- Lecture 3 -

HEAD, NECK
& TRUNK

Dr. A. Vorster
 Muscles of the Head & Neck

Notes p.17-23
 Aims & Outcomes:

1. To know the position and purpose of the facial muscles.

2. To know the superficial neck mm. and the hyoid mm.

Head, Neck & Trunk: Outcomes 7. & 8.

 Fascial Muscles

Notes: p.17-20
Also see: Moore p.440-463, 470-471, 844-849, 861
Muscles of facial expression:
1. Muscles of the scalp
2. Auricular muscles
3. Muscles of the forehead
4. Muscles of the eyelids
5. Muscles of the nose
6. Muscles around mouth opening
7. Muscles of the chin
8. Muscles of the cheek

*Supplied by N. facialis (CN VII)

Muscles of the scalp:
➢ attached to epicranial aponeurosis – scalp → glides freely over
periosteum of roof of skull

M. occipitofrontalis: (2 bellies)
▪ M. occipitalis
PA: lateral ⅔ of superior nuchal line
DA: posterior end of epicranial aponeurosis
▪ M. frontalis
PA: anterior end of epicranial aponeurosis
DA: skin of forehead and eyebrows
Action: elevation of skin of forehead and eyebrows
M. Occipitofrontalis:
Epicranial aponeurosis
M. frontalis

M. occipitalis
 Auricular & Forehead mm.:
AURICULAR MUSCLES:
anterior, superior, posterior
→ move pinna https://youtu.be/K09rFXT_FNg

MUSCLES OF FOREHEAD:
M. procerus: skin between eyes - horizontal folds
M. corrugator supercilii: vertical folds
Auricular & Forehead mm.:
 Muscles of the eyelids:
M. orbicularis oculi: (orbital-, palpebral- and lacrimal parts)
i. Orbital part attaches to medial orbital margin
ii. Palpebral part: fibres run medial → lateral
palpebral ligament (upper and lower lids)
iii. Lacrimal part: fibres attach to lacrimal sac
Actions:
✓ orbital part – closes eye tightly
✓ palpebral part – closes the eye gently (blinking)
✓ lacrimal part – empties lacrimal sac
M. Orbicularis oculi:
 Muscles of the eyelids & nose:
M. levator palpebrae superioris:
→ contains smooth muscle (not facial muscle)

PA: orbit - directly above optic foramen

DA: in the upper eyelid

Action: elevation of upper eyelid

Nerve supply:
✓ CN III (N. oculomotorius)
✓ & Sympathetic fibres (supply smooth muscle)
 Muscles of the eyelids & nose:

M. nasalis:
➢ sphincter: transverse part (M. compressor naris)
➢ dilator: alar part (M. dilator naris)
 Muscles around oral opening:
M. orbicularis oris:
Within the lips - encircles oral aperture
Actions: constricts orifice of the mouth, e.g. whistling
holds the lips against teeth, e.g. chewing food

M. levator labii superioris, M. levator labii superioris alaeque nasi

& M. zygomaticus minor:
All arise from inferior orbital margin → upper lip
Action: elevate upper lip (dilators)
M. depressor labii inferioris:
Oblique line on mandible → lower lip
Action: depresses lower lip (dilator)
Constrictors & Dilators of mouth:
M. levator anguli oris:
= deep to M. levator labii superioris Muscles at
Infra-orbital foramen → corner of the mouth
Action: elevates the corner of the mouth oral opening:
M. zygomaticus major:
Zygomatic bone → corner of the mouth
Action: pulls corner of mouth laterally and upwards
M. risorius:
Deep fascia over parotid → corner of the mouth
M. platysma joins its DA at corner of mouth
Action: draws the corner of the mouth laterally
M. depressor anguli oris:
Oblique line of the mandible → at corner of mouth
Action: pulls the corner of the mouth downwards
Muscles at mouth angle:
Lateral view:
Muscles of the chin & cheek:
M. buccinator:
= within the cheek, inner surface lined by mucous membrane
PA: lateral surface of mandible & maxilla next to molar teeth
+ raphe between mandible & maxilla
DA: upper & lower lip with M. orbicularis oris
Action:
→ tightens cheeks: chewing, sucking and blowing
Muscles of the chin & cheek:
M. mentalis:
Wrinkles the skin of the chin
 Neck Muscles

Also see: Moore p.440-463, 470-471

 Muscles of the neck:
Sternocleidomastoid m. (SCM) divides neck into 2 triangles:
Ant. Δ: midline of neck ↔ anterior border of SCM
Post. Δ: posterior border of SCM ↔ M. trapezius

Muscles: Posterior Δ
1. Platysma muscle
2. Superficial lateral muscles of the neck Ant. Δ
3. Hyoid muscles
4. Lateral vertebral muscles of the neck
5. Prevertebral muscles SCM
6. Posterior vertebral muscles
 Superficial
muscles
of the Neck

Notes: p.20-21
Also see: Moore p.440-463, 470-471
 M. Platysma:
Broad sheet of muscle
In the superficial fascia - side of the neck
PA: fascia covering superior parts of thorax and shoulder
DA: inf. border of mandible, & post. fibres insert at the corner of the mouth
Actions:
✓ tenses the skin of the neck
✓ pulls corner of mouth downwards

Also see Moore p.985-987; 1006

 Superficial lateral muscles in neck:
M. trapezius: See ‘Upper limb’.
M. sternocleidomastoideus:
PA: sternal head: anterior aspect of manubrium
clavicular head: superior surface - med ⅓ of clavicle
DA: lat. surface of mastoid process
lat ½ of sup. nuchal line
Actions: - unilateral: lateral flexion of neck
rotates head to opposite side
- bilateral: extension / flexion of head and neck
- when head is fixed: aids with forced inspiration
Nerve supply: N. accessorius (CN XI)
& C2,C3 for proprioception
Also see Moore: p.989-993; 1006
M. Sternocleidomastoid:
 M. Sternocleidomastoid:
Extension
(atlanto-occipital joint)
Flexion
(stand– gravity) Lateral flexion
& rotation

Also see Moore: Fig.8.7

Surface anatomy: Neck

Moore: Fig. 8.22D

 Hyoid muscles

Notes: p.21-23
Also see: Moore p.72-76, 998-1002
 Hyoid Suprahyoid muscles
muscles:
Infrahyoid muscles
Suprahyoid muscles:
1. Mylohyoid muscle
2. Geniohyoid muscle
3. Digastricus muscle
4. Stylohyoid muscle
 Suprahyoid muscles:
Mylohyoid muscle:
= thin flat diaphragm below the tongue - supports floor of mouth
PA: mylohyoid line - medial surface of mandible
DA: body of hyoid bone
Raphe between the 2 muscles:
symphysis menti → body of hyoid
Actions:
✓ elevation of hyoid & tongue during swallowing
✓ when hyoid is fixed: depression of floor of mouth and mandible

Nerve supply: mylohyoid nerve (CN V)

Mylohyoid muscle:
 Suprahyoid muscles:
Geniohyoid muscle:
2 muscle slips superior to mylohyoid m. in floor of mouth
PA: inferior genial tubercle of mandible
DA: body of hyoid bone

Action: elevation & protraction of the hyoid

(enlarge pharynx during swallowing)

Nerve supply: C1 that hitchhikes with CNXII

 Suprahyoid muscles:
= 2 bellies connected by intermediate tendon
PA: Ant: digastric fossa - medial surface of mandible
Post: mastoid notch medial to mastoid process
DA: intermediate tendon → hyoid bone: fascia sling

Action: elevates the hyoid bone during swallowing

Nerve supply:
Anterior: mylohyoid n.
Posterior: facial n. (CN VII)

Digastric muscle:
 Suprahyoid muscles:
Stylohyoid muscle:
Along sup. border of post. belly of M. digastricus
PA: styloid process
DA: body of hyoid bone
Action: elevation and retraction of the hyoid
during swallowing
Nerve supply: N. facialis (CN VII)
Infrahyoid muscles:
1. Sternohyoid muscle
2. Sternothyroid muscle
3. Thyrohyoid muscle
4. Omohyoid muscle
 Infrahyoid muscles:
Sternohyoid muscle:
• Most superficial
Sternothyroid muscle:
• PA: post. surface manubrium &
• Deep to sternohyoid muscle
medial end of clavicle
• PA: post. surface manubrium & 1st
• DA: body of hyoid bone costal cartilage
• Action: depresses hyoid bone • DA: oblique line on thyroid
• Nerve supply: branches from cartilage (larynx)
ansa cervicalis
• Action: depresses larynx
• Nerve supply: branches from ansa
cervicalis
Sternohyoid- & Sternothyroid mm.:
 Infrahyoid muscles:
Thyrohyoid muscle:
• Upward extension sternothyroid m.
• PA: oblique line of thyroid cartilage
• DA: body and greater horn of Omohyoid muscle:
hyoid bone •2 bellies connected to clavicle by
• Action: depresses the hyoid or intermediate tendon
elevates the larynx •PA: Inf. belly: sup. border- scapula at
• Nerve supply: C1 via hypoglossal scapular notch
nerve (CN XII) Sup. belly: body of hyoid bone
•Action: depression and retraction of
hyoid bone
•Nerve supply: branches from ansa
cervicalis
Thyrohyoid- & Omohyoid mm.:
Muscle attachments -
Inferior view: Skull
NEXT LECTURE:
LATERAL, ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR
VERTEBRAL MUSCLES

- Notes p. 23-28