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Lyan Scrapbook1
Lyan Scrapbook1
is a rare autosomal recessive ocular disease that involves yellow-white crystalline lipid
deposits in the retina and sometimes cornea, degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium
(RPE), and sclerosis of the choroidal vessels. Progression of the disease ultimately results in
reduced visual acuity, night blindness, visual field loss, and impaired color vision. Onset of
the disease can occur from early teenage years to third decade of life, but can also occur
beyond the third decade. As the disease progresses, decreases in peripheral acuity, central
acuity or both ultimately results in legal blindness in most patients
Glistening crystalline-like
lesions at posterior pole of
retina in patient with Bietti
crystalline dystrophy. Fundus
also shows atrophic-like changes
of RPE and patchy atrophic
change of choriocapillaris
vessels. Clumping of retinal
pigment is also apparent
is an acquired degeneration of the retina that causes significant central visual impairment
through a combination of non-neovascular (drusen and retinal pigment epithelium abnormalities),
and neovascular derangement (choroidal neovascular membrane formation)
Classification
Early ARMD: Defined by the presence of numerous small (<63 microns, “hard”) or intermediate
(≥63 microns but <125 microns, “soft”) drusen. Note: Small drusen are frequently seen in
those 50 and older, and can represent an epiphenomenon of aging (therefore, intermediate
drusen are more specific for ARMD).
Intermediate ARMD: Macular disease characterized by either extensive drusen of small or
intermediate size, or any drusen of large size (≥125 microns).
124 micron is the average diameter of retinal vein at the optic disc margin
is a fibrocellular tissue found on the inner surface of the retina. It is semi-translucent and
proliferates on the surface of the internal limiting membrane.
refers to the death of the retinal ganglion cell axons that comprise the optic nerve with the
resulting picture of a pale optic nerve on fundoscopy. Optic atrophy is an end stage that
arises from myriad causes of optic nerve damage anywhere along the path from the retina to the
lateral geniculate.
Blurred vision.
Difficulties with
peripheral (side)
vision.
Difficulties with
color vision.
white disc, reduction of small A reduction in
vessels on the disc, attenuation of sharpness of vision.
peripapillary vessels and thinning
of RNFL, sometimes with Paton lines
is now recognized as intraocular hemorrhage associated with SAH, intracerebral hemorrhage, or
traumatic brain injury. Hemorrhage may be present in the vitreous, sub-hyaloid, subretinal
space, or beneath the internal limiting membrane
diabetic retinopathy
include microaneurysms, hard
exudates, macular edema (diabetic macular
edema or DME), and new vessels (in
proliferative DR or PDR)
is the retina is the
inner lining of the eye; it is the thin,
light-sensitive tissue that generates
vision. Tears can form in the retina,
creating a risk of retinal
detachment and severe loss of vision.
arteriolar
constriction, arteriovenous
nicking, vascular wall changes,
flame-shaped hemorrhages, cotton-
wool spots, yellow hard exudates,
and optic disk edema.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOM
loss of depth
perception, photopsia (Spontaneously
is a genetic disorder of the eyes that
occurring
causes loss of vision. Symptoms
flashes/blinking/swirling/shimmer
include trouble seeing at night and
ing lights), Photophobia (aversion to
decreasing peripheral vision (side
bright lights)
and upper or lower visual field)
eye pain.
loss of vision.
colours appearing faded
or less vivid.
weakness in the arms
and legs.
pain in the arms or
legs – described as
sharp, burning,
shooting or numbing.
increased sensitivity Segmented demyelination and inflammation of
to cold and heat. the spinal cord and the optic nerves
tight and painful inducing axonal loss and perivascular
muscle spasms in the lymphocytic infiltration.
arms and legs.
is when a circular opening forms in your macula. As the hole forms, things in your central
vision will look blurry, wavy or distorted. As the hole grows, a dark or blind spot appears in
your central vision. A macular hole does not affect your peripheral (side) vision
Metamorphopsia (distortion
of the central vision),
A macular hole (MH) is a retinal central visual loss, or
break commonly involving the fovea. central scotoma can be
reported.
is a term that is exclusively used when a disc swelling is secondary to increased intracranial
pressure (ICP). It must be distinguished from optic disc swelling from other causes which is
simply termed "optic disc edema
is the most common type of retinal detachment. It can happen if you have a small tear or break
in your retina. When your retina has a tear or break, the gel-like fluid in the center of your
eye (called vitreous) can get behind your retina.
Presentation is with
sudden, unilateral blurred
vision. In non-ischemic
CRVO, the blurring is mild
and may be worse on waking
show retinal hemorrhages, dilated and improves during the
tortuous retinal veins, cotton-wool day. In ischemic CRVO,
spots, macular edema, and optic visual impairment is sudden
disc edem and severe
The eye's retina has one main artery and one main vein. When branches of the retinal vein become
blocked, it is called branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). When the vein is blocked, blood and
fluid spills out into the retina. The macula can swell from this fluid, affecting your central
vision
DOPT- 3A
is derived from the Greek koloboma, meaning mutilated, curtailed, or with defect. The term is
used to describe ocular defects of the eyelids, iris, lens, ciliary body, zonules, choroid,
retina or optic nerve. It is typically located in the inferonasal quadrant of the involved
structure and is often associated with microphthalmia. It can affect one eye (unilateral) or
both eyes (bilateral).
Epiretina