )
L

Where:

Taper Angle = α

Initial Diameter = D1

Final Diameter = D2

Desired Taper Length= L

Applications:
1. Tool Manufacturing:
Taper turning is widely used in the manufacturing of cutting tools like drills and
reamers, where the cutting edges need to have a tapered shape.
2. Automotive Industry:
Tapered parts are found in various automotive components, such as axles, drive
shafts, and tie rods.
3. Aerospace Industry:
In the aerospace sector, aircraft components like engine shafts, landing gear parts,
and control surfaces may require taper turning for structural or aerodynamic
reasons.
4. Woodworking:
Taper turning is also employed in woodworking for creating tapered legs on furniture
or stair balusters.
5. Oil and Gas Industry:
In the oil and gas industry, drill bits and pipe threads may be produced using taper
turning to ensure proper fit and function.
6. Hydraulics and Pneumatics:
Components in hydraulic and pneumatic systems, such as pistons and cylinders, often
have tapered features to ensure tight seals and efficient fluid flow.
7. Art and Design:
Taper turning can be used in artistic and design applications to create custom
decorative objects or sculptures with tapered forms.
 8. Mechanical Engineering:
Tapered components in mechanical engineering can help reduce stress
concentrations and improve load-bearing capabilities in certain applications.
9. Type of transmission:
Taper turning machines can be manual or CNC (Computer Numerical Control)
controlled. CNC lathes, in particular, provide high precision and automation for taper
turning operations, making them suitable for producing complex and consistent
tapered parts.
Parts manufactured:
1. Conical Pins: Taper turning is used to create pins with one end having a larger
diameter than the other.
2. Tool Handles: Taper turning is employed to produce comfortable, tapered grips for
tools.
3. Spindles: Machine tool spindles often have tapered ends, manufactured through
taper turning.
4. Drill Bits: Taper turning is applied in the production of tapered drill bits.
5. Bushings: Taper turning is used to create tapered bushings that connect components
of different sizes.

Discussion:

The experiment successfully demonstrated the operation of a lathe machine for taper
turning. Key takeaways from the experiment include the importance of precision in setup
and measurements, as well as the selection of appropriate cutting speeds and feeds for the
material being machined. Taper turning is primarily used to form tapered or cylindrical
shapes on work pieces that are cylindrical in shape. This is a common requirement in a
variety of industries for both functional and aesthetic reasons. Taper parts can be used for a
variety of purposes, including aiding in the connection of mating parts, enhancing the flow
of fluids or gases, and improving the visual appeal of the final product. Additionally, taper
turning can be employed to create precise fits for components, such as Morse tapers that
are used in machined spindles.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the experiment on lathe machine operation for taper turning was carried out
successfully, and the results showed that it is possible to create tapered surfaces with high
precision using a lathe machine. The practical experience gained from this experiment is
valuable for anyone involved in machining and manufacturing processes. It highlights the
importance of accurate measurements, tool setup, and proper machining techniques to
achieve the desired taper shape.

Precautions:
 Safety Gear: Wear eye protection, hearing protection, and appropriate clothing.
 Machine Safety: Ensure machine guards are in place and the machine is well-
maintained.
 Tool and Work piece Inspection: Check tools and work pieces for defects before
starting.
 Tool Setup: Use the right tool and ensure its properly set up.
 Cutting Parameters: Set the correct speed and feed rate for the material.
 Chips Control: Use chip guards and clear chips regularly.
 Coolant and Lubrication: Apply lubrication as needed to reduce friction.
 Feeding Control: Maintain a steady feed rate to avoid tool damage.
 Operator Position: Stay clear of rotating parts and keep hands away.
 Regular Inspection: Check the work piece and tool periodically.
 Training and Supervision: Ensure operators are trained and supervised.
 Emergency Preparedness: Know emergency stop locations and procedures.
 Material Handling: Use proper equipment to move heavy work pieces safely.