APJ ABDUL KALAM TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY STUDY MATERIALS a complete app for ktu students Get it on Google Play www.ktuassist.in| MODULE -4 Basic concepts Peganding rteuhicat D charge - Flectrical Property of a Substance 3) Consent 3) Voltage 4) power 5) Emengy = Change (@) Electrical property of a jar Substance 7] cenit coulomb Cc) 2) Current GF) Ut fe the Mreckek floc of free eo Tree eg. its tis ection b& just opposite tothe Chit CAmp ere @) flew of DQ Voltage femt | potentiaé (Y) Soa wonkdens per charge ade [charge ) s@—O Bd bn ABS Vap = Va-Vi 25-3 28h Sala all nik We ox Volt - DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN4) Powe @) M Role of dang work te callecl 24. power wuk = owe watts ok 5) Energy ) Capatity to do wtonk et ark - I [wh Cwatthoun) [kwh [eve] lunit> [kth Bika cloced path. K & the inlerconnectten of Various ciccust elements. Cinuit elements can be of a types D passive elements :- element that doesit generate — cl energy. Fg: Resistor, inductor & 2) Ackive elemenl capaciton. vy. ‘i Capable of genenating energy Eg: Batteny » Grenenaton ec. Vey O | - 8 Sut DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INRestsTOoR Resistance (R) & efoia pnoperty of a Substance opposes the flow of current unit - ohm Cay Resistance of @ Mmatenial depends D length , R&E 2) Area , RXV 2) Nature of the mateaital 4) Temp - Re ols Re PY, f= fe RA 2 2 py e S=am ee ee eee DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN |. by which St “pon Resistivi ty / peide Resistance of. the matertcConductance (1) 2- speed I ts the redprocad of » Resistance [ev] Ohms daw If States that the snatio °F pd CY) applied of across the ends of the conducton fo the cumnent flowing though the condustos Cl) ik always a constant. OR Ohm's law states that the “pa applied CCOi tie «nde en bee can io, fe Atreck ly propostial to the current flowing x through aibe DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INDC CIRCUIT. A circuft consist of) the following component D Sougnee of power 2) Condutos fon Canning cunnent D oad. Thene ane 2 types of pe cinecdt D ve sisies chreute 2) De parallel Cxunt | Oc Semes Crna eter es eg DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INIn a Senies circuit each resistance << ane Connected end > end uch that thene & only one path for the Cetrrent then ugh the Orne. L OV Va, & Vy be the Velbages acyoce Ri Ra we ey Me sPeckevely Then & Ve Vy ty + V5 TRe TR +1 top, [> Rit Ret Rg eee eee) these 2 us the foe Ge eqcdvalent . Se 2edance OF the Sesiier Ch cuit . pews (P) 2 Ph eR ep, De Parallel Circut ee FROM KTUASSIST.INtn uel cine one endiof each: Heuton ts trneted $0 2 Common point w others end bo anothes common poink $6, that’ current wp the «cleeetE tll Hbrrent paths. howe Voltage arross cath. element i fame in a paceallel cirewit: Total ument GF) = 1, 412+ Te Mo oe zg Bie tee SPE eeeeeaearees L ‘ ale 45b ye Re Ri 3 te, Rerpeocar 4 Total Aeststane In a uel Ciscuck equal €o the Sam of the Sreuipeocads % individual resistances R ee / ae Bike I i “Rit Pa eo eater DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INx > | P> P4P,4 Ps Find the equivalkm Aesisdance of the Jiven et network oy .¥ 8 a Sy J bea pon [aon gs es Nv y eg cake s ree aga 1 ac Pi eee ee cee V3 elope hee seag erie oS poe BO aaeaa O) 8 7 é = Ol + 00540-8339 °y i ew KR 2 OHw2 ovigg3 RF 5S: 4548 1 VOLTA GE zinnenertte CU srORIat Date a es 0 ° fy TR applicable > Seater che cutee DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INif we have 2 Sresistames ki ¥ R2 Connetted “0 Senies and Vibe the total Voltage app lied atross the combinat”. lek @ Tt be the cuncent flowing through the os cull . Aconrding to Voltage dividen seele Total Voltye pg, Tobat Resist CURRENT DIVISION. RULE 8" tt & appluable only ‘ote DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN |When Wel combination - Te t RBrRo- Rit Re t Rik eee ee Re BE, (Ry +Ra) TR, RitRe DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN Ris the equivalent Susi tan of theThy, t+ Ia oie eee ae te ee 3BK4 i. : RitRe ee 2 A TS "= EQ, a Rito ao at A & A bon Hebi & to jel peta poo neu We. Wwunt in Gon & t2 A+ What & te Value G : Teed Aesistanu to be added to se! *6 thy Gert to make total, carat RA DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN .,| RitRs ~ 168 i. t-a- lor ae Ws3 ane a Te Sh teexsh op Pras eggs ed BeTRe 2 joy x te0333 & ps Riko RetRs Saar paeeace Rho aaa” Ps + 82:3 Bo. RS 02-42 Tee+Re 333 tsote, 2 pong? 333 Per igus wit} Bs Py > ates tpg UpHo- 332 DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INvy, = The v:etR R= 4 eee R Ri Re pg ges 2 a RytRe = (UKs cHOBGA For loo Poet, p1.4ts fal 2924403 +13 = ota Tye TR « arae 127k £1 so R= Dws Sa or wa) tos4 ee Re Ro Ba a ee o FCl 2s gaan « Boo garde 59. we (220 = DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN| INDUCTOR i | i is A conducton Listed to foam ase indurtor - This usually denotel by the letten L i (mag Held produte TUN aasaprd ) when a cwuent “7! dlow s theo ugh the tndutos A mag field m will be in ductor vi /[ Induckaned i’ = NG 4 | trdutonei" SH [a Henny Cunt ) Ae Zz ae up anund thet N=no-of tuans of the Coil de Cumnent Fe mag Hux webles when cussent through the ‘in ducto» tsas mag field expands: & uhen the cunnent mag feeld will Yecluce- bses te; whenever there fe a change im “Cunsent s> thee will bee change fa) mag flux. According to Faraday y laws of DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INee aes ie electnomagne te. Tndastion . An em} is (voltage ) ds induced fn the inductor. ie, Voltage atsocs’ the %ndudow be proportional to ae at ve dt at a => power absonbed ty the Tncluckon Pevt 2 ude a BE: pt L * f pat 3 DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INCAPACITOR See ee wo iad aatn plates ame Sepesated by a dislechi medium = Capadtor . le iS used 40 stone electuitc change . Let Q@ be the chasge Stored en the Caparvton % V be the potential appltect acaoss the caparton c= change . a Voltage [e — Fanaday Gael) re —— DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN> Cannent thnough the capaitton eh satiate la T= ag Ye av at dt eae Vv Qzcev de => | powen Pzvi = Be wedM € at P= evdy. dat > energy B= pt 7 oa fre - fev dee at D FROM KTUASSIST.IN| CONSTANT ) | CONSTANT VOLTAGE source Ctdeal Voltage Soctnee) ak os defined. as the enengy Sounte tshoce beaminal Voltage & “independent of the Consent theough PE. means that When the Cumment — bsacan the Sow ce Va sifes fom Keto to in indy , the tesminal bo tage o¢ the souace Semafns Hnesledect. An Pdeal | Voltage sounce has Zeso fndeanal Srests ban | ‘ ce v vQ) Const. ole fonst. he Voltage Sounce Voltage Sounee. PRACTICAL VOLTAGE sovace CReal Voltage Sours) H has low but finfle Ttesnal esis bance thot Couses tte te ime al Ve lbage 0 dice when the load eunkent is Reed gy i DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN |.& Vee Gas le can be Hepresented by an, Added. | \ollcigs “fouree’ ta seater otth @ Ay Petainee. \ i +> In tea nat Pasisdance : _t be voltage Sousce . ‘ ——___ ae ! AC Sousce i CONSTANT QDEAD CURRENT Sovpce i i s Aefined as a Counce whith olelives ae tdsnent Independent of the the’ output toad placed on Tt. Thus DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN1 cunsent of . Such a Sounce Semele Cn eseaf > from. Xeno to ro bendy load. It has infintt fntesnal Sefslance 14) qT const: dC tons! “AC 0. Foun ce PN ance | PRACTICAL CORRENT CouRCE ( Rat) Seer S . tt defined a &@ Sounce ewhich olelevas Const Cusarent depend on the load placed on ft. tt has Erb t * beencal Dresis tance 4 Const BC kouike 509) te tonat, Cu Souru = DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INfeo 1 SOURCE CONVERSION eerie 4 we havea Voltage Source Fn sevtes ustth a sedstance can. be converted {nto an ne! with a Sesictoa equivalent turvent souste tn and vice Versa. Nope CSandiso ) Wo ots a point fh a daadk chene two om mose elements meek Loop (Meh) : f & a closed path fn 0 Graft KIRCHOFF’S LAW Kgrgd “There ane 2 law | tact law ¢ keachosf%s Camment law (ket) 05 Junction Rule. DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN |.HM & assoctated with cunsent ha clovuty The ‘law States! thet the alg eb nate Sam % the euxsernts meeltng of & point Good) ts always Zeso. : OR Sum of the Cussents en teving, bo. a functte, an ts equal to sum of ‘the current leaving that Sunctton ; The f ecomeeg farrents can be taken as tue & catgoing coment can be taken ar ~Ve- Ti+T, -23-Tuidsso: T,+ Trt Tee 13 4Ty =... DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INin? 1aw : Kis cho Sf 's Voltage Law Creve) 0 ie ts assockated . ith Voltages be ev 7 loop ie a xu 4 . XL IR +SEmeE =O kvl State: that algebsafe sum of Voltage dnop acvocs the sesTetors plus algebnai sum of emf % @ Closed - mesh Cloop) & TLesro- always Convention dgn ola 4 +0R =) Rise fr pelentral . ® TR dall fn podentral . a DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN |4Te, +1R, =@ by Te, + TR- & =0 TR, ATR, 2 E E Q- Bs (Vg = sv) s4V determing 7 © Ww us? ng KVL ® Curasent Se ‘ o Ry & Rs DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INSS ge ee Te, + TR +#IR, = & T(Cpy+k 4 Reg 2t¥ ~ a [et ved eee 1 Ist ie 83 > he -1é : - ve et lee! sg T = 21v * TR, =21V Ro det =v T= 3UA DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INsh w (tev z find 7 ; Kel at mode A Pt +5A41-1)20 S+1=2, _¢) kve 40 24 esh 51,45 ~8 <9 SI =3 Ty = 3) “Fs —@ @ in Cr) St+1> 3 e Nee 3-5 -7 5 3-28 3 iS > ~ aa = HA given dived” %s oppasite 5 — fe to the actual olirectcon. DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INa, Star fo Della U Della to *Blar - Convens’én a ty 2 1 : = Ray Pas % Delta . 2 I e Ria a, & Rs 2 Ras 3 3 Delta Bhan Stan to Delta Conversion ————____ DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN| Ret &F Ro + Riko : / Rs Rep 2 Rg 4 Rot Ra-Re | Rt | | Ra, = RatR, t Ra RB | Ro ir Delta 40 stay conversion Raa - Rar Rint Rag t Ray Ro = Ros t Ria | Rint Roa #Rai | py = Res +e So Rint Regt Ray obtaty the tae — equivalent 4 A connectect network as given. oe DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INBL na ae } . (es) pa tg (Rir) = 2 ign : C3) j 132 C825) Rin 4 Rog + Ray ing #13 - Ry = Rov 4+Pox inn Ge a Ri2 tos tPs, tle4y3 by 2 Rai 4'Rog Wow IB i a Riot Resta) oe DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN Saat tes = 43 5q 156 3a (s205 , a2 2 oh tat the 4 equivalent bl, he y: nekwon k Ro, = Ray By + Rak 2 FRO Pa = 3850 Rn = 10420 0x20 ee ‘ a ao Ray = 204504 20450 _ [aon \o — DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN Go+to + Sx10 20faa 2 3 4 1 3 = Rytka + Riihe Ru ate Ro 2 ol af et 3 3 t 3 : ; A 7 i 3 Be = 3 Rig = 3 a aeettat Ry 4 = 2 ex Rene R a : a 22 — s o fe eee gill Seal ua Op * Pas Urbs fo \ g ) aa : vem) SKQ Find curvent fn @kKA tests for: DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INee ae ae R 6 3 = 346 2s ¢ Re j = 5 |< » @) gon wR) Find the tunent in tee “2g ae r DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INUe le VETR s 1ox4e = 40 < Vj2 Re 2898 = tov MESH CURRENT METHOD (Maxwell % Doop current i ratthee!) This method ts based on. eve MH ag ln Hy method 3" of all we have to lden tify the meshes . then cetenk fp oa mush & assigned in the : Clockwise dlnédtéon, = —_—_—— DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INApply Kye in mesh © ¥ TR, +7, -1,2,-V, =O PuiCRiU Ge ets tae Mi creer Apply kv in mesh @ i Let Lk; 22,p,+V, = 0 ~T/Ra #12 (Rae) ev, = 0 ; rTRa +42 CRo4RS) 2 Vy —) : sshisti ree -R ? ; gt Fe 7 7 +My f. % Ratt | | 22 “Ny Ii general [eJfr] {¥] Rue [fiat a Ss Por Raa 7] 7 Rue Self Resistance of meth O Riz =a > Ve of the veddanee common 4o meshes Org oe 1 DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INcar —— Lae teyptrerislence of muh OB. 4) 1, 2 Ar {, + Az ao; Piel af 5 B= [kn Re aie | fa Rot pes Va Ror O2= [Rn “4 Ra Ve : 7 a ' [2] ¢ Ru Ria Ray 1: : vly, | Roy Ror Res i? ty | s | Pst Bsa 233 Lb DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN[eraes +83) ~ Re Rs 7 q ~Ro CRatRytRe ) “fs ea Seu “B83 - Re (Ry tes 4R¢ )|] Ts V5 A= (Risks 423) Re -Py ~ Ro (Rateye ee) “Rs “Ps ~ Re (Rp 4 Rs AR? Ay y, -R = : : 7 Ry te A zi Ye be Gee) ~ kr oM3 - Rs 2 @sre6 Re) va Ris Rois ey, oRy j - Po V2 Ree Wn ree V3 Ra tRyt Re RAB r hy Ry vy 4, cavy rh Rateg ter Vy 2 i ky —Pr ~Ys DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INx ae (ejf7] -{v) - oO pee] RW Rak, o43 : Rai Ran Rag ee cea ede ae Ra, Rar Rao ° -2 38 ee sy t2 |= fae 43 Ts y, a \ Ve + $4120 \ Yo SASts Ve “30-8 S -3 0] [8 ts a qe M2], 1s te -35 ae] -3 oc 2 &( 1-4) +#3(-3040) O 2 10] 5 sxeg+q0 2 518 DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INZ seth TZ wee Dy q mh faa oleae ae 60) 5 (90-4) 45 (80 - 30) 'Sx86 taxrso0 = 1830 Tr. FE ts5q 4 $48 Ja Gee 3} 4,-f8 t¢ 06 aq Cree lo z F (1094) (30-0) a { ery \ r © Sree + 45g) >iusg . . x UR | sqy ee apa DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INLa = fh eeneene 3) -f?. ie]. eg [: 414g ] pete 28 ( 19 ¢ ‘) Fs (-640) a Is (eto) = -19490 = 7a a3 vat la vay — Nope VoLtaae Merton Cnrodal Analyci«) This method ft based on keL I Tden tidying the nodes.,one of the nodes can be taken as the Selerence node which ts at ground — potential. 2 if there are ‘w' no. of -hodes then we have to Solve Cn-i) equadions Analysis with Voltage Soutce Fg: \ oO rat) =< 4 eolenie Ay ae] Cg reand poten o k M-l= 3-22 2 eg” aee need to Solve, DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INoe Sa a. \ Kee ak node M => 1,-T3- 245° GEE, cee ee ee y RY Rr Re Rey -¥ mnimts) Nees i (% Reed cps Re e M pated eee — 0 Ry Oe ee 2 1 ket ak node @= Tg + - Ts = 0 Mi- V2 Ee Vo. ° Ba eo ed vi ee fee Rei Rg | ge 90> > 7 Ee R3 E2 = R3 DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN |.vy = AO OM vy. 2 Aery e soytbat alt Stl qr tes Re Ra =~ i bah ee Gt Re Rs . . : @ Souv les Analy sis coith curyent £0 gq Mr] oer y; NodeOsS “Cate ) et Nok OD ve Ge Hy) ® DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN T.a) lov Walt the node Volage eg and determing the current in each branch for the nelworle shown. ~ Ni 2 VA a Oe Gee -Me . gy, a i W(e 7h )- Me, : Brgy ‘ A + Node OIC Ler ay ov Heese. 9° e - fee yeni e(t+# bat) Yio> —s 3s 4 1 = BB3his b, = | G/ao s 6 “vp lo nN, Raw I4- av v, = oF oe ee DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INFind Cument through 82 % . RR ests tow . N=3 nel 23-8 = Qe a Node Owl w+ Ye + ¥q)- Me » to KodeQ@ 5 ve ( Mat yy “Ya ) ul ; ~ x Ol Ys ¢ Let Vy ~Y% Ya Y% Ya Yat ty | {Ve DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.INry [3338 0-408 0-85 © 3 ; ve onrel. ~0:as oH OM A ae oo] ts PH ~My 025 — O-ADH ; te 7 me © [pt3' 7 Aa? /r4 BO [pte is seers, #24 a A i) 6F ~Ya “aaa 7 5 yok 2 1s? Wes 08? p01 0°13) O-743 _ SSAYV Ye ef peet ete eray DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN1 vy jrole faa ea a. : ve ° | ae va Ry | \ . g Find a m each veststowm 104 hak 2 RPE DOWNLOADED FROM KTUASSIST.IN