CDI 1 MIDTERM REVIEWER ⚠️
QUALITIES OF INVESTIGATOR “
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
is an ART which deals with the IDENTITY and
LOCATION of the offender and PROVIDE EVIDENCE
of his guilt in a criminal proceeding
is that branch of criminal jurisprudence which applies
the principles and practices of philosophical analysis,
sciences, art and technical skill in judicial
proceedings, subject to the legal rules and forms in
which there must elucidation of questions relating to
crime.
GOLDEN RULE OF INVESTIGATION
Never TOUCH , CHANGE or ALTER anything until
identified measured and photographed. Remember
that when a body or an article has been removed, it
can never be restored to its former position.
CARDINAL PRINCIPLES
INVESTIGATION
1. Guid for the investigator on his work :
WHAT WAS THE CRIME
WHO DID IT
WHEN IT WAS COMMITTED
WHERE CRIME WAS COMMITTED
WHY IT WAS COMMITTED
HOW IT WAS COMMITTED
1. A person is innocent unless proven otherwise.
2. It would have been better if a guilty person went scot-
free ( without suffering any punishment or injury ) for
an innocent.
INITIAL PHASE OF ANY INVESTIGATOR
( paunang bahagi )
1. Has a crime been committed?
2. If so, what crime?
3. Who committed such crime?
4. Where and when it has been committed?
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATOR
is the person who is in-charge with the duty of
carrying the objectives of investigation such as:
a. Identity of the criminal
b. Locate the offender
c. Provide evidence for his guilt
+123-4567-890
1. He must have the ability to PERSEVERE despite the obstacles
www.reallygreatsite.com
and monotony of investigation.
hello@reallygreatsite.com
2. He must have the ability and INTELLIGENCE to obtain vital
information easily.
3. He must be HONEST , INCORRUPTIBLE and with personal
INTEGRITY .
4. He must have a knowledge of the PSYCHOLOGY OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR and understand people and their environment.
5. He must have a KEEN POWER OF OBSERVATION and
memory retention to accurately describe what he has seen
6. He must be RESOURCEFUL and quick-witted.
3 TOOLS OF INVESTIGATION
1. INFORMATION
2. INTERROGATION OR INTERVIEW
3. INSTRUMENTATION
1 . INFORMATION
is the knowledge which the investigator gathered and acquired
from other persons.
“ CLASSES OF INFORMATION “
REGULAR SOURCES - Records, files from government and non-
government agencies news items
OF CULTIVATED SOURCES - information gather from initiative of the
investigator from informants, vendors, taxicab driver, GRO, and
others.
GRAPEVINE SOURCES - These are information coming from the
underworld character such as prisoners and e convicts
2 . INTERROGATION OR INTERVIEW
INTERROGATION
- is the vigorous questioning of one who is reluctant to divulge
information. it is the questioning of a persons suspected of
having committed an offense or to a person which is reluctant to
make a full disclosure of information in his possession which
pertinent to the investigation.
Purpose of Interrogation:
to obtain a confession to the crime.
To induce the subject to make admission.
To learn the facts and circumstances surrounding the crime.
To learn the identity of accomplices.
To develop information which will lead to the recovery of the
fruits of the crime.
To discover the details of other crime where suspect
participated.
INTERVIEW
is the simple questioning of a person who is cooperating with
the investigator.
3 . INSTRUMENTATION
- is the application of instruments and methods of physical
science in the detection of crime such as ballistics, fingerprinting,
chemistry, polygraphy, others. It is otherwise known as
criminalistics.
2
“ 5 METHODS OF IDENTIFYING THE CRIMINALS “
THERE 2 KINDS OF CRIMINALS IDENTIFIED BY
WITNESS
A. CONFESSION
B. ADMISSION
+123-4567-890
C. EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
1. Known Criminals
www.reallygreatsite.com
D. EVIDENCES WHICH MAY TEND TO PROVED CONVICTION AND IDENTIFY
OF THE CRIMINAL – these are criminals hello@reallygreatsite.com
whose pictures are available from police
E. IDENTIFICATION OF THE METHOD OF OPERATION MODUS OPERANDI files and records. Their identity can be established through
background investigation and description furnished by their
A. CONFESSION relatives and other criminals.
is a direct acknowledgement by the accused in a criminal case of the truth 2. Unknown Criminals –
of his guilt as to the crime charged or some parts of the commission of the these are criminals whose identification are furnished by
criminal act itself. eyewitnesses only. Their pictures and records are not available
from the files of the police. The description are vague and difficult
Note : to identify.
Two types of CONFESSION
1. Extra judicial confession -
made by the suspect during the custodial investigation Methods of Identification by Witnesses:
1. Verbal Description
Note : Custodial investigation ( involves any questioning by law enforcement 2. Photographic files (Rogue’s Gallery)
people after a person is take into custody ) 3. General Photograph
4. Artist’s Assistance
1. Judicial confession - 5. The Police Line-up
those made by the accused in open court usually made in oral and writing
and signed by accused by the presence of his attorney
“ EVIDENCE WHICH MAY TEND TO PROVED
ito ang confession na nangyayari sa loob ng korte CONVICTION AND THE IDENTITY OF CRIMINALS “

RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN TAKING CONFESSION OR

ADMISSIONS:
Confession or admission must be taken preferably in writing and under
oath, if not, it is also admissible in evidence.
It must be written in the language understood by the accused, if not, it must
be translated to him clearly.
It must be freely and voluntary given by the accused.
Under the new Constitution, it must be taken in the presence of a lawyer
chosen by the accused, if not after the accused has been informed of his right
to be assisted by a counsel.
CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE
the proof of fact or facts from which, taken singly or collectively,
the existence of a particular fact in dispute may be inferred as a
necessary or probable consequence.
Example :
Si C Nakita niya si A and B mag kasama before poatiyin si B, at
nakita niya nag argue silang dalawa. ( posible si C as a witness, nakita
niya they are arguing in each other can be use a a circumstantial
evidence ) INDIRECT EVIDENCE

Notes: A promise of hope, favor, reward, use of force or intimidation, threats or What must inferred to prove identity by circumstantial evidences?
fear, makes the confession or admission involuntary and therefore not admissible
in court.
MOTIVE
“ Additional Requirements for Confession or Admission to Prove the Guilt is what induces the criminal to act. It could be inferred from the
of the Accused “
statements of witnesses that the suspect has been motivated by
hate, love, anger, jealousy, greed or economic gain, revenge or
1. It must be supported by other corroborative ( patunayan, patotohanan )
vengeance in the commission of the crime.
evidence.
2. Corpus delicti (body of the crime) must be established separately.
OPPORTUNITY
3. The confession must be voluntary and freely given.
is the physical possibility that the suspect could have committed
the crime and therefore, could be used to identify him at once.
Note :
Corpus delicti – is the body of the crime or existence of a fact that specific loss
INTENT
or injury was sustained as a result of the crime.
is the accomplishment of the act and where it is an element in the
How to Proved the Existence of Corpus delicti: commission of an offense, it must always be proved
There exists certain state of fact which forms the basis of the criminal act
charged; and
The existence of a criminal agency which caused the state of fact to exist. ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE
This state of fact must be proved by positive and direct evidence but these are physical evidences which link a suspect to the crime.
circumstantial ( madetalye ) evidence is sufficient

B. ADMISSION TRACING EVIDENCE

is the statement of facts by the accused in a criminal case which do not these are physical evidence which may assist the investigator in
directly involved the acknowledgement of his guilt in the commission of locating the suspect.
the crime for which he is charged.

Note : DIRECT EVIDENCE

It implicates but does not incriminate ( isangkot )
that which proves the fact in dispute without the aid of any
inference or presumption. The evidence presented corresponds to
Example : inimin ng suspect na kanya ang baril Pero Hindi siya ang pumatay
the precise or actual point at issue.
Example : ou andon siya sa loob ng bahay sa pinangyarihan ng krimen pero
hindi siya ang pumatay
Note : ito ang isang uri ng batibay na ebidensiya na nagpapatunay ng
C. EYE WITNESS isang katotohanan mula sa isang pangyayari or krimen.
statement of witnesses who has the sufficient or personal knowledge of the
crime.

2
METHODS OF TRACING/LOCATING CRIMINALS MOTIVE OF INFORMANT IN GIVING AN INFORMATION “

1.VANITY
A. Through the use of informants
the self-aggrandizing person who delights in giving information to gain
favorable attention from the police.
• Informants
It is one who voluntarily or willingly provides information to the kulang sa pansin

criminal investigators and even offers to be a witness. 2. CIVIC MINDEDNESSES

• Informer- the public and civic-spirited person of good standing in the community
refers to a person who gives information to the investigator by who is interested in seeing that justice is done.
reason of price, reward or favor.
3.FEAR
the person is under the illusion or oppression by enemies or other
“ TYPES OF INFORMANTS “ pending danger.

1. Anonymous informant 4. REPENTANCE

2. Rival elimination Informant the person usually an accomplice, who has a change of heart and
wishes to report a crime that is playing on his conscience.
3. False informant
4. Frightened informant 5. AVOIDANCE OF PUNISHMENT
5. Self-aggrandizing informant the person who is apprehended in the commission of a minor offenses
6. Mercenary informant and seeks to avoid prosecution by revealing information concerning a
major crime.
7. Double crossed informant
8. Woman informant 6. GRATITUDE OR GAIN
9. Legitimate informant person who is willing to cooperate in giving information to express
appreciation or obtain a privilege, such as one who is arrested and
1 ANONYMOUS INFORMANT desires cigarette or other items or a former prisoner who whishes to
repay the police officer’s interest in the welfare of his family during
these are anonymous like telephone caller or letter writer who detention.
give information about the suspect
7. COMPETITION
2 RIVAL ELIMINATION INFORMANT the person who usually engage in criminal activities to earn a living
would like to eliminate his rival in the criminal business.
is usually anonymous his purpose in informing is to eliminate
rivals or competition 8. REVENGE
the person who wish to settle a grudge because someone else took
3 FALSE INFORMANT advantage of him or otherwise injured him.
reveals information usually of no consequence or stuff conducted
9. JEALOUSY
out of thin air. a person who is envious of the accomplishment or possessions of
another and wishes to humiliate him.
4 FRIGHTENED INFORMANT
10. REMUNERATION
those who are compelled by fear or self-interest. This type is
the person who informs solely for the pecuniary or other material gain he
weakest link in the criminal chain of the gang.
is to receive. This is known as paid informants.

5 SELF-AGGRANDIZING INFORMANT - Primary Sources of Physical Evidence

hangs about the fringe of the underworld and delights in a A) the crime scene
B) the victim
surprising the police with choice bit of information. From time to
C) the suspect
time his information may be of value and reliable.
“ a good investigator is a good actor “
underworld character
USED IN SURVEILLANCE
Sharing information
camera
Moving picture camera
6 MERCENARY INFORMANT- Binaca
this is a paid informant always has something to sell to the
police. He may be a valuable source of information. DUTIES OF SURVEILLANCE
familiar the environment before mag surveillance
Average appearance
7 DOUBL CROSSES INFORMAT Manarism maiwasan dapat
uses his seeming desire to give information as an excuse to talk Perseverance :
to the police in order to get more information from them than he
gives. It is well to good this information with false information to “ TRACING AND LOCATING CRIMINALS BY
SURVEILLANCE “
catch him instead.

8 WOMAN INFORMANT SURVEILLANCE

these are the female associates of any criminal. She gives
information because she has been jilted by her criminal lover or
just being jealous, she may be able to give valuable information
but the investigator must aware because the female species is
more deadly than male.
is the disguised or secret observation of places, persons and vehicles for
the purpose of obtaining information concerning the identities or
activities of the subject or criminals.
SURVEILLANT
is a person who maintains the surveillance or performs the observation.

9 LEGITIMATE INFORMANT SUBJECT

these are operators of license premises who do not want their is the person or place being watched or surveyed.
place of business to become the hangout of dangerous
criminals.

2
3 KINDS OF SURVEILLANCE
STEPS TO BE FOLLOW UPON ARRIVAL AT ANY
1️⃣ SURVEILLANCE PF PLACES CRIME ACENE
2️⃣ TAILING OF SHADOWING
3️⃣ UNDERCOVER INVESTIGATION OR ROPING Record the date, arrival time and weather condition.
If an injured person is at the scene, arrange for medical
OBJECTIVE PF SURVEILLANCE attention, identification and removal. The scene should
be disturbed only to the extent necessary to have medical
To detect criminal activities. aid rendered to the injured to have a doctor examine a
To discover the identities of person who is frequent in the diseased victim. Each alteration should be accurately
establishments where the crimes are committed and determine recorded.
their relationship. If the offender is at the scene, apprehend him.
To discern the habits of a person who lives in or frequent in If the scene is not fully protected, ensure its protection by
using other policemen or other responsible persons to
the place.
keep witnesses, suspects, and victim(s) who are present
To obtain evidence of a crime or prevent the commission of
from disturbing the scene.
a crime.
Determine and record the names of those persons at the
To apprehend persons in the commission of an offense
scene who may be witnesses, and separate them. These
persons should be removed from the immediate area of
TYPES OF SHADOWING/ TAILING the scene as soon as practicable.
Conduct preliminary questioning of witnesses, suspects
1. LOOSE TAIL and victim(s) to determine the extent of the incident or
this is used when the shadower would like to know the general crime in general.
impression of the subject’s habits and associates. Note the names of all persons officially present. Those
2. ROUGH TAIL present number needed to assist the investigator. It may
this could be done even with out special precaution since the be necessary to request other policemen or official present
subject is aware that he is being followed. to refrain from examining or disturbing objects or aspects
3. CLOSE TAIL of the scene.
this is done with so much precaution from losing the subject
where constant surveillance is necessary. “ MECHANICS AND METHODS “

Purpose of Shadowing/Tailing
1. To determine the veracity of the information given by the 1️⃣ STRIP SEARCH METHOD
informant the searchers proceed slowly at the same place along the
path parallel to one side of the rectangle.
2. To detect and prevent criminal activities
3. To establish the association of a suspect
2️⃣ DOUBLE STRIP METHOD
4. To discover the characters, habits and hang outs of a subject
is a modification of the strip method. Here the rectangle is
5. To find wanted person
traversed first parallel to the base then parallel to a side.
6. To protect a witness
7. To check the loyalty of an employee where the pilferage 3️⃣ SPIRAL METHOD
happened in this method, the three searchers follow each other along
8. To obtain evidence the path of a spiral, beginning on the outside and spiraling
in toward the center.
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
4️⃣ ZONE SEARCH METHOD
CRIME SCENE in this method, one searcher is assigned to each
A crime scene is a physical location where a suspect either subdivision of a quadrant, then each quadrant is cut into
commits an illegal act or leaves physical evidence of such an another set of quadrants.
act.
5️⃣ WHEEL SEARCH METHOD
PRIMARY SOURCE OF EVIDENCE in this method of search, the area is considered to be
approximately circular. The searchers gather at the center
and proceed outward along radii or spokes.
1. THE CRIME SCENE
2. THE VICTIM
3. THE SUSPECT
RECONSTRUCTION OF THE CRIME SCENE
After the completion of the search an effort must be to
IMPORTANCE OF CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
determine from the appearance of the place and its
objects what naturally occurred and, what were the
The success of most criminal investigation begin at the crime circumstances of a crime is known as reconstruction of the
scene, the rationale is that; crime scene

It is at the crime scene where vital physical evidence can be

discovered. 2 KINDS OF RECONSTRUCTION
It is at the crime scene where vital information can be learned
It is at the crime scene where vital witnesses can be located or 1️⃣ ROUGH OF SKETCH
sometimes the suspect arrested. made by the investigator at the crime scene.
It is to be used as basis of the finished sketch.
PRIORITIES UPON ARRIVAL AT ANY CRIME
SCENE 2️⃣ FINISHED SKETCH
made primarily for courtroom presentation.
Try to save life if possible.
If the suspect is at the crime scene, apprehend him.
Conduct investigation. 2
OBJECTIVE OF SKETCHING BY THE POLICE

Investigating Team and their

1️⃣ SKETCH OF LOCALITY Duties Investigating Team and
the sketch of locality gives a picture of the scene of the
their Duties
crime and its environs, including such items as
neighboring buildings, roads, leading to the location of
house and others 1. Officer- In- Charge/Team Leader

2️⃣ SKETCH OF GROUNDS

He is the head of the team who
the sketch of grounds pictures the scene of the crime assigns the responsibilities of each
with its nearest physical surroundings, a house with member like sketching, note taking
garden, the plan of one or more floors in a house and so
forth. etc.
2. Assistant OIC/Assistant Team
3️⃣ SKETCH OF DETAILS Leader
the sketch of details describe the immediate scene only
such as the room in which the crime was committed and
He implements the orders of the
the details thereof. leader and acts as OIC in case of
the absence of the latter.
ELEMENTS OF SKETCHING
3. Photographer
1. Measurements He photographs the whole crime
2. Essential Items scene and pieces of evidence.
3. Scale or proportion
4. Sketcher
4. Compass Direction
5. Legend He makes the rough sketch of the
6. Title
crime scene and eventually the
CARE, PRESERVATION AND TRANSPOTATION OF finished sketch.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 5. Master Note Taker
He writes down in short hand
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE description and observation during
are articles and materials, which are found in connection the crime scene search.
with an investigation and which aid in establishing the
6. Evidence Man
identity of the perpetrator or the circumstances under
which the crime was committed or which, in general, He collects, preserve and tags
assist in the prosecution of the criminal. every piece of evidence.
7. Measurer
KINDS OF OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE He makes over all measurement
of the crime scene.
1️⃣ CORPUS DELECTI
8. Technicians
objects or substances, which are an essential part of the
body of the crime. They are those who possessed
especial skills and knowledge that
2️⃣ ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE
these are evidence, which link the suspect to the crime
may be applied in the crime scene
scene or offenses. Fingerprints and show impression are investigation depending on the
good examples.
needs like medico legal officer,
3️⃣ TRACING EVIDENCE chemist, ballisticians,
these are articles, which assist the investigator in locating dactylographer etc.
the suspect. 9. Utility Men
They are those assigned in the
cordoning and isolating the crime
CHAIN OF CUSTODY
refers to the number of persons who handles the scene from unauthorized person.
physical evidence from the time of the commission of the
alleged offense up to the ultimate disposition of the case
which number should be kept to the minimum.