INFLUENCE OF PERCEIVED PARENTING STYLE TOWARDS FRATERNITY

INVOLVEMENT AMONG THE CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS OF COLEGIO DE SAN

ANTONIO DE PADUA

A Concept Paper
Presented to the
Department of Criminology
Colegio de San Antonio de Padua
Danao City, Cebu, Philippines
In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

By:
Yu, Charles Dan
Tunacao, Kylle
Sususco, Charlemagne
Baril, Darrel
Sygaco, Patricia Ann
Roble, Kenneth
Montecillo, Mike

MS. ELLEN JANE T. GATDULA, RCrim

Research Adviser

2024
 I

APPROVAL SHEET A

This research entitled “INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLE TOWARDS

FRATERNITY INVOLVEMENT AMONG THE CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS” prepared

by Charles Dan Yu, Kylle Tunacao, Patricia Ann Sygaco, Darrel Baril, Charlemagne

Sususco, Kenneth Roble and Mike Montecillo is hereby submitted to the thesis

committee for the evaluation as partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CRIMINOLOGY

MS. ELLEN JANE T. GATDULA, RCrim

Research Adviser

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 II

This study with a title “INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLE TOWARDS

FRATERNITY INVOLVEMENT AMONG THE CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS” would

not be possible without the intervention of our Almighty God, we humbly thank him

for giving us life and strength to continue our journey. We would like to thank all the

people who contributed in this research study.

First and foremost, we thank the dean of the College of Criminology, Mr.

Rosbelito Penas, for the knowledge that he imparted to us, for guiding us to the right

path of lives and for always enlightening and inspiring us to achieve what we wanted to

have.

To the VP for Academics and Research, Dr. Alberto A. Jumao-as Jr., for

approving our research study to be conducted outside CSAP campus and for inspiring

us to always strive more for our future.

Additionally, we would like to thank our very supportive research adviser Ms.

Ellen Jane T. Gatdula, for letting us experience how research study is done and not

refusing to become our research adviser, for lending time, effort, and for providing us

resources that helped us to improve our skills in writing a research paper.

Lastly, we researchers are generally grateful to our parents and friends for their

support and serving as their inspiration and to those who have lent their helping hands

in the completion of this study.

- The Researchers

DEDICATION
 III

This work is a fruit of countless effort and sacrifices. Through the researchers'

effort this work is heartly and proudly dedicated to the people who serve as an

inspiration. From parents and guardians, to classmates and circle of friends whom

extended their help in the midst of problems while doing this work. Above all, to

Almighty God who always give us strength, knowledge, and wisdom in everything we

do.

This study is dedicated to our parents who Lemuel Don Yu, Rogelisa Sygaco,

Marifel Adlaon, Evelyn Baril, Vicenta Montecillo and Jonald Tunacao which are always

there to support on our goals to reach out on our dreams and for that reason I will to

pursue ourselves to study more and do our best in order to reach out our dreams and

also for our parents dreams.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 IV

Approval Sheet------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
Acknowledgment---------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii
Dedication---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii
CHAPTER 1
Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
Theoretical Background ----------------------------------------------------------------------------4
Statement of the Problem--------------------------------------------------------------------------7
Significance of the Study---------------------------------------------------------------------------8
Scope and Limitation--------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
Theoretical Framework----------------------------------------------------------------------------10
Definition of Terms --------------------------------------------------------------------------------11
CHAPTER 2
Review of Related Literature/Related Studies--------------------------------------------------12
CHAPTER 3
Research Design and Methodology
a. Research Design---------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
b. Research Environment-------------------------------------------------------------------------19
c. Research Respondents-------------------------------------------------------------------------20
d. Research Instrument---------------------------------------------------------------------------20
Research Procedure -------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
Statistical Treatment-------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
BIBLIOGRAPHY----------------------------------------------------------------------------------22
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix A
Transmittal Letter to VP for Academics and Research----------------------------------------25
Transmittal Letter to the School Registrar -----------------------------------------------------27
Appendix B
 V

Informed Consent ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------29

Appendix C
Research Instrument------------------------------------------------------------------------------30
CURRICULUM VITAE---------------------------------------------------------------------------38
 1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

Youth is a crucial development stage, a time of unpredictability when everything

is in ferment. Nowadays, numerous youths are involved in fraternity. Youths struggle to
understand who they are better, which causes them to draw in bad conclusions about
themselves, such as the idea that they don’t really fit in society. Dr. Paul Lee, a
psychologist explained that youth’s, especially males, usually join fraternities due to
their need for acceptance as they battle with issues relating to their identity.

Fraternity and sororities are social organizations that are common in universities
and colleges. According to a study by the North-American Interfraternity Conference,
membership in a fraternity or sorority is associated with greater involvement in
curricular and co-curricular activities, promotes students learning and development, and
promotes satisfaction with the college experiences. Fraternity is a group of men who
are bound together because of a specific reason. Whereas, sorority, is exactly the same
as fraternity, in such a way that the members who belong to the same organization are
all females (Celine, 2014). Fraternity involvement is a common phenomenon among the
youth, especially in college settings. Fraternities are social groups that give their
members a sense of support, identity, and community. Fraternities do, however, also
have their drawbacks, including hazing, violence, drug misuse, and academic
dishonesty. It is crucial to comprehend the variables that lead young people to join or
stay away from fraternities.

The fraternity system has become a vast void that makes young promising men
to their graves. Fraternity involvement has been associated with criminal behavior in
some cases. According to a study by the Office of Justice Programs, gang-involved
youth are more likely to commit crimes, leading to higher rates of arrest and
 2

incarceration. Similarly, fraternities have been associated with violence and criminal
activities. Fraternities have been known to engage in violent hazing rituals, which can
lead to physical and psychological violence. The organizational culture of fraternities,
which has leanings toward violence, is what makes fraternities lost in their ideals.
School administrations have responded with iron fists by applying more stringent
measures and harsher penalties to those caught in the act of violence. Some schools
even equate fraternity members with criminals preying on unsuspecting
students/victims.

Parenting style is defined as a constellation of parents’ attitudes and behaviors

toward children and an emotional climate in which the parents’ behaviors are expressed
(Darling and Steinberg,1993). Parenting style is one of the factors that could lead to
fraternity involvement. Parents’ involvement behaviors may inadvertently lower
children’s autonomy and self-directed motivation, resulting in children developing
negative perceptions about themselves. This may, in turn, negatively affect their
academic achievement (Moe et al.,2020). This study looks, parenting style is a
significant factor that influences antisocial personality along with social capacity and
overall antisocial personality. Authoritative parenting, which is characterized by high
responsiveness and high demand, has been found to be negatively associated with
delinquent behavior. On the other hand, permissive parenting, which is characterized by
low demand and high responsiveness, has been found to be positively associated with
delinquent behavior.

Parenting style can have a significant impact on the involvement of students in

fraternities. Parenting style is largely affected by the influence of one’s own parents.
Temperament, educational achievement, culture, socioeconomic status and the
influence of their spouse affects parenting style as well. Temperament of the parents
and the child affects style of parenting, and the mother and father may differ in style as
well (Belsky, 2000). Authoritative parenting is characterized by high levels of warmth,
responsiveness, and support, as well as clear and consistent rules and expectations.
This parenting style encourages children to be independent and self-reliant while also
 3

providing them with guidance and support. It is believed that authoritative parenting
fosters a sense of responsibility and accountability in children, which can translate into
positive outcomes such as academic success and social competence. In contrast,
permissive parenting may lead to a lack of self-discipline and self-control, which can
result in negative outcomes such as poor academic performance and risky behavior.

Given these pieces of information, the researchers aimed to evaluate the relationship
between parenting style and fraternity involvement of criminology students in Colegio
de San Antonio de Padua and using perceived parenting style scale. The researchers
come up with this study because mostly of the students,especially males,become
violent as they join fraternity and they are prone in committing crimes.This study aims
to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and fraternity involvement
among the youth. The study is likely to explore how different parenting styles, such as
authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, and neglectful, affect the likelihood of young
people joining fraternities.
 4

THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

This study is aligned to two theories which are Baumrind Theory of Parenting,
and Social Role Theory. These theories support on the influence of parenting style
towards fraternity youth.

The Baumrind Theory of Parenting

This study is supported by Diana Baumrind's theory, a well-known framework in

developmental psychology, on parenting styles. Her theory categorizes parenting into
four distinct styles based on two key dimensions: parental demands and parental
responsiveness. The basic idea of Baumrind's theory is to understand how these
dimensions influence child development and behavior: Based on the combination of two
dimensions – demanding and responsiveness – they defined four parenting styles:
authoritative (i.e., high demanding and high responsiveness); authoritarian (i.e., high
demands and low responsiveness); indulgent (i.e., low demanding and high
responsiveness); and neglectful (i.e., low demanding and low responsiveness). These
parenting dimensions are similar to parental support and parental behavioral control.

Support for the benefits of authoritative parenting has been found in countries as
diverse as the Czech Republic, India, China, Israel, and Palestine. In fact, authoritative
parenting appears to be superior in Western, individualistic societies —so much so that
some people have argued that there is no longer a need to study it. Other researchers
are less certain about authoritative parenting and point to differences in cultural values
and beliefs. For example, while many children reared in European-American cultures
fare poorly with too much strictness (authoritarian parenting), children reared in
Chinese cultures often perform well, especially academically. The reason for this likely
stem from Chinese culture viewing strictness in parenting as related to training, which is
not central to American parenting beliefs. As children mature, parent-child relationships
should naturally adapt to accommodate developmental changes. Parent-child
relationships that do not adapt to a child’s abilities can lead to high parent-child conflict
and ultimately a reduced parent-child relationship quality.
 5

According to Baumrind, D in 2023, he believed that parents who are high in

support and low in demanding are likely using the permissive-also called the indulgent-
style. Their children tend to rank low in happiness and self-regulation, and are more
likely to have problems with authority. Parents using this approach are lenient, do not
expect their children to adhere to boundaries or rules, and avoid confrontation.

Social Role Theory

This study is supported by Alice H. Eagly’s theory, the Social Role Theory, which
is a sociological perspective that focuses on how society assigns and expects certain
roles and behaviors from individuals based on their gender or other social categories.
Fraternities, like many social organizations, often have established gender roles and
expectations for their members. These roles can be traditional or influenced by societal
norms related to masculinity and femininity.

Social role theory argues that widely shared gender stereotypes develop from
the gender division of labor that characterizes a society. In western societies, men's
greater participation in paid positions of higher power and status and the
disproportionate assignment of nurturant roles to women have created stereotypes that
associate agency with men and communion with women. In addition, the gendered
division of labor gives men and women differentiated skills (Eagly,1999).

When gender stereo types are salient in a group because of a mixed sex
membership or a task or context that is culturally associated with one gender,
stereotypes shape behavior directly through the expectations members form for one
another's behavior. When group members enact social roles that are more tightly linked
to the context than gender, such as manager and employee in the workplace, these
more proximate roles control their behavior rather than gender stereotypes. Even in
situations where gender stereotypes do not control behavior, however, men and
women may still act slightly differently due to their gender differentiated skills. Social
role theory has a broad scope that applies to interaction in all contexts and addresses
assertive, power related behaviors as well as supportive or feeling related behaviors
 6

called socioemotional behaviors. The explanations offered by the theory are not highly
specific or detailed, however. The theory predicts that women will generally act more
communally and less instrumentally than men in the same context, that these
differences will be greatest when gender is highly salient in the situation, and that
gender differences will be weak or absent when people enact formal, institutional roles.

Social Role Theory is a sociological theory that explains how social roles are formed and
how they affect behavior. It suggests that people's behavior is influenced by the roles
they play in society. In the context of fraternity involvement among criminology
students, social role theory can be used to explain how parenting styles can influence
the behavior of students. According to a study conducted by Lyceum of the Philippines
University-Batangas, parenting styles have a significant impact on the self-esteem of
criminology students. Students with high self-esteem are more likely to be confident
and assertive, which can lead to increased involvement in fraternities. On the other
hand, students with low self-esteem may be more susceptible to peer pressure and may
be more likely to engage in risky behaviors such as hazing. Therefore, it can be argued
that parenting styles that promote high self-esteem and confidence can lead to
increased involvement in fraternities, while parenting styles that promote low self-
esteem can lead to decreased involvement in fraternities.
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THE PROBLEM

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The research aims to determine the influence of perceived parenting style

towards fraternity involvement of youth in Colegio De San Antonio De Padua.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of perceived parenting styles among the criminology

students involved in fraternities/sororities?
1.1 . Authoritative Parenting Style
1.2 . Authoritarian Parenting Style
1.3 . Permissive Parenting Style
1.4 . Neglectful/ Uninvolved Parenting Style
2. What is the attitude of the criminology students towards fraternity/sorority
involvement?
1.1. Classroom Performance
1.2. Skill development
1.3. Emotional development
1.4. Leadership development
3. Is their significant relationship on the level of perceived parenting styles
among the criminology students and the attitude of the criminology students
towards fraternity/sorority involvement?
4. Based on the result, what should be the appropriate action plan?

HYPOTHETICAL STATEMENT

Ho1: There is no statistically significant relationship on the level of perceived

parenting styles among the criminology students and the attitude of the criminology
students towards fraternity/sorority involvement.
 8

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study’s significance lies in its potential to contribute to our understanding of

youth behavior, parenting practices, and fraternity involvement, with implications for
fostering a safe and responsible youth culture. Furthermore, the results of this study
could be highly significant and beneficial for the following:

Criminology students. This study’s findings can empower youth to make more
informed decisions about joining fraternities, considering the potential impact of their
upbringing on this choice. Moreover, it can help the young individuals understand how
their upbringing and their parents’ parenting styles may have influenced their decisions
and behaviors, including their involvement in fraternities.

Parents. This study can help guide the parents in adjusting their parenting style
to better support their children’s development and choices and potentially reduce
negative outcomes associated with fraternity involvement.

School. Through this study, the schools can develop support programs or
interventions to address fraternity involvement issues among their students.

Community. This study’s findings can help communities take proactive

measures to enhance the youth’s overall well-being. Also, understanding this impact
can help communities address potential positive or negative consequences.

Future Researchers. The study can serve as a valuable source for future
researchers looking to build upon existing research on youth behavior, parenting styles,
and involvement in social organizations. Furthermore, researchers can use this study as
a benchmark for comparative research, investigating whether the relationship between
parenting style and fraternity involvement differs across cultural, geographical, or
temporal context.
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SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This study focuses on the level of perceived parenting style among the
criminology students and the attitude of the criminology students towards fraternity/
sorority involvement. This study covers only to bona fide criminology students of
Colegio De San Antonio De Padua, Inc. who are members of fraternity/sorority.

Furthermore, this study limits to the unavailability of respondents under different

circumstances and the inability of the researchers to get sincere responses from
respondents or when such responses are atypical to the population under study. Thus,
the reliability of the study’s result may be affected.
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CONCEPTUAL/THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

THEORY
The Baumrind Theory of Parenting &
Social Role Theory

INPUT
The level of perceived parenting styles among the criminology students involved in
fraternities/sororities
 Authoritative Parenting Style
 Authoritarian Parenting Style
 Permissive Parenting Style
 Neglectful/ Uninvolved Parenting Style
The attitude of the criminology students towards fraternity/sorority involvement
 Classroom Performance
 Skill development
 Emotional development
 Leadership development

PROCESS
Analysis of data through:
a. Standardized Research
Questionnaire; and
b. Statistical Treatment

OUTPUT
Action Plan

DEFINITION OF TERMS
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The words or term used in this study were conceptually and operationally defines
to have a better understanding of the study.

Colegio De San Antonio De Padua-is a private,non-sectarian school in Danao City.

(Coursefinder.ph)

Criminology Students-are individuals who study the causes,nature,and prevention of

criminal behavior.(FindUniversity,2014)

Influence-.refers to the power to have an effect on people or things,or a person or

thing that is able to do this. (Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary & Thesaurus)

Fraternity- a group of people associated or formally organized for a common purpose,

interest, or pleasure. (Don Aucoin)

Fraternity Involvement- refers to the participation of an individual in a

fraternity ,which is a social organization typically associated with college or university
campuses. (wikipedia)

Parenting Style- global attitudes and emotional stances, while parenting practices are
specific strategies for gaining a child's compliance, maintaining control, and enforcing
expectations.(M.H. Bornstein)

Sorority-society for female students in a university or college, typically for social

purposes. (William & Mary, and Vanderbilt)

Youth-people between 15 and 24 years and adolescents are people between the ages
of 10 and 19. Together they form the largest category of young people, those aged
between 10 and 24 years. (INEE, 2023)

CHAPTER 2
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RELATED OF REVIEW LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the relevant literature and studies that the researchers
considered in strengthening the claim and importance of the present study.

Parenting
A child's development and educational experiences are greatly influenced by
parental engagement. Knowing how a parent's parenting style affects a student's
decision to join or engage in a fraternity is crucial when discussing fraternity activity.
Parenting is viewed as a crucial societal position that has a significant impact on both
the lives of parents and their children in the majority of cultures, if not all of them
(Alampay, 2014; Bornstein, 2001). The parent-child relationship evolves when children
enter school, peer, and community environments. Recent family changes, such as high
divorce rates and mother employment, can have both beneficial and bad consequences
on children. The quantity of time children spend with their parents drastically decreases
in middle childhood. The growing independence of the child means that parents have to
deal with new issues such as inappropriate use of technology, drugs, teenage
pregnancy, peer group conflicts, emotional issues, all types of child abuse and
exploitation, neglect of social responsibility, etc. The conventional wisdom is that an
authoritative pattern of parenting is best for a child's development. However, it might
change based on societal shifts and cultural norms (Myers-Walls et al., 2006).According
to an article by ABS-CBN News, young people, especially males, usually join fraternities
due to their need for acceptance as they battle with issues relating to their identity and
self-esteem.The same article also mentions that joining fraternities can be dangerous,
as it can lead to hazing and other violent activities.According by Hands on Parent While
Earning suggests that many members of fraternities have vices because having vices is
acceptable and a norm in these groups . The article also suggests that parents can
protect their children from the dangers of fraternities by educating them about the risks
 13

and by encouraging them to join other organizations that promote positive values.
(Gutierrez,F.C.,& Mendoza,R.L.,2019) examines fraternity rumbles and their own
criticisms about the culture of violence among fraternities. The study demonstrates how
fraternities are at risk for hypermasculine behavioral paths that regard rumbles as a
means to assert dominance over other fraternities and circumvent routes to hegemonic
masculinity
The impact of parents' child rearing strategies and behavior, that is parenting, on
the child's cognitive and psychosocial development has been clearly established.
“Parenting that is sensitively attuned to children's capabilities and to the developmental
tasks they face promotes a variety of highly valued developmental outcomes” (Belsky,
Lerner, & Spanier, 1984, p. 85). Thus, there has been a search for factors that influence
parenting.
Belsky (1984) has formulated a process model of parenting that includes three domains
that influence parenting: parent personality, child characteristics, and contextual
sources of stress and support. Other lines of research have delineated other parent
factors that affect parenting. Parental cognitions, in terms of beliefs and causal
attributions regarding child development and behavior, have been shown to influence
parents' proactive and reactive responses to their children and their children's
development (see Dix, Ruble, & Zambarano, 1989; Miller, 1988). Linkages among
parental stress and distress, child-rearing practices, and children's cognitive and social
development have also been established. “Greater stress is associated with less optimal
parent and family functioning, less optimal parent-child interactions, and lower child
developmental competence” (Crnic & Greenberg, 1990, p. 1628).
Maternal psychological distress has been shown to influence maternal perceptions of,
and behavioral interactions with, her children (Webster-Stratton, 1990). For
example, maternal depression has been linked to increased levels of vague or
interrupting commands to which children cannot comply (Forehand, Lautenschlager,
Faust, & Graziano, 1986).
An integration of these lines of research into a cognitive and stress processing
model of parenting has been suggested previously (Thompson & Gustafson, 1996). The
 14

model is based on the premise that if parenting is the primary mechanism for reflecting
the social-ecological effects on children's development, then enhancing the goodness of
fit of parenting with the child's special needs and characteristics would promote
development and adaptation. In turn, parents' psychological functioning, in terms of
stress and distress, and parent child-rearing knowledge, beliefs, and attributions, are
major influences on parenting. These processes become salient targets for intervention
programs that combine educational and stress-processing components. In these efforts,
basic programs to enhance parent effectiveness can be modified to address the illness-
specific and general adaptative tasks associated with chronic childhood illness.

Child-centered parenting
A child-centered approach to parenting keeps the child and their desires
first. This isn't necessarily a bad thing, but depending on how it is approached, child-
centered parenting can neglect a child's need for consistency and discipline. It is
important that the best interests, needs and wants of a child are kept in the forefront of
every parent's mind, and part of this involves recognizing that a child needs to learn
certain life skills like self-discipline, patience and a regard for rules. Children are
observant and perceptive. Giving your child appropriate levels of freedom alongside
rules and expectations promotes positive social skills and self-discipline. They often take
what they see and create meaning out of it, whether that meaning is right or wrong.
When a household is specifically centered on a child's wants, they may go out into the
world thinking that this same rule applies. According to author and clinical
psychologist Dr. Eileen Kennedy-Moore, there are three important aspects to navigating
social situations: seeing, thinking and doing. "Seeing" means looking for clues that
reveal what the appropriate behavior is in a certain situation. For example, this might
involve noticing when something that you're doing is annoying the person next to you.
"Thinking" means to consider and interpret the meaning behind the behavior of others.
An example of this could be understanding whether the person who knocked over your
books did so on accident or on purpose. Finally, "doing" means to put your social skills
to work by having positive interactions with others. This involves knowing when it's
 15

your turn to add to a conversation or when it's okay to to leave a classroom. Dr.
Kennedy-Moore also explains that while some children catch on to positive social skills
rather quickly, others may have a difficult time with it and need extra support. Child-
centered parenting is a parenting style that prioritizes the child’s needs and interests
over the parents’ needs and desires. It is a parenting approach that emphasizes the
importance of the child’s autonomy, self-expression, and self-esteem. This parenting
style is characterized by parents who are responsive, supportive, and nurturing, and
who encourage their children to be independent and self-reliant1. In the Philippines,
parental involvement in children’s education is viewed as an important aspect of child-
centered parenting. A study conducted by Bartolome et al. (2018) found that parental
involvement refers to the amount of participation a parent has when it comes to the
schooling of his/her children. The study also revealed that some schools foster healthy
parental involvement, but sometimes parents have hesitations if they will involve
themselves with their children’s education. The study further emphasized the
significance of social and cultural influences and the effects of parents’ involvement in
and expectations of their children’s development and learning. It is important for
schools to recognize the existence of cultural variations in parent involvement because
there are differences among parents with diverse backgrounds on when, why, and how
they are involved in their children’s education. Maccoby and Martin (1983) attempted to
bridge Baumrind's styles and parenting dimensions, focusing their research efforts
primarily on the configuration of parenting styles. Based on the combination of two
dimensions – demandingness and responsiveness – they defined four parenting styles:
authoritative (i.e., high demandingness and high responsiveness); authoritarian (i.e.,
high demandingness and low responsiveness); indulgent (i.e., low demandingness and
high responsiveness); and neglectful (i.e., low demandingness and low responsiveness).
These parenting dimensions are similar to parental support and parental behavioral
control.

Social Companion
 16

Fraternities play an internal role in helping new students successfully transition to

college life. According to Dr. Pike, the NSSE is a good instrument to understand
students broadly and fraternity and sorority members specifically. He finds that
fraternity and sorority membership is associated with significantly higher levels of
engagement on a number of measures including high impact practices, collaborative
learning, student-faculty interactions, perception of a supportive campus environment
and discussions with diverse others.

 Fraternity/sorority membership also indirectly improved learning gains, acting

through higher levels of student engagement.
 Despite being less diverse than students in general, fraternity/sorority members
reported higher levels of interaction with people different from themselves than
did other students.
 Membership in a fraternity or sorority is associated with greater involvement in
curricular and cocurricular activities, promotes student learning and
development, and promotes satisfaction with the college experiences.
 The largest positive effects were generally found for first-year students, arguing
against deferring recruitment until the second semester or second year.
 The findings of this study indicate that fraternities and sororities are not
antithetical to the values of American higher education.

"These results are clear: fraternities play an integral role in helping new students
successfully transition to college life," said Judson Horras, president and CEO of the
North American Interfraternity Conference. "Public health restrictions have made
students feel distanced and alone this fall, the online interactions among fraternity
brothers have kept them engaged."
 17

The problem of Fraternity involvement in Philippines

Hazing is “the persecution or torture (of) somebody in a subordinate position.” It

has become part of the initiation rites that have taken deep roots in the practice of
Philippine fraternities and other organizations. New members or recruits are initiated by
forcing them to do embarrassing, humiliating or dangerous acts, or subjecting them to
physical abuse, of which the most common form is paddling. Salilig was reportedly
paddled 70 times. Hazing is both a consequence and a symptom of the culture of
violence in these murderous isles. Like extrajudicial killings, hazing deaths not only
devastate entire families. They also feed the blood lust for even more violence, and
deny Philippine society the contributions to its betterment that the victims could have
provided had they survived. There is hazing as well in a number of other organizations,
but its practice in fraternities is what has been most widely reported. The Philippine
versions of Greek letter societies are akin to those of the United States, in the
universities and colleges of which fraternities (men-only organizations) and sororities
(societies that accept only women) are recognized, except in those institutions where
they are banned. Hazing deaths have also been reported in the US.

Neither has the 2018 Anti-Hazing Act (RA 11053), despite its harsh provisions,
stopped violent initiations. The ban on fraternities in Adamson University didn’t stop the
Tau Gamma Phi Fraternity to which Salilig was applying for membership from
establishing an underground chapter in that school, and could arguably have made
membership in what amounts to a secret society glamorous and exciting. Meanwhile,
the Anti-Hazing Act has forced fraternities to move their hazing rites outside the schools
and into private homes and other places beyond the reach of school authorities.

Hazing has led to neophyte injuries and deaths in the country’s schools from
1954 to the present. Some have been reported in Manila-based universities as well as in
the Visayas and Mindanao. University of the Philippines (UP) fraternities have also been
 18

implicated in some hazing deaths. Hundreds have been killed in many such incidents
and in various institutions including the police and military academies over the last
seven decades. (Teodoro, 2023)

In conclusion, a youth’s experience, particularly their engagement in fraternities,

is shaped in part by their parenting style. Recognizing the importance of parents and
encouraging open communication that will help improve both individual well-being and
community relations. Parents play a huge role in molding the lives of young individuals
for they are the ones who will teach what’s right and what’s wrong. Their influence
extends across various aspects of development, both directly and indirectly. Bonding,
setting boundaries,
and monitoring are essential strategies for parents to protect their children from
risky behaviors. Parents are not only caregivers but also educators, role model and
emotional anchors for youth. Their impact extends far beyond the home, shaping the
future of the next generation. As a youth, carefully consider whether joining a fraternity
aligns with your goals and values.
 19

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study uses descriptive – correlational research design in determining if there

is significant relationship on the perceived parenting styles of the youth towards
fraternity/sorority involvement.

Research Environment

The research environment in this study is at the Colegio de San Antonio de

Padua located in Villa Socorro St. Barangay. Suba, Danao City where it offers College
programs and Senior High School Strands. There various programs located in Sands
Campus, including Criminology Department.

Figure 1. Map of Colegio De San Antonio De Padua Sands Campus

 20

Research Respondents

The research respondents of this study are Criminology Students of Colegio De

San Antonio De Padua, Inc. who are involved in any fraternity/sorority group. A
criminology student is excluded from the study if the student fails to meet any of the
following inclusion criteria stated.

Research Instrument

There are two sets of instruments to be answered by respondents. The first part
of the research is from the study, Parenting Styles of In-School in South-East Nigeria.
The questionnaire contains 53 items of four clusters: (A) Statements on Authoritarian
Parenting Styles; (B) Statement on Authoritative Parenting Styles; (C) Statement on
Permissive Parenting Styles; and (D) Statement on Neglectful/Uninvolved Parenting
Styles with response mode of Strongly Agree (SA) 4, Agree (A) 3, Disagree (D) 2, and
Strongly Disagree (SD).
The second part of the instrument from the study EFFECTS OF JOINING
FRATERNITY AND SORORITY TOWARDS THE SCHOOL PERFOMANCE OF
CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS IN CSAP. The research tool has 13 items divided into
four attitudes; Classroom performance; Skill development;leadership development ,and
emotional development expressed in five-point Likert Scale.
Research Procedure
The researchers made transmittal letters addressed to Ms. Myrose Manco, Mr.
Rosbelito C. Peñas and Dr. Alberto A. Jumao-as Jr. In gathering the data, the
researchers will use questionnaire that is adapted from two different dissertations. It
will be administered and collected to criminology students of Colegio De San Antonio De
Padua, Inc. The respondents will answer the questionnaire expressed by Likert Scale.
 21

Statistical Analysis/Data Analysis Procedure

1. Weighted Mean – is used to calculate the average value of the level of perceived
parenting style among criminology students and the attitude of the criminology
students towards fraternity/ sorority involvement.
Formula:

M=
∑x
n
where:
M = mean
∑ = summation of the measurement of values
N = number of measurements

2. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient– is used to measure

of the strength and direction of association that exists between level of perceived
parenting style among criminology students and the attitude of the criminology
students towards fraternity/ sorority involvement.
Formula:
 22

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bartolome, M. T., Mamat, N., & Masnan, A. H. (2018). Parental involvement in the
Philippines: A review of literatures. International Journal of Education and Literacy
Studies.

Liu, J., Chen, X., Li, D., & French, D. C. (2013). Peer group deviance, parental control,
and delinquency: A longitudinal test of social control theory. Journal of Research
on Adolescence.

Bartolome, L. J., & Tiongson, N. D. (2018). Parental involvement in the Philippines: A

review of literature. Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research.

Yafe, M. (2022). Perceived parenting styles, cognitive flexibility, and prosocial behavior
among Israeli Jewish and Arab youth. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology.

Chen, X., Liu, M., & Li, D. (2016). Parental warmth, parental support, and filial piety
among Chinese young adults: A four-year longitudinal study. Child Development.

Psychol Addict Behav. (2021) May; 35(3): 337–350. Published online 2021 Mar 25.

Bartolome, J. A. M., Bautista, J. R. G., & De Guzman, M. R. (2018). Factors affecting

involvement of students in the fraternities and sororities. International Journal of
Social Sciences and Humanities Research, 6(1), 1-7.

Rappler. (2019, July ). Davao's deadly hazing calls for review of school policies vs frats.
Retrieved from https://www.rappler.com/nation/mindanao/criminologists-group-
says-davao-deadly-hazing-calls-review-school-policies-fraternities/
 23

APPENDICES
TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO THE VP FOR A ACADEMICS AND RESEARCH THRU
THE DEAN OF THE COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY

TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO THE OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR

January 22, 2024

MS. MYROSE MANCO

Registrar’s Office
Colegio de San Antonio de Padua
Guinsay, Danao City

Dear Ms. Manco,

Good Day!

We are fourth -year students taking up the program, Bachelor of Science in

Criminology. We are requesting to your office to have a copy of the total population of
first year criminology students of Colegio de San Antonio de Padua. Our study is
INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLE TOWARDS FRATERNITY INVOLVEMENT AMONG
THE CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS for your review and consideration. The study aims to
investigate the influence of social media platforms on the psycho social capacities of the
criminology students.

We believe that the findings of this research will be of great interest to your institution
and will contribute to the existing literature on the topic. Please let us know if you have
any questions or require further information.
 24

Thank you for your time and consideration.

Respectfully yours,

CHARLES DON A. YU
Research Leader

Noted by:

MS. ELLEN JANE T. GATDULA, RCrim

Research Adviser

Approved by:

MS. MYROSE MANCO

Registrar’s Office
 25

TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO THE OFFICE OF THE VP FOR ACADEMICS AND

RESEARCH

January 22, 2024

DR. ALBERTO JUMAO-AS JR.

VP for Academics and Research
Colegio de San Antonio de Padua
Guinsay, Danao City

Dear Dr. Jumao-as,

Good Day!

We are fourth -year students taking up the program, Bachelor of Science in

Criminology.We will be conducting a research study entitled INFLUENCE OF PARENTING
STYLE TOWARDS FRATERNITY INVOLVEMENT AMONG THE CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS
for your review and consideration. The study aims to investigate the influence of social
media platforms on the psycho social capacities of the criminology students.

We believe that the findings of this research will be of great interest to your institution
and will contribute to the existing literature on the topic. Please let us know if you have
any questions or require further information.

Thank you for your time and consideration.

 26

Respectfully yours,

CHARLES DON A. YU
Research Leader

Noted by:

MS. ELLEN JANE T. GATDULA, RCrim

Research Adviser

Approved by:

DR. ALBERTO A. JUMAO-AS JR.

VP for Academics and Research
 27

TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO THE OFFICE OF THE DEAN, COLLEGE OF

CRIMINOLOGY

January 22, 2024

MR. ROSBELITO PEÑAS, RCrim

Dean, College of Criminology
Colegio de San Antonio de Padua
Guinsay, Danao City

Dear Mr. Peñas,

Good Day!

We are fourth -year students taking up the program, Bachelor of Science in

Criminology. We will be conducting a research study INFLUENCE OF PARENTING STYLE
TOWARDS FRATERNITY INVOLVEMENT AMONG THE CRIMINOLOGY STUDENTS for
your review and consideration. The study aims to investigate the influence of social
media platforms on the psycho social capacities of the criminology students.

We believe that the findings of this research will be of great interest to your institution
and will contribute to the existing literature on the topic. Please let us know if you have
any questions or require further information.

Thank you for your time and consideration.

 28

Respectfully yours,

CHARLES DON A. YU
Research Leader

Noted by:

MS. ELLEN JANE T. GATDULA, RCrim

Research Adviser

Approved by:

MR. ROSBELITO PEÑAS, RCrim

Dean, College of Criminology
 29

APPENDIX B

INFORMED CONSENT

Dear Respondents,

We would like to invite you to participate in a research study entitled: “Influence

of Parenting Style towards Fraternity Involvement among the Criminology Students”. By
signing this document, I give my consent to participate in the research study that will
be conducted by a group of 4th year criminology students of the Colegio de San
Antonio de Padua with a Bachelor of Science in Criminology. The research that will be
collected in this interview will help to fulfill the requirements for the topic of our
Criminological Research (CRIM 7 & 8) subject.

I have been explained about the details of the study including the methods and
understand that:

1. I will participate in the study about " Influence of Parenting Style towards
Fraternity Involvement among the Criminology Students ".

2. I will be interviewed by the researcher so they can gather information and data. 3. I
have the right to withdraw and refuse my participation whenever I feel uncomfortable
answering their questionnaire; and

4. I have the right to know about the results of the study.

Participant’s Signature Researcher’s

Signature
 30

Appendix C

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Please fill in the blanks with correct information.

Name(Optional):____________________

Age:______________________________

Gender:___________________________

Are you a member of fraternity?(kindly put a check) YES:______

NO:____
 31

ADOPTED INSTRUMENT FROM PARENTING STYLES OF IN-SCHOOL

ADOLESCENTS RESEARCH

Name (Optional): ___________________________________

Direction: Listed below are statements about the parenting styles of in-school
adolescents. For each one, please place a check mark to the corresponding number that
describes your parent’s parenting style.
Strongl Agreed Neutral Disagreed Strongly
y Disagreed
Cluster : Agreed (4 (3) (2) (1)
AUTHORITARIAN (5)
1. When I ask my parent why I
should do something he/she
tells me because that is what
he/she want.

2. My parents punish me by
taking privileges away from
me.

3. My parents usually shout at

me when they disapprove of
my behavior.

4. My parents believe I should

not have secrets.

5. My parents usually spank me

when they do not like what I
do or say.

6. My parents expect me to
accept their values and goals
without inhibition.

7. My parents use threats as a

form of punishment with little
or no justification.

8. My parents punish me by
withholding emotional
expression.

9. My parents openly criticize me

 32

when my behavior does not

meet their expectation.

10. My parents always shout at

me in anger towards me.

11. My parents always expect me

to accept their judgments
without questioning.

12. My parents always supervise

all my actions.

13. My parents do not allow me

to make my choice.

14. My parents feel is only

through punishment that a
child could be corrected.

15. My parents like to choose my

friend for me.

Strongly Agreed Neutral Disagreed Strongly

Agreed Disagree
Cluster 2: Authoritative (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. My parents are responsive to
my feelings.

2. My parents do take my wishes

into consideration before
asking me to do something.

3. My good/bad behavior is being

expressed by my parents
through their behavior.

4. My parents usually encourage

me to express my feelings
positively.

5. I am being encouraged to
speak my mind even if it
disagrees with my parents’
 33

view.

6. My parents always encourage

me to be independent.

7. Whenever am upset, my
parents provide comfort for
me.

8. My parents do compliment me
when I do the right thing.

9. My mother and father always

consider my opinion when
they make plans for the
family.

10. My parents respect my opinion

and encourage me to express
them.

11. My parents treat me as an

equal member of the family.

12. They usually educate me to be

respectful to others

13. My parents always have warm

and intimate times together
with family.

14. My parents expect me to

handle my problems by
myself.

Strongly Agreed Neutral Disagreed Strongly

Agreed Disagreed
Cluster 3: Permissive (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. I like my parents because
they are very friendly to me.

2. My parents appear unaware

of how to solve my problems

3. My parents bribe me with

 34

rewards to bring about

compliance.

4. My parents do bribe me with

reward to obtain favour.

5. My parents usually ignore me

when I misbehaved.

6. Parents withhold scolding

and/or criticism even when
child act contrary to wishes.

7. My parents find it difficult to

discipline me when I
misbehave

8. My parents are afraid that

disciplining me for
misbehavior will cause me
not to like them.

9. I am being pampered by my
parents.

10. My parents scolded me each

time I misbehave.

Cluster 4: Strongly Agreed Neutral Disagreed Strongly

Agreed Disagreed
Neglectful/Uninvolved (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
Parenting
1.My parents always neglect my
needs

2.My parents are unable to

encourage,teach me what I do
not know.

3.My parents have few or no

expectations on demands for
behavior.
 35

4.My parents don’t attend

school events example, parents
teaches association.

5.My parents intentionally avoid

me

6.My parents are often too

overwhelmed with problems and
this makes them not attend my
problems.

7.My parents do not encourage

me for better understanding.
8.My parents are emotionally
distanced from me.

9.Parents ignore their child

emotions/problems

10.My parents offer little or no

supervision to what I do.

11.My parents shows little

warmth,love and affection
towards.

12.My parents keep distance

from me because they are
usually preocuppied with their
own concerns .

13.My parents hardly supervise

me.

14.My parents have difficulty in

establishing and maintaining
relationships with me.

ADOPTED INSTRUMENT FROM Amamangpang, Bragat ,Celendron,

Molejon, Pepito, Sayson, Villamor RESEARCH
 36

PART II: FRATERNITY QUESTIONNAIRE

Instruction: Put a check mark on the column in line with the statement given below

as you rate on the contribution of fraternity and sorority towards the academic

performance of criminology students in CSAP using the following descriptors:

5 = Completely Effective; 4 = Somewhat Effective; 3 = Effective; 2 =

Somewhat Effective;1 = Not effective at all

Question: In what way can a fraternity and sorority contribute towards the

academic performance
Classroom Performanceof the students in school as to: 5 4 3 2 1
1. Doing my homework every day because they have
been inspired by their group mates.

2. Co-curricular Accomplishment- I am encouraged to

join different co-curricular activities as requirement
in their fraternity society.
3. Being attentive in the school because our leader
encouraged them to go to school every day and
participate in any classroom undertakings.
Emotional Development 5 4 3 2 1
1. Our leader encourage them to write articles and
advocacies about their group.

Leadership Development
2.I become sociable because I have many friends.
1.They can make decisions and take responsibility for the 5 4 3 2 1
development
3.My leaderof the group.
encourage me to write articles and
advocacies
2.Leverage theabout their group.
strengths of the community to reach the
common goals and use interpersonal skills to coach and
develop each
4. Will other.
be able to analyze the trends that others may or
3.Theynotcan
seeaccomplish
as well as volunteering
measurable,into planning of
meaningful any
change
worthwhile undertaking of the group.
through a process of learning and applying skills as learned
in the group’s undertakings.
 37

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Tunacao, Kylle M.

 38

Email add: tunacaogeorge@gmail.com

Mobile: 09953210499

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Gender: Male

Age: 22

Date of Birth: November 26,2001

Address: Jugan, Consolacion Cebu

Name of Mother: Genevieve M Tunacao

Occupation: Megaboard INC

Name of Father: Jonald Tunacao

Occupation: Self Employed

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Year Graduated

Elementary: Jugan Elementary School 2013-2014

 39

Junior High School: Jugan National High School 2016-2017

Senior High School: Benidicto College 2019-2020

College: Colegio De San Antonio de Padua 2023 Present

Name: Yu, Charles Don A.

Email add: ycharlesdon@gmail.com

 40

Mobile: 09926351104

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Gender: Male

Age: 21

Date of Birth: May 31,2002

Address: Maslog, Danao City Cebu

Name of Mother: Nestora Yu

Occupation: Factory Worker

Name of Father: Lemuel Don Yu

Occupation:

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Year Graduated

Elementary: Maslog Elementary School 2013-2014

Junior High School: Maslog National High School 2016-2017

 41

Senior High School: Colegio De San Antonio de Padua 2019-2020

College: Colegio De San Antonio de Padua 2023 Present

Name: Sygaco, Patriica Ann

Email add: patriciasygaco750@gmail.com

 42

Mobile: 09062404396

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Gender: Female

Age: 22

Date of Birth: November 22,2001

Address: Lamac, Consolacion Cebu

Name of Mother: Rogelisa Sygaco

Occupation: Ofw worker

Name of Father: None

Occupation:

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Year Graduated

Elementary: Barra Elementary School 2013-2014

Junior High School: Barra National High School 2016-2017

Senior High School: Jugan Senior High School 2019-2020

 43

College: Colegio De San Antonio de Padua 2023-Present

Name: Roble, John Kenneth

Email add: kennethroble15@gmail.com

 44

Mobile: 09323355785

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Gender: Male

Age: 23

Date of Birth: April 14,2000

Address: Taboc, Danao City Cebu

Name of Mother: Marife Roble

Occupation: Housewife

Name of Father: Julito Roble

Occupation: Deceased

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Year Graduated

Junior High School: Beatriz D. Durano Memorial National Highschool 2016-2017

Senior High School: Colegio de San Antonio de Padua 2019-2020

College: Colegio De San Antonio de Padua 2023-Present

 45

Name: Sususco, Charlemagne

 46

Email add: charlemagnesususco@gmail.com

Mobile: 09503378300

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Gender: Male

Age: 21

Date of Birth: March 23,2002

Address: Macaas, Catmon Cebu

Name of Mother: Marifel S. Adlaon

Occupation: Housewife

Name of Father: Felipi D. Adlaon

Occupation:Security guard

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Year Graduated

Elementary: Macaas Elementary School 2013-2014

Junior High School: Gabriel Jurado Foundation School 2016-2017

 47

Senior High School: Gabriel Jurado Foundation School 2019-2020

College: Colegio De San Antonio de Padua 2023-Present

Name: Baril, Darrel B.

 48

Email add: darrelbaril9@gmail.com

Mobile: 09928550787

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Gender: Male

Age: 22

Date of Birth: November 28,2001

Address: Cebu City

Name of Mother: Evelyn A. Baril

Occupation: Housewife

Name of Father: Silverstre Baril Jr.

Occupation:Securit guard

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Year Graduated

Elementary: Agsuwao Elementary School 2013-2014

Junior High School: Gabriel Jurado Foundation School 2016-2017

 49

Senior High School: Gabriel Jurado Foundation School 2019-2020

College: Colegio De San Antonio de Padua 2023-Present

Name: Montecillo, Mike

 50

Email add: mikevillamor@gmail.com

Mobile: 09503378300

PERSONAL BACKGROUND

Gender: Male

Age: 22

Date of Birth: June 16,2001

Address: Macaas, Catmon Cebu

Name of Mother: Vicenta Montecillo

Occupation: Housewife

Name of Father: Leoncio Montecillo

Occupation:Security guard

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND Year Graduated

Macaas Elementary School 2013-2014

Gabriel Jurado Foundation School 2016-2017
 51

Gabriel Jurado Foundation School 2019-2020

Colegio De San Antonio de Padua 2023-Present