UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY

Material Fabrication and processes

(Lathe Machine Practical Report)

1) AHMAD FARHAN IKRAM BIN AHMAD PAZRI (53211322056)

2) MUHAMMAD AZFAR AIMAN BIN AZHAR (53211322344)
3) EZRIE MUHAMMAD MIRZA BIN EZMA REDZA (53211322289)
Introduction

Material fabrication and processes play a crucial role in transforming raw

materials into finished products, contributing to the development and innovation
of various industries. Among the myriad of fabrication techniques, the lathe
machine stands as a cornerstone in the world of machining.

A lathe is a versatile and indispensable tool used for shaping, cutting, and turning
various materials, such as metal, wood, and plastics. Its fundamental principle
involves rotating a workpiece on its axis while a cutting tool is applied to it,
allowing for precision machining and creating symmetrical objects. The lathe
machine has evolved over centuries, adapting to changing technological
landscapes and becoming an integral part of manufacturing processes.

One of the primary advantages of the lathe machine lies in its ability to produce
cylindrical and conical shapes with high accuracy and repeatability. The operator,
also known as a turner or machinist, employs different tools and techniques to
achieve desired shapes, dimensions, and surface finishes. The lathe's versatility
makes it suitable for a wide range of applications, from crafting intricate parts for
aerospace components to shaping decorative elements in woodworking.
Latte machine parts
Working Principle of Lathe Machine

The working principle of a lathe machine revolves around the rotation of the
workpiece on its axis while a cutting tool is applied to it. The primary objective is
to remove material from the workpiece to achieve the desired shape, size, and
surface finish. Here is a step-by-step explanation of the working principle of a
lathe machine:

Mounting the Workpiece:

The workpiece, which can be made of metal, wood, or other materials, is securely
mounted and centered on the lathe machine. It is usually held in place by a chuck
or other holding device attached to the spindle.

Rotating the Workpiece:

The spindle, which is driven by an electric motor or other power source, rotates
the workpiece about its axis. The rotational speed can often be adjusted to
accommodate different materials and cutting requirements.

Fixing the Cutting Tool:

A cutting tool, typically made of high-speed steel or carbide, is mounted on a tool
post. The tool post can be adjusted to control the depth and angle of the cut. The
cutting tool is brought into contact with the rotating workpiece to remove
material.
Feed Mechanism:
The tool and the workpiece are set in motion relative to each other by a feed
mechanism. This mechanism controls the lateral movement of the cutting tool,
determining the amount of material removed during each pass.

Cutting Operation:
As the workpiece rotates, the cutting tool is brought into contact with it. The
machinist controls the depth of cut and the rate of material removal. The cutting
tool creates chips by removing material, shaping the workpiece according to the
desired specifications.

Finishing Passes:
Multiple passes may be required to achieve the final dimensions and surface
finish. Finishing passes are often done with a finer cutting tool or by adjusting the
feed rate to produce a smoother surface.

Repositioning for Complex Shapes:

For more complex shapes, the tool post and cutting tool may be repositioned, and
additional features such as tapers, threads, or grooves may be machined.

Coolant and Lubrication:

To prevent overheating and extend tool life, coolant may be applied during the
cutting process. Lubrication is also important to reduce friction and wear on
moving parts.
Measuring and Inspection:
Throughout the machining process, the machinist may use measuring tools, such
as calipers or micrometers, to ensure that the workpiece dimensions meet the
required specifications. Inspection is crucial to maintaining accuracy.
Theory of Lathe Machining

The theory of lathe machining encompasses the principles, techniques, and

considerations involved in using a lathe machine to shape and modify raw
materials into finished components. Here are key aspects of the theory of lathe
machining:

Turning Operation:
Turning is the fundamental operation performed on a lathe. It involves the
removal of material from the workpiece's external surface to achieve desired
dimensions, shapes, and surface finishes. The workpiece rotates, and the cutting
tool is fed into it to create the desired profile.

Facing Operation:
Facing is a lathe operation where the cutting tool removes material from the end
of the workpiece to produce a flat surface that is perpendicular to the axis of
rotation. Facing is commonly used to create smooth and flat end surfaces on
cylindrical workpieces.

Taper Turning:
Taper turning involves machining a workpiece to create a conical shape. This can
be achieved by adjusting the angle of the tool relative to the workpiece or by
using attachments designed for taper turning.

Threading Operation:
Threading on a lathe involves cutting helical grooves on the external or internal
surfaces of the workpiece to create threads. This is a crucial operation in
manufacturing components such as bolts and nuts.
Knurling:
Knurling is a process of adding a pattern of raised ridges to the surface of the
workpiece. This is often done for improved grip or aesthetic purposes. Knurling
tools are pressed against the rotating workpiece to create the desired pattern.

Parting Operation:
Parting or cutoff is the process of separating the finished part from the remaining
stock material. A parting tool is used to cut through the workpiece, providing a
clean and precise separation.

Drilling Operation:
Some lathe machines are equipped with attachments to perform drilling
operations. The workpiece is rotated, and a drill bit is fed into it to create holes.

Feed, Speed, and Depth of Cut:

Controlling the feed rate, rotational speed, and depth of cut are critical
parameters in lathe machining. Adjusting these parameters ensures the efficient
removal of material while maintaining accuracy and surface finish.

Coolant and Lubrication:

Applying coolant during machining helps dissipate heat and prevents tool wear.
Lubrication is essential for the smooth operation of moving parts and reducing
friction.
Procedure:
1. Check to see if the cutting edge of the tool bit is free from nicks, burns, etc. It is
good practice to home the cutting edge before you take a finish cut.
2. Set the lathe to the recommended speed and feedrate. The feed rate used
depends
upon the surface finish required.
3. Take a light trial cut about .250 inch long at the right hand end of the work to
produce a true diameter, set the cutting tool bit to the diameter and set the
graduated collar to the right diameter.
4. Stop the lathe, measure the diameter.
5. Set the depth of cut for half the amount of material to be removed.
6. Cut along for .250 inch, stop the lathe and check the diameter.
7. Re-adjust the depth of cut, if necessary and finish turn the diameter. In order to
produce the truest diameter possible, finish turn workpiece to the required size.
Should it be necessary to finish a diameter by filming or polishing, never leave
more than .002 to .003 inch for this operation.
Results
Discussion
Material fabrication and processes, particularly in the context of lathe machines,
represent a pivotal intersection of craftsmanship and industrial innovation. Lathe
machines play a central role in transforming raw materials into intricate
components across diverse sectors. Their versatility enables precision shaping of
metals, woods, and plastics, making them indispensable in aerospace,
automotive, and woodworking industries. The working principle of lathe
machining involves rotating a workpiece while a cutting tool precisely shapes it,
showcasing the machine's ability to achieve high accuracy and intricate designs.
From turning operations to threading and tapering, lathe machines provide a
comprehensive suite of capabilities. With the evolution of technology, the
integration of CNC systems enhances automation, allowing for the production of
complex components with unparalleled precision. As a cornerstone in material
fabrication, lathe machines exemplify the fusion of traditional craftsmanship with
cutting-edge technology, driving the advancement of manufacturing processes in
the contemporary industrial landscape.

Conclusion
In conclusion,from the practical we understand of how to use the lathe machine,
know parts of the lathe machine, know it’s safety before use and knowing the
rules in the workshop in handling the machine. Sometimes many lathe machines
cannot be use clearly. This is because we must have a skillful for the handling of
the machine. The skillful can increase knowledge about lathe machine.By this we
have gained knowledge and experience on the usage of the lathe machine .