Muscles of mastication

The muscles of mastication move the mandible, There are

four pairs of muscles right and left: -

1- Masseter muscle.
2- Temporalis muscle .
3- Medial pterygoid muscle.
4-Lateral perygoid muscle.

These muscles originate from the bones of the skull and

attach to the mandible. These muscles are involved in the
masticatory movements of the mandible.

1- Masseter muscle:
It is the most superficial, bulky and powerful of the
muscles of mastication.

Origin: Zygomatic arch inferior and medial surfaces of the

zygomatic bone.

Insertion: Lateral surface of the ramus, angle and lower

border of mandible.

Action: Closes jaw and applies great power in crushing

foods.

2- Temporalis muscle:
It is fan shaped, large, but flat muscle.

Origin :
Originates from temporal fossa and associated fasia on the
lateral aspect of the skull. The anterior fibers are orientated
vertically from the bulk of the muscle.

Insertion: Coronoid process of the mandible.

Anterior border of the ramus.
The temporal crest of the mandible.

Action:
The anterior and middle fibers elevate to close the jaw
while the posterior fibers elevate as well as retract the
mandible.
 3- Medial perygoid muscle:
It is located medial to the ramus of the mandible

Origin: Originate from the medial surface of the lateral

ptergiod plate and the maxillary tuberosity.

Insertion: On the medial surface and angle of the mandible.

Action: It is primary action is to elevate the mandible.

4-Lateral pterygoid muscle:

Unlike the three other pairs of muscles that are oriented
vertically this muscle has its fibers oriented horizontally.
The lateral pterygoid muscle is a short, thick, some what
conical muscle located deep in the infra temporal fossa
and is the primer mover of the mandible except for closing
the jaw.

Origin: It has two heads:

1- The smaller upper head is attached to the infra temporal
surface on the great wing of the sphenoid bone.
2- The larger lower head is attached to the lateral side of
the lateral pterygoid plate on sphenoid bone.

Insertion:
The superior head insert into the anterior and medial surface
of the articulator disk. And joins the inferior head and insert
into the anterior surface of the neck of the condylar process.

Action :
This muscle aid in pull of the mandible forward, downward
and inward. The upper head functions during elevation of the
mandible and the lower head functions during depression and
protrusion of the mandible.

Buccinator muscle:
Provides support and mobility for the soft tissue of the cheek.

Origin:
Arises from the maxillary and mandibular alveolar process in
the area of the molar teeth. Fibers arising from the mandible
follow the external oblique line to the medial aspect of the
first molar and then a send slightly toward the corner of the
mouth.
Fiber originate from the maxillary alveolar process in the area
of the molars desend slightly toward the corner of the mouth.

Insertion:
Some of the fibers insert into the mucous membrane of
cheek. The remaining fibers enter the upper and lower lips to
be part of the orbicularis oris muscle.

Action:
Does not directly dislodge the denture because the muscle
fibers contract in a line parallel to the plane of occlusion. It
can determine the height of the disto-buccal flange of
maxillary denture.

The muscles of mastication are very powerful the contraction

of masseter muscle forces the buccinator muscle in a medial
durection in retromolar pad area. This action can be recorded
in the impression. If this action not done , this muscle will
displace the mandibular denture and force it in an anterior
direction.

Other muscles affecting mandibular movement:

1- Stylohoid muscle.
2- Mylohyoid muscle.
3- Digastic muscle.
4- Genohyoid muscle.

These are suprahyoid muscles their function is to elevate

the hyoid bone and depress the mandible.
FACIAL AND MASTICATORY MUSCLES. Musculi
faciales et masticatorii.
6 M. epicranius. Collective term for the muscles
attaching to the galea aponeurotica. I: Facial
nerve. C
7 M. occipitofrontalis. Muscle extending ante-
riorly and posteriorly into the galea
aponeurotica. C
8 Frontal belly. Venter frontalis. The portion of the
occipitofrontalis which passes from the galea
aponeurotica to the eyebrows. A: Moves scalp
forward and raises the eyebrows. C
9 Occipital belly. Venter occipitalis. The portion of
the occipitofrontalis which passes from the su-
preme nuchal line to the galea aponeurotica. A:
Moves galea aponeurotica backward. C
10 M. temporoparietalis. o. Region of superior
auricular muscle. i: Galea aponeurotica. C
11 Galea aponeurotica (aponeurosis epicrania-
lis). Displaceable, helmet-like, superficial ten-
don for the two parts of the epicranius. It lies
against the periosteum and is attached to the
supreme nuchal line and to the external occipi-
tal protuberance. C
12 M. procerus. o: Dorsum of nose. i: Skin above
the nose. A: Depression of frontal skin. I: Facial
nerve. C
13 M. nasalis. Common termfor the following two
nasal muscles: I: Facial nerve. D
14 Transverse part of nasalis. Pars transversa
[[compressor naris]]. o: Field over root of canine
tooth. i: Superficial tendon on dorsum of nose.
D
15 Alar part of nasalis. Pars alaris [[dilatator
naris]]. o: Above the lateral incisor tooth. i:
Margins of the nasal openings and the adjacent
region. D
16 M. depressor septi. o: Above themedial incisor
tooth. i: Cartilaginous nasal septum. A:
Depresses tip of nose. I: Facial nerve. D
17 M. orbicularis oculi. Circular sphincter muscleof the eye.
Comprises three segments. It closes
the eyelids and assists the flow of tears into the
lacrimal sac and into the nose. i: Facial nerve. C
D
18 Palpebral part. Pars palpebralis. Fibers sit-
uated in the eyelids passing from the medial
palpebral ligament and the adjacent bones to
the lateral palpebral ligament. C
19 Orbital part. Pars orbitalis. Arises from the
medial palpebral ligament and adjacent bones,
thus encircling the eye. C
20 Lacrimal part. Pars lacrimalis. o: Posterior
lacrimal crest. It curves around the lacrimal
canaliculus, extends partially behind the lacri-
mal sac and radiates into the palpebral part of
the orbicularis oculi muscle below the medial
palpebral ligament. D
21 M. corrugator supercilii. o: Nasal part of fron-
tal bone. i: Skin over themiddle of the eyebrow.
Located below the orbicularis oculi muscle. I:
Facial nerve. D
22 M. depressor supercilii. Muscle medial to the
corrugator supercilii that radiates from the
orbicular oculi into the skin of the medial part
of the eyebrow. I: Facial nerve. D
23 M. auricularis anterior. Muscle in front of the
ear. o: Temporal fascia. i: Spine of helix. I: Facial
nerve. C
24 M. auricularis superior. o: Galea aponeurotica.
i: Root of pinna. I: Facial nerve. C
25 M. auricularis posterior. o: Mastoid process. i:
Root of pinna. I: Facial nerve. C
26 M. orbicularis oris. Encircles the mouth open-
ing and consists of two parts (see nos. 27, 28). It
assists in closing the lips and helps to empty
the vestibule of themouth. I: Facial nerve. C D E
27 Marginal part. Pars marginalis. The peripheral
margin radiating into the neighboring muscles.
D
28 Labial part. Pars labialis. The main part of the
orbicularis oris including the portion which
takes a hook-like bend externally below the red
portion of the lips. C D E
M. depressor anguli oris. [[Triangularis]]. o:
Anterior and lateral part of mandible. i: Angle
of mouth. I: Facial nerve. A
2 M. transversus menti. Transverse muscular
connection between the right and left depres-
sor anguli oris muscles below the chin. I: Facial
nerve. A
3 M. risorius. o: Parotid fascia and buccal skin. i:
Angle of mouth. I: Facial nerve. A
4 M. zygomaticus major. o: Lateral side of zygo-
matic bone. i: Angle of mouth. I: Facial nerve. A
5 M. zygomaticus minor. o: Anterior side of zy-
gomatic bone. i: Upper lip. I: Facial nerve. A
6 M. levator labii superioris [[quadratus labii
sup., M. levator nasi et labii maxillaris lat.]]. o:
Above the infra-orbital foramen. Radiates into
orbicularis oris. I: Facial nerve. A
7 M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi [[quad-
ratus labii sup., M. lev. nasi et labii maxillaris
med]]. o: Medial to orbit. i: Nasal ala and upper
lip. I: Facial nerve. A
8 M. depressor labii inferioris [[quadr. labii inf.]].
Located below the depressor anguli oris. o: Pla-
tysmaandmandible. i:Lowerlip. I:Facialnerve.A
9 M. levator anguli oris [[Caninus]]. o: Canine
fossa. i: Angle ofmouth. I: Facial nerve. A
9a Modiolus. Palpablemuscularmass lateral to the
angleof themouth.Pointof convergenceof adja-
centmuscles radiating into the orbicularis oris.
10 M. buccinator. Cheek muscle. o: Pterygoman-
dibular raphe and adjoining parts of upper and
lower jaw. i: Angle ofmouth and orbicularis oris.
I: Facial nerve. A B
11 M. mentalis. Arises over the roots of the lower
incisors. i: Skin of chin (chin dimple). I: Facial
nerve. A
12 M. masseter. Most prominent masticatory
muscle. Closes jaw and, together with the tem-
poral andmedial pterygoidmuscles, determines
the degree ofmasticatory power. It is comprised
of a superficial and deep part. I: Mandibular
nerve. A C
13 Superficial part. Pars superficialis. o: Anterior
two-thirds of zygomatic arch. i: Angle of
mandible. It courses obliquely backward and
downward. It also draws the mandible some-
what forward. C
14 Deep part. Pars profunda. Size varies. Arises
from the zygomatic arch proximal to the man-
dibular joint and discocapsular system. i:
Mandible. Action: Together with fibers of the
temporalmuscles, it ensures lateral stabilization
of the discocapsular system during laterotrusal
movement. C
15 M. temporalis. o: Temporal fossa. i: Coronoid
process that extends downward to the occlusal
plane and to the region of the pterygomandibu-
lar raphe. Action: Elevation and retraction of the
mandible, fixation of the pharynx when swal-
lowing; cf. pp. 12, 14. I:Mandibular nerve.
Lateral pterygoid muscle. M. pterygoideus
lateralis. o: Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid
plate and lower surface of greaterwing of sphe-
noid. Arises by two heads (variant: three heads),
one from the discocapsular system, the other
fromthe pterygoid fossa. The inferior head pulls
themandible anddiscocapsular systemforward.
The superior head determines the velocity at
which the discocapsular system is pulled back
into place. I:Mandibular nerve. B
17 Medial pterygoid muscle.M. pterygoideusme-
dialis. o: Pterygoid fossa and tuber of maxilla. i:
Pterygoidtuberosity andinner aspect of angle of
mandible. It courses obliquely downward and
backward and is a synergist to the temporalis
andmassetermuscles. I:Mandibular nerve. B
18 Buccopharyngeal fascia. Fascia buccopharyn-
gea. It lies on the buccinatormuscle and extends
fromthe angle of themouth deeply as far as the
pharyngeal constrictormuscle. C
19 Masseteric fascia. Fascia masseterica. Fascia
covering themassetermuscle, part of which at-
taches belowthe parotid at the upper end of the
zygomatic arch. D
20 Parotid fascia. Fasciaparotidea. Fascial covering
of the parotid, partly identical with the masse-
teric fascia. D
21 Temporal fascia. Fascia temporalis. External
connective tissue investment of the temporalis
muscle between the superior temporal line and
the zygomatic arch. It consists of the following
two layers. D
22 Superficial layer. Lamina superficialis. Layer of
the temporal fascia attached to the outermargin
of the zygomatic arch. D
23 Deep layer. Lamina profunda. Layer of the tem-
poral fascia attached to the inner margin of the
zygomatic arch. D