ay. go > a MODULE: 4 Elecdrooics : is the field q science and engineering which deals with under the moton A electrons influence f applicd electnz and magnebe field : Evolution OF Elechronies 1a04 - Vaccum Tube - Sohn Fleming John Bardeen , 1444 - Transistovs wt Grattair william Shatkleg 145% - Sntegrated - Jack Kilby, a re ee Robert Note rick he sel of An Integrated dectronic Crauits OP cnp? F semiconductoy materials» Vateun? Tube —tontrols eleotrrz through vaieum ene small plate cary en€ few Vateum diode - Rectification2? > Vacum driede - Arngli ficadion and ditehag "4 Nomsistov Used . for arngt ficalon and swilching Controls’ clectyre curvent flo through sem\ fonducley materials eter Snteqvated Ciyveuit SSI: Small Scale inteqrahonr less Han loo’ “tvarsistovs MST + Medium Scale Sn tegsahon loo- i000 fabs} Lage. stale Sotegrahon lo0o - 10,000 Nanolithegqyap hy z= Used for fobuicatron 4 chps Advantage Using Nanotechnology ir electronrer a Sncveasy the densiy 4 memoy Chie Redu emg Power lonsump bons fo —> > > 2 2 Electronic Com ponents and Comporen i Classified ko. Passive Achve, componen i Passive Components Se Resistors Capasitoy 4nducloy Active component Reena upd neviges Vaceurn tube olevices gas Tube device’ semizorducier Devices Diode en Sunclion Zeneyv Leo Photo Varac lor Tunnel Schott ky> A ansistoy ‘ @x1 - Bipolar Tunchon 'ansistoy fet ~ Feld EXect transishy uit - Unique Sunckor hansistoy Ackve Components Easiars Som pOos = The ctectrde’ tomponent that ave capable 4 amplifying oY Py ocessing an electrical signa! ate calleal achve components dhe vequive a Source f energg bo perfor their inlended funckons. Jhe clectyonic component that are not capable 4 omelifying cao | processing and electric srgnal ave called passive tomporents - dneg cor be eithey used # dissiprake energy Cresiskov)) ov Slorage energy Coapasitor )Vassiwe lompone nts Actve ont lLoroponenk + Ave capable @ Pie capable a) Bae essing or amplify processing oy aniplifg (ty tng srgnals ane electyrcal signal 2 fave no ability to ‘ ¢ Have ability & produce gar Produce gar ¢ A lineay cireurt 4 A ponlineay Chrauit adement | hereto: | | le Most d tnem are |e Most them are bilateral devices unilateral Aevices ° Equivalent civeul \% Eaeuvalent cirout deass not contaih contatys an energy an enerqy sounre couvle Bepasiive dlevices avela stative PPG a | 7 seypp yi inject power bo “fal 7 oe the ctycurl any nergy | « Cntame@les Example eS Vaawanm tubes, | Resistors, lagac itor diode, Transistoy, and &nductors scr, $n tegrated A yeuib> \2 Do Unilateral > cax rent flow ip. ‘Ome nechon,.Cdtode , bonsistoy ) An element opere tne ow im. beh, Bilakeral 2 curven t A\wechors | Lineax elermenk : Element that Show Yelationshie b/w voltage ane Resistors . inductors , Capcity y, a Wneay Current 4! Non lineox clement. Elemenk » that doe, Not Snow a Lineay rdatovshig: bw Noltage and turvent NV oltage Source ond Cuywent Source - cixcuil mode] uses a Bne equivalent b form 4 specif dxceit wroponent Circur + nehvoorlt do characte 20 he ogexation al chorecterishes a te ciycuiks - id) Resistors @ Axe pasive component used ‘to ov s Remit we arnount f current dinvde Me vollege th a civeuit a Registanace —onit — Onm (2)Res is tov é uu a ha nes | x ae type var rable yee BAR t 5 | - epe (Light |Gorbon con pes kon) | poicntiome ley] | pepended Yesisle) Caweor film bneostak | - Photo resister Litetol . | | ie lr | | -Variglor lwoye | word fa Linear ¥esistoY > dbex $ dhro!s Law @zie) J also caued Owmit 165 iS dor eit Non Linea resistor > Sf will erat PE mentee The value yess tante moy change ewith chang< pncd soot aaa Neewollteqe nai) homey a vakuve- a) wn 3 1 a qf ey a i peng teow (4 offeveet by AAW VA iy 2 => | Resistivity - FE tne yes Stearn ce 4gered by a moalexiol seam - Unt -Rf . Rar fd f= {> kx A { ee ry is 2 ™ —— Speci fications 4 a yesishoy Tplevenie +- Mlowed variakon 4 x3 Blane fom sks rovmal value | | | | | Lowey tne lolerente - Move the vesilance Vaviablen senaiiey the. boltverne ~ More slavle Yesistamu Beer way 4 Specifying the vos tlax foleranie 1s in Peveenbege Ys lod obo YesiStor with tw, bolerené a frat ih velue con be fined roeons | bb qo .f'!0 ehm- ssMa ninumn amount power that the Yess toy can wikh stand: tes vstoy Pre onc Yorn or eny eae ws “pyre due: —» damage the yeasty Extess heat aoe , 221°. o1 Po VE oh Pe V7 /e e& Madmun Voltagé Lo certarn To avoid ee! breakdown, 4 mopimur volkegé applicd dver a, Tesi soy must not. expeed: 1ejis bors prasicd Lingt, 4Locgends 9” distante leats, ma teyrats Operahrg Tern perature aan contnut Temp thak the ves'stoy do aperahe before “Temperature Coeffrcreat te destribu the sedative change of Vesisdors physical progaty tinak 1S assoctaked with me given Change wn temp: and Loahing | being ches trogedfositive Tc - Teme %, Resistance > | Negabve Te - terme FV, Qesistande Standard Weststane valuz hua deved by UUGrieg Seffrceed red pools bo the se gems 01 decimal num bers * loa, 1S, Ut pat, 22 ,89,.4), $6, 6% agg f Sos ey Ost 10 passes ac signal F biock's de signals vsed to cbt clectne charg € Jengorar [4 in electnt 4ield 6nergs stlored 10 elecht field of Cagacilante jis owe ae * womponent i By ape'ymng 4 voltage lo a Capacitor , an dcche field Cuvolys across tre | detent:A. | Thentve Chavgc G+ fs atherretae e | on one plak and ~ve charge @- | & accumulate of On Strey: Gat. ? | Capacilance 4 the Capati~or Sing, asthe vabo 4 charge Pon the garallel plata lo Ihe woltage vy aypied atyoss YE anol rs Gen. as: C=elv. dy tne quank ty charge on dne plake rs! 4@z2cxv SL anit Gs capac tante = fad: | tive pavalle/ | Behe ree + | ° | eae! alectnzel ia, | | - change«iA cog autor ff Low impedanic & Ac beak 4 ery hugh soypeder le lo OL BYPASS capaeley | fu lev folonisee! ele able 4 | Speapicaton: gf copne™ >| She nominal value 4 a sapere toy measured tn profared Cok), nance fared laf), microfared (mf? : matted t the body iy 'S >| 4b is copie Poy, aw numerrs, hettty 2% toour bonds Maximum voltage that, 4 apactey an withstand and, store ‘ee. Leakage layvent > she dielectvic used (rside. de “aac, & seperate fre conductive plates fs a poifect tpsulatov Geitieeesclis fh uA VOY sralf Cerrene wing dy “leaking throtgh the guelerkic dut to tne nflurcre te J & powe fel alechnc field - Tempeyatuve Works Changes 1n temypevaluye around Me copacitoy affects the valut & te agawtanie becese Ff changes 10 te delettac = Prepentres. Br akdown Voltage A @ Capautov Voltage tha Wren exiccded wlll . Pee ie eicletic, tostde Ae brentlag | ard tonduui: 3 salled BvegkAtown yoke > > a Ine bepe expression as capper erate” | Cz Coby, A 4 Aft > area e plata | d-> spasing bw the plate $e 2eamibvily in free yaute ay ~permitivily d delechic constant i aa ee ge Capactleo| —— —— Wonable| M mG) | \élechostabie: 4 Toe i eMICa ale) — Paddey = Ceram rclos of = Pash (fayster capasitov) \- Paper ae capa vitante velue 4 manefacterirg: a all el plates amount 2 - eagasitor ? Ine B fed at tgs ceysict of only, too ‘fond > ib obras Bee hargé-DD » Ef | |The nomina) cagacitance value fine Cepaciley is measured =m > car 62 charged Be capaci barre [von enechanically oy electronically fined Cogautoy . a Etectvley tic ceupacitoy nave golavity Chave tye cand > Ne ‘evrning) Crechoslalit __ capatitoy dow bk have po lavity ; Ai oO Lagaeitors ; Cooes odie Oh e ef io nrrzw 4 6 ; ev eF oY pF on me bacly q frre xk 15 mavieed folour, numbers , (Hers ek capacitor 22) logacilante velit 4 tne Aecholyht : P and paper Er punted on capacitors we generally wie. _Capaatay ieself - @uk ine capacitan vali gmc ceyamre and poussher oil be” ce indscakd by coloay cocting or by coded be A | eHOYS Or numbers:Digit |Orgrt Muktipler i Tolerance Telerane Temperature A 8B D (ct) s topf (7<, 10pF loefccent (Te) oO x1 tO ve t2-0pF xo t 1%e ol ef ¥ 100 x (000 % (00,000 X 1,000,000 ¥ 10,000 ae + 86% -20 le|» a | & % similar coahs F wesisiors emcegt hak n Capacity, te kermperatu re coesGient ara manimg voltage rabngs ane also (ndicater - =~ Copacttors may be marted vot, ky me colo ur y or more tolouy bands - She seit and ard Wolowy bands trdy ; fist boo dig -« The 3°4 colowy be diva = maltpliey: She ot Sloane inditals = talleyawee (oghoret) + The a S pelocs bard’ indicates voltage vahtg 5B) AC Veto >v'aait | eo : é Niolet ; L2r4 argit S in ef a ; ; oO orang Multiplier a. vamile >Tole varie VL Bed > Voltage 5 | E & £2 UAK 1 + loth PF sf ua xl? xe F t 0% rs eutvio Ft 1°/, 2 tn toh yp- @2\find whe capautan’ value if ine tolouv bands are Redk black, Hue ie GE ; 2n% 2oxioet S% pre ® 200d LEH F > 20x Ip t 5% F e 2 ee Oy, es 8 Capaa tanie valit Yh CEE ly Are find the Red Weed Lcd, OPE? qicen, panto? t 5% 0%. he. 2) Aaxld ot eG a3: Be oxo 4,575 Bee jowyrt st. 22% ——— > Numbevrg of a sips, - the punbey rte 27 cap auter Ae queer won | , the valus & in oF fas | 44 tne numioey | | is less tnan |, tne eo ID pf ,ol= OIF Laritten | on capacity bina ierStep 2 of mere ave three dig th AS a number ,dhe dnird numbey a? Py me numbey 4 Dae baer ul ofey ne 2 dug hs toil be om Pf Jo = 10, 0000 pr oY OlMF step 3'y x4 the leltry arioces me Aegis the voluw willbe in Filo prco9a rade. f 3f Mere is 1” oy MM’ nen it voit be navo fovac ZY mit tavads- tilomo” E &- lk z=tokpt , Utr 24Utef , GEM = “LF =| Sigiey oy Merk fe bic tvo nur | the value 4 me mgauty an be obtait | by putttng Gre eerret in place 4@ teuey and malholyrng by the ya peo garters nF, MF ov ket LGV NC Fe 4+ kef , m2 722 4G ss. ee gy" a: a) by af tw lees kM o J foliows 2-clrgi t number 1h iepties the lelerante valet - le> 10°/o M2 20%e { tevanie jas: A gevamic coyzactty has the code yvag printed ont i boty fird Wee ‘ye : apau bene Valle aN Y exo pt siacee Jet PKI? AIO Lt gmt Fe 5% ones ch Saar iP} peat Vico mut 2 our Mt b660nt beam sh ol > opt8): 2 2 R: ae Used tn filler Crait 2 ty 5? LEO and bepssor fusible yes ste G84 “66x 10" pluce £ (of 3n3 2 3:3 nf frod agplicabons df Ressler ycopacrtoy, ind Agplicaton J desist Used tt amplifiers, oscillators , vsed to kelecommmouni cabon sed Ir digital malline ty fae tn NS generaloy 2 Energy sto1agh > Raver toncibo rng * singel processing > signed coupling -—? Aeohonic noise pita and yvergoté Sense] DS Osutlators >On chewit furshon > haalerg Jeme * 2 vbltage Arop oA dor protecho?3] choder ng 7 plociting => Citkeys GAA. Tuning curcnihs | Twansformers | Snduction meter av bind oul dements and mek fn i yasbor' tolour cod ng 4 fru)| Merits can be easily seen can aie 7? I >| Jne colour pe (6c? eh Wateiea come wnat aiky rf ve yesitov’ 18 em >| external energy pot needed for operahr4 them a ews, i SP So can easily yeplate nem - pemevilt >| he power? who % colouy bina zarmmok idenh fy tren toleus 27 he yesistoy © alg Recognser4 oli Af evenite vlw hoo colouys in an overneated vesvstoy vo VE"Y aly wth 7N q passive component » ~ _ 3 a wil ke epreer struchive i, eleehornt env ctuilh tol 8 an insulateel tae logped around the lenter Coy mae Shs coil iS Usaally, an insaleale of er wiye’\ and Col€ can be ayy bie 4 fovik oY jirwn C\ =| Gnnex Cor¥ mak Crwsy ~Seekronad valu BA yas £1 Sheba! jeeepevarUNe \ Cot yncient Na xtmum change in ihe tnduelance ovey a seccified demperature rang. —-> Usually expressed in parte per million, fe™. per anrt femp change Oc Resistanie ~ Jhe amount J vesiplante drak an Inducie: Car fer guns ogne ov — Amount JI eiedtey for | PMOTT Agpicatons 4 Alechonies Medica! pierces Oe yes 8 ferrule fpared “g &o SG Ret Beye you, CT scon, Mel EEG ar oO. ne apg Cahn! fs naban,5 gadso detcchor and yanging =) sown 2 gourd Mavigato? and Meetid, 3y | nash al Aol Cahors ibd. ee mi > fox “Trelis bral aubrnabo n/ susie ag Sensors n ampli fierspit Potesen each ae Boh bom qy wd Wiese, as qs Ba. Incycasy BP ul e¥ enon. Aa Be Oss is Rexing isiHay) _ large Mediu “Cen bey) boPosihve Megahve Negahve way a Moder abe large small ‘ effect 7 heme en 6B cv RY wth | RLY vyauiunte.. si ; FP es. 4 . Conduhvily “aks Very goed Spoor s juodsrabe temp. | F Cramp lu Murinium Paper, Mia Silicon gen — | eermanion wat: + E ( Aggliabow \As wonduclers, | Capasitors | Seenicen- wives, by wsdl, Srsulaters’ ro | devices for wire) A 2 ip ang nage att to te paftuen te bs ; 7 nd amy. Fa vos et rer hina os iteneigid — Passer Solid 3 kno Entra in a $14 band © mp 0” tard SJ band 7 a We @ 4. fugh«at cneigy ‘ tally pr completely fred nm be com damp. the ity atieth nose , ted as free a3; 4 band which s ae aye 3 . edasten 8 alee -a* “enaution — barhally filled ov emply.forbidden nergy Gg dhe gap blw tonduthon band and valayie band Meaclied forbidden energy ee: (e4) Rae xcan» be tiffed CYOSS Ine band by 90 '9'"79 energy greater than &- nag londuckon band | S foosdder ay at x Valorne band . eens | lena |. | conduc fs ne Vill, | hy ie XX J hee Malante ~~ . Li yenanee” eet eh as Coonduilo() — énexgy rand arag tam for 3 dyes qf MaakenalSemiwonduelors a . rf Oni vi sve Semicondecy v Crtorsic Seppy “he Gechical conductiv’ ky al 4. SEMI LOM CtuUog, incvasad with v5e in Lemperature or by age'g'P9 some Clebnz fell. fnstrinsic Semttonducts \ ee ee } A semtiondiltoy (2 '& pare ferm B aalcd SIntwrs sc Sem ito adtuthor- > ‘ . CoN] egaey Bie . gee eee Rk Te: Ay a -Q\° h Me~” at. + Pe ‘ o,\ ae oe coe . wae Tips > Qyslallhre strutiyc Ibis) ¢ geratiqndurbey 4> — g cernriondithers ave Ge or $; pave only V valanwe 2%, 5° each atom VQ a Snore gree —— = ore ball qd Jevlax te lohrnsit Semizon cue, | |The Pree a) oceepy/ 24 a 720 6 eine ose nal/) fentavalent ingper ty atoms pefropene, Aysenrc and Inbmong ~ Gone atoms > breaks lange neraber q pee € 7 apa gernicon ductor cy shed Deonow tons tohrth are immovable and do ret vonbibiuke “de the torrcltech or, g current in so sem itor dealer 2 Se No Type. Be formabre, E (majority ~ Noles efile cS. Sk \ @ymiens) . ae Pr? Somiton duttoy latarn pen tedcalowsca lonept of _lole Ras, te : - 1A | In w-ype Se Majovly canes. Elechone (-ve charg) Minority Gariers —> Holes (ve charge ) Beret jors ] immobile, fons ‘tvec rhavgeJe 7 4 ; # * ¢ P- Tepe ¢ . ® , 2 | Seeniton Aucto rs Grened. by doping iJ divalent imguviby akon > Govon, AMlumi niuns c gattierm Gmeuvitg atemes are called au cpl pian ( 4eee ees a Megaarse A 4. hole in the Semiconductor Crggbed N ° Aue ploy gon; > after accephng Gee Hee impurity atom becomes negatively accep jons. charg? jon lenown an ase immovable ond ao not which © contgbate , #2. conductor yearn! In e tye? cemiconduetey ‘ current conduclon 18, we fo! holes || and eteco MA eI pie ; EP Mon, corviers = Holes dae tea tacd my | 4 Carrey ~ e's Cue, charge? pape as hi om fhoe shalge Ds ym oe: | wily bivadent . wopurs andi Me, Is D- kype | Sermiconctuctor oles (Mejoy ily or duh yy a mhinsit Se Addin small ormeuht a. Honov ov aueglov impenty — POA Larye ro J omntrs inyan. © trrse He. Semiconduttey Procles Fore Po Juehon 2/63 joining the piece Jra p-type Ye OE aa yan chor Ts formed: Ositivoo crys Is faleen , @ jt 1% Aoged from one Side inegit side | aeged from other, With partavalent| n, % Afics doping with game quon My raypunb as a juncton 5 pore gt tne centre - fn juntkon 4b is base bus lang block 4 reane Semiwndueloy levila and is cutled ncbhion cemiloyduttey diede p-r je aod ov® crystal diode - a P-type | yee proce sion. | Sle catnods > ee Sen gore Morartenite ©4in4 en junchor feet ability do won duok: eunvent givtchon and aun hab in otney air cebor. only inenc ye svslanre2 | | | pen syunchon wikh no external Soi y Mino, ron) JOO OO OOOH | rary a nev Nayon'y camicy deplebor Majonly cary Cito le. ¥egior G Clechrony) q Ferrnaton of 6: Janchon Sn igvside LA tne diode - gnu vn dogietion Lowy her 0 move Bers MGS 2 Gree ee aa \oag Velo fom the @ Side Arffus e into N-Side coner mey tompine with free E's. m obvi le Ine spate charge yezi0r in p-rie diods ts) catted ne deple bon Yea because ve Naw pos! dive mone $ned opempeside and -ve ron<¢ Aimed 7 jfree e@ Affe 4yom n-sicle..fo — @Side te combine wih holes: recombinebon bepketer pus bole na free electors = peat the junchon and ec conledns only immobile rong. and icf qd fre Charge carriers Micelle? Depletion Yoo oY Spare charye yeg/on : dhe cleetnc fit ld formed In the aipelion —Yegior ated poten bal yen acyoss a a junchon that |p called Pacy aauatesl ‘Sor silicon batier petnhel 5 ‘foy es wir barney potenbal ' juachonr Aros Bata Biased Ta connect the axteoroal voltage when we Souvle avoss ine semicenduthy duode tn Such 4 way tnat the P tyve © connedled e te xxenioal 4 ine baltery and | we teymin o-tv O3v Wtype connec d - 40 ne AN paws neh se milton au Choy to Yawoard biased terdibon:e a f Biased ental v | i. k | oun 19 Veda N-¥¢g 10" 410 eho alanine v Peregion oO o> |. > je l@ : | |\O|\@| co ea ‘ yi s€ oO o> |O} ’ 3 PR v ip Vo am eo. rs eS owls 4 RS | - <7 = or 2 ioe| ~~ § B \ | mS | x : feo S - |S V wid deplehor Yeti veuses due by | hole . | pproadhing “The holes get yep dled foro xve leyminal and é's get repelled fom -ve beveniad “and jt Move towards the fenehon ang width J Syplehon -1egi0n 8 yediuced She poknbal bat) 8 redurd and aarninaled cormpickly at 4 pave ada voltage As) 4 yell more earners ob fuse anes Ihe jorchon may? ah Se junchon ders (ow vyeasgfone b ne-cowent flow and dew pragiite4 ne wnrrent dupenols uper due applied vollage “ | She voltage at wich cursent fo con duct yagisly in 4 fomoor S caltee! arode biased pr jupchor cub -in voltage ‘oY Acnee votteege (Ve) Nye Se aN vend, 2°. Ov Reese Brave pr Jerson Soene hk aepieno” oa PN » ives veovene pian Oo Wolo oe detou ed Wnty Cones GD) Paibve imo wo © negoh ve (enero Bile V0" awner we lcaminal 4 me euternad olieye Soule (paltry) iS conneelecl fe he yy vide and —~vée kamined 6s i wnneckd b te Vv Side rteon tre ot juny diode & Said ko be Commecked tn yevese bias condiber Dhe mayority cans evs move dag Lorn janderon and mo widlin 4 dopiebon Yeqion ity eases » Barrie potcobal &B weveasedl and Mme juncbon offers high ress lance No current ftows aus lo nrgeriag Con 6S * du & mine nky fh small ewxient caburaha Byyien knowr 4 erent slows frre gh tne faneton flevewe satu yabon currené = (90 cw ; : leith incieae =n dermpercturé - ; yevewseI chovaclevists . Brward charackythes The voltage meen (61... hn current slants & condust rapidly in a fowcard 6 cated : gr jinchon = role ame) VOVag py knee volloy< cv we Vie Sep aN = 2. Ve 3 une D3 %. 3 Vv Reverse characknihes Fhe yeverse volbecge current NICICAS ES based p-r jentkon Lil. ontth, ae sharply vevene deo de:5 Maal. 4 Tyler) Nay GabyTo > Reiaise | Sakurahon ounent o | ~ léawage Rear en be Pia bo minov'by 7 _ charge eayyitrs ihrvagh “a Buntkon . 1 foivoad Read yeverse Grosed) : | vo. , mporied Voltage (eve fo and —ve i zi No.2 , nN A constant pl fe Ayes mantans zn anol 2 fe Siiton Os; eguetent fer kemperalure or thermal volte eon Sees, Volk * duce qe chovy< 41> apsolule Vv \. 602% io! toloumb 2 ~23 > Baltgroan's constank, 43806 XO Wr ; 5 Mbsoluk — temperature (ek) eeieorBreakdown Mechanism biased agaued do the point Yrealeclow ny Reverse PN jun 1s toa Ihe yevewe ak a -partycolay as i) pemréase ted occult ond Yeverse tusrent’ inivease, Sharply: Based in “3 e breakauxon mechaniIem , we 4, , sone w) Maumum Power oissipabor vabng dblle can Ma vin power withsiand at amb jclint derpeiakat A (65c) 5) | Byead Voltage Ve- Ihe tugher OM | fomoard current, me frgher rs the 4 | appiicd ‘fenoard ‘bras }hols current ace X lifg Clechie al signed g) eek as siolleh} Gate et BS T: - Bipolar junctren transis tov eat = field oper Transistor — Jhree devminals %- base he colle chor the emitter” i: ° Ut & founed b er: PP i ee ee Y. nA, 9 2 ) Nen - nooo" xn. Koo aes ene raersto>)\9) wi SS Stig} ? gs bey ) 3they Base ‘ Wouertoy P08 Preirnrtey Gm'be NEN Trarsaby _ Srna) PIP - transi stov Sniernal 3 layer 7 Pye ime fairs.) 44 L N Guu lee ie) um Emitter Coulee» P| medrrak six 7 | heavily coped 7) Gmih Dcalleol % Cmittoy >| Indécated og E Bose 7 uu and Legh{iy Aaped . » peas 7. can Crs from am thi & Collector - Collecty 71 Collect tw ea ~?| (ndilaled by ¢ “Peet ta ; | Ragdlevels ain gs than emitia and t