FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Prepared by: JOHN MICHAEL S. PONTIVEROS, RCrim, MSCJ (u)
INVESTIGATION
 The word investigation was derived from Latin word
“Investigare or Investigatus which means to trace or track.
It may have been derived also from vestigium, another
Latin word which literally meant footprint.
 Investigation also meant literally as the act or process of
careful inquiry or research; and defined by Webster’s as
the systematic examination of some scientific detail or
question whether by experiment or mathematical treatment.
III - CONCEPT AND PRINCIPLES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION:
 It is an art or science (as well) which deals with the
identity and location of the offender as well as providing
evidence of his guilt in criminal proceedings.
 It is more an art than a science for it is not governed by
rigid rules, but more often rule by intuition, felicity of
inspiration, and to a minor extent, by chance or luck.
(Tradio)
 Involves the systematic process of identifying, collecting,
preserving, and evaluating information for purposes of
bringing a criminal offender to justice.
Three fold-aim of Criminal Investigation
 I - identify the guilty party
 L - locate the whereabouts of the offended party
 P - provide evidence of his guilt
Criminal Investigator - is a public safety officer who is tasked to
conduct the investigation of all criminal cases as provided for and
embodied under the Revised Penal Code/ Criminal Laws and Special
Laws which are criminal in nature.
In the performance of his duties, the investigator must seek to
establish the six (6) cardinal points of investigation. (5 W’s & 1 H)
 WHAT specific offense has been committed?
 WHERE is the crime committed?
 WHEN is the crime committed?
 WHY it was committed?
 WHO committed the crime?
 HOW it was committed?
THE TOOLS OF INVESTIGATION (3 I’S)
Information - is the knowledge/ data gathered by the
investigator from records and persons.
Interview/Interrogation – the art of questioning whether
casual or skillful
Instrumentation – scientific examination of real evidence,
application of instruments and methods of physical
sciences in detecting crime. It is the sum total of the
application of all sciences in investigation known as
“Criminalistics”.
Sources of Information:
 Regular Sources - acquired from open sources, records,
files
 Cultivated Sources - furnished by informants/ informer
 Grapevine Sources - coming from underworld characters
such as prisoners or criminals
INFORMER DISTINGUISHED FROM INFORMANT
 Informer is one who furnished information to the
investigator mainly for purposes of reward or remuneration
while Informant provides information to the prober
voluntarily without any consideration. Moreover, an
informer is regularly paid while informant is not.
IV-THE ART OF OBTAINING INFORMATION:
INTERVIEW
 It is a simple inquiry/ conversation-type elicitation of
information from a willing victims/ witnesses relevant to a
certain crime/ incident/ event under investigation.
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS:
Nobody has to talk to law enforcers. No law compels a
person to talk to the police if he does not want to. Therefore, people
will have to be persuaded, always within legal and ethical limits, to
talk to law enforcers. This makes interviewing an art.
The IRONIC Format of Interview:
 Identity
 Rapport
 Opening Statement
 Narration
 Inquiry
 Conclusions
The Golden Rule of Interview
“Never conduct or let anyone conduct an interview if the
interviewer has not gone to the crime scene. The questioning will
lead wayward for the interviewer who had not seen personally the
crime scene and he will not be in a position to distinguish half-truths,
exaggerations for falsehood from the answer of the person being
interviewed”.
INTERROGATION
 is the skillful questioning of a hostile person suspecting of
having committed an offense or a person who is reluctant
to make a full disclosure of information in his possession
which is pertinent to the investigation.
The Golden Rule of Interrogation
“Make him admit something, no matter how small or trivial.
Usually the first admission will lead to another. In Securing the first
admission is the biggest stumbling block in dealing with tough
suspects”.
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS OF INTERROGATION
The statement of the subject must obtain voluntarily and
trustworthy and not by means or use of threat, fear, coercion, duress
or any improper tactics which will vitiate the free will of the subject.
Sec. 12, Art. III of 1987 Philippine Constitution
 Any person under investigation for the commission of an
offense shall have the right to be informed of his right to
remain silent and to have a competent counsel, preferably
of his own choice. If the person cannot afford the services
of counsel, he must be provided with one. These right
cannot be waived except in writing and in the presence of
counsel.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Prepared by: JOHN MICHAEL S. PONTIVEROS, RCrim, MSCJ (u)
 No torture, force, violence, thereat, intimidation, or any
other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against on the number of surveillant available, volume of pedestrian traffic
him. Secret detention is prohibited.
 Any confession or admission obtained in violation of this or
Section 17 thereof shall be inadmissible in evidence
against him.
Custodial Investigation
 any questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after
the person has been taken into custody or otherwise
deprived of his freedom of action in any significant way.
 The questioning of the suspect or person believed to have
been committed a crime after he was taken into custody.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7438 - Rights of the Person Arrested,
Detained or under Custodial Investigation:
 Right to remain silent
 The right to have a competent and independent counsel,
preferably of his own choice who shall at all time be
allowed to confer privately with the person arrested,
detained, or under custodial investigation
 If such person cannot afford the service of his/her counsel,
he must be provided with a competent and independent
counsel by the investigating officer
 Shall be allowed visits by or conferences with any
members of his immediate family
Note: The person's "immediate family" shall include his or her
spouse, fiancé or fiancée, parent or child, brother or sister,
grandparent or grandchild, uncle or aunt, nephew or niece, and
guardian or ward. (CLE112019)
CONFESSION AND ADMISSION:
Confession - It is the direct acknowledgement of guilt arising from
the commission of a crime. A statement of the suspect directly
acknowledging his guilt
Admission - A self-incriminatory statement by the subject falling
short of an acknowledging guilt. It may be a direct acknowledgement
of the truth of the guilty fact as charge or of some essential part of the
commission of the criminal act itself
Types of Confession:
 Judicial Confession
 Extra-Judicial Confession
Note: An extra-judicial confession & admission is inadmissible before
custodial investigation. This is also applied during custodial
investigation unless:
 It was voluntarily given
 It was given during the assistance of a counsel
 In writing, in a language known to the confessant
 Signed by the confessant or thumb marked
Note: Must be corroborated with corpus delicti to be sufficient for
conviction.
SURVEILLANCE
A clandestine observation of persons, places or vehicles for
purposes of obtaining information.
Three General Kinds of Surveillance:
Tailing or Shadowing
Casing or Reconnaissance
Undercover Operation or Roping
Tailing or Shadowing - is the act of following a person, it depends
and importance of concealing the surveillance.
SPECIFIC TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
A. ACCORDING TO METHODS
a. Stationary Surveillance
b. Technical Surveillance
B. ACCORDING TO INTENSITY AND SENSITIVITY
 Loose tail – employed where a general impression of the
subject’s habits and associates is required.
 Close tail – extreme precautions are taken against losing
the subject is employed where constant surveillance is
necessary.
 Rough Shadowing – employed without special
precautions, the subject maybe aware of the surveillance;
employed also when the subject is a material witness and
must be protected from harm or other undesirable
influences.
PHASES OF INVESTIGATION:
Phase I: Identify the suspect/s through
(1) confession;
(2) eyewitness testimony;
(3) circumstantial evidence; and
(4) associate evidence;
Phase II: Locate and apprehend the suspect/s
Phase III: Gather and provide evidence to establish the guilt of the
accused. In proving the guilt of the accused in court, the fact of the
existence of the crime must be established; the accused must be
identified and associated with the crime scene; competent and
credible witnesses must be available; and the physical evidence must
be appropriately identified. The investigator must know by heart the
elements of a specific crime.
Procedures of identification by eyewitness:
 Physical/Police line-up - means of selecting a suspect
mixed with a group of innocent persons usually composed
of 7-10 individuals. The purpose of line-up is to eliminate
the power of suggestion.
 Physical show-up - only one person is shown to the
witness usually at the scene of the crime and made
immediately after the arrest of the suspect.
Methods of Identification by Witness (PRAG)
 Portrait Parle (Verbal Description) –French word of
“speaking likeness”, depends on the ability of the witness
to observe, describe and compare
 Rogues Gallery – the use of photographic files, successful
if there is an existing photograph of the suspect on police
files
 Artist/Cartographic Sketch – the witness and prober
develop a picture of the criminal with the help of skilled
cartographer. (Composite Criminal Illustration)
 General Photograph – variety of facial types showing
different features of the face is presented to the witness by
the investigator
 FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Prepared by: JOHN MICHAEL S. PONTIVEROS, RCrim, MSCJ (u)
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
Crime Scene – A venue or place where the alleged
crime/incident/event has been committed and the most valuable
physical evidence can be found.
Primary Scene -where original or first criminal act occurred;
where the dead body was found
Secondary Scene - any places associated with but other
than primary crime scene.
LOCARD’S EXCHANGE PRINCIPLE:
(Edmond Locard)
 When two objects come into contact, there is always a
transfer of material from one to the another
 It states that whenever someone enters or exits an
environment, something physical is added to and removed
from the scene.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE
 are articles and materials w/c are found in connection w/
the investigation and w/c aid in establishing the identity of
the perpetrator or the circumstances under w/c the crime
was committed
 It may be material left or taken from the scene of a crime by
the suspect or victim, or it might be an impression left in
some material
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE TO IDENTIFY CRIMINALS
 Corpus Delicti - is the body of the crime or fact of specific
loss or injury sustained. It constitutes the essential parts or
elements in the commission of the crime.
 Associative Evidence - these are the pieces of evidence
that will link the suspect to the crime scene. The suspect
may leave some clues at the scene such as weapons, tools,
garments.
 Tracing Evidence - articles which assist the investigator in
locating the criminal. (Ex. Items containing the identity of
the suspect.)
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
 Is a comprehensive inquiry of a crime by conducting
systematic procedure of various investigative
methodologies which involves recovery of physical and
testimonial evidence for the purpose of identifying the
witnesses, and arrest of perpetrator(s) for prosecution.
When does CSI commence?
 CSI shall technically commence upon the arrival of the FRs
and conclude with the lifting of the security cordon and
release of the crime scene by the IOC;
Scene of the Crime Operation (SOCO) – a unit within the PNP w/c
is responsible in processing significant crime scene w/c are
sensational in nature.
First Responders (FRs) - the very first person to arrive and respond
at the crime scene.
– Must be able to properly preserve the crime scene in order to
get maximum scientific information that will help in the
successful prosecution of the perpetrator of the crime.
The priorities of the FR’s upon arrival at the scene:
 Save lives and give first aid
 Arrest the perpetrator/suspects
 Cordon the crime scene and preserve valuable evidences.
GOLDEN RULE AT CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
“Never touch, move, or alter any object at the crime scene
unless it has been photographed, measured and sketched from any
conceivable angle”.
Crime Scene Documentation: (1) Note Taking, (2) Photographing
and (3) Sketching
Crime Scene Photography:
 It is conducted to create an accurate, objective, visual and
permanent record of the crime scene before any item is
moved or removed as possible physical evidence. It is
recommended to take as many photographs as you can be
giving emphasis to possible physical evidence.
3 MAJOR TYPES OF PICTORIAL VIEWS
 General View or Long-Range -photograph of the overall
scene. It will depict the location of the crime.
Distance: From the doorway to the room and other
corners of the room
 Mid-Range Photograph –shows the nature of the crime.
(Distance: 8 or 10 ft. from the victim)
 Close-Up Photograph –shows the details of the crime.
(Distance: 5 ft. or less from the subject/ object)
CRIME SCENE SKETCH
 It is the graphic representation of the scene of the crime
with complete measurements of the relative distances of
relevant object and conditions obtaining therein.
General Kinds of Sketch:
Rough Sketch - it is made by the investigator at the crime scene
which is full of important details but without scale of proportion
- Basis for the finished sketch
- It is the first pencil-drawn outline of the scene and the
location of objects and evidence within its outline
Finished Sketch - Is often drawn by a draftsman to show proper
relationships and scales. The finished sketch is more presentable for
court presentations. (CLE 0415)
SPECIFIC KINDS OF SKETCHES
 Sketch of Locality/ Neighborhood Sketch -gives picture
of the scene, the crime and its environs, including
neighboring buildings, roads, etc.
 Sketch of the Ground/ Floor Plan/ Overview -picture of
the scene of the crime with its nearest physical surrounding.
 Sketch in Details -the immediate scene only.
 Exploded/ Cross projection -gives the clear impression of
the scene in cases where blood stains or bullet holes are
found.
TYPES OF MEASUREMENT
 FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Prepared by: JOHN MICHAEL S. PONTIVEROS, RCrim, MSCJ (u)
 Triangulation Method - An object is located by drawing
two straight lines from two fixed points creating a triangle; Explosive Office (FEO) must be made for verification purposes.
the object is in an angle formed by the line. This sketching
method requires measuring the distance of an object along
a straight line from two widely separated fixed reference
points.
 Rectangular Method – This method uses two walls in a
room as fixed points, from which distances are measured
at right angle to the object.
 Baseline or Coordinate Method - A sketching method
that makes measurements along from a single reference
line called a baseline, which can be established by using a
length of string, chalk line, or some other convenient
means.
 Compass Point Method – A sketching method that
requires a protractor or some method of measuring angles
between two lines. One point is selected as the origin and a
line extending from the origin becomes an axis from which
the angles can be measured.
 Cross Projection Method - A sketching method in which
the ceiling appears to open up like a lid of hinged box, with
the four walls opening outward. Measurements are then
indicated from a point on the floor to the wall.
 Azimuth/Polar Coordinates – this method requires two
people; one hold each end of a tape measure. This is best
suited for large pen areas where there might not be any
reference points by using a handheld GPS (global
positioning system).
Laboratory (PNP-CL). A corresponding request to the Firearms and
Marking of Evidence. Any physical evidence obtained must be
marked or tagged before its submission to the evidence custodian.
The investigator places his initials, the date and time of the discovery
on each item of evidence for proper identification. Markings on the
specimen:
o Exhibit Case Number
o Initials & Signature of the collecting officer.
o Time & date of collection
Tagging of Evidence. It is done through movable object/s wherein
marking on any of its surface is not possible. Tag must contain the
markings and other information about the specimen.
Preservation of Evidence. It is the investigator’s responsibility to
ensure that every precaution is exercised to preserved physical
evidence in the state in w/c it was obtained/recovered until it is
released to the evidence custodian.
THE CHAIN OF CUSTODY/POSSESSION
It is the number of person who handled and possessed the pieces of
evidence the moment they were collected, marked and tagged, up to
the time of the final disposition of the case. As a rule, all seized
evidence must be in the custody of the evidence custodian and
deposited in the evidence room.

Conduct of Final Survey

METHODS OF CRIME SCENE SEARCH
 Strip Search Method - In this method, the area is
The team leader makes a final review on the crime scene
blocked out in the form of a rectangle. The three (3)
to determine whether or not the processing has been completed.
Searchers A, B, and C, proceed slowly at the same
pace along paths parallel to one side of the rectangle.
Release of the Crime Scene
When a piece of evidence is found, the finder
announces his discovery and the search must stop
The release of the crime scene is done if the investigator is
until the evidence has been cared for.
satisfied that all pieces of evidence have been recovered. He must
 Double Strip Search Method - The double strip or grid
bear in mind that upon the formal release of the crime scene to the
method of search is a modification of the Strip Search
proper authority, the warrant is already required for his re-entry to the
Method. Here, the rectangle is traversed first parallel to the
crime scene
base then parallel to a side. It is useful for large crime
scene, particularly out door scenes.
 Spiral Search Method - In this method, the three
searchers follow each other along the path of a spiral,
beginning on the outside and spiraling in toward the center.
 Zone Search Method/Quadrant or Sector - In this
method, one searcher is assigned to each subdivision of a
quadrant, and then each quadrant is cut into another set of
quadrants.
 Wheel Search Method/Pie, Radial, or Spoke - In this
method of search, the area is considered to be
approximately circular. The searchers gather at the center
and proceed outward
 Point-to-Point – searcher will stand in a straight line &
move forward together.

Collection, Marking, Tagging and Preservation of Evidence:

Collection of Evidence - This is accomplished after the search is

completed; rough sketch finished and photographs taken. Fragile
evidence should be collected as they are found. All firearms (FAs)
found to have tampered serial numbers (SNs) shall be automatically
subjected to macro etching at the Philippine National Police Crime
 FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Prepared by: JOHN MICHAEL S. PONTIVEROS, RCrim, MSCJ (u)
INTELLIGENCE
3. Interpretation – it is the determination of the meaning and
 In Military Parlance, it is the end product resulting from the significance of the information relative to the information and intelligence
collection, evaluation, analysis, integration, and interpretation already known and drawing deductions about probable meaning of the
of all available information which may have immediate or evaluated information.
potential significance to the development and execution of a. Assessment – shifting and isolating those elements that
plan, policies and programs of the user. have significance in the light of the mission or objective
b. Integration – combining the elements isolated in analysis
 In Police Parlance, it is the end product resulting from the and known information to form a logical picture or theory
collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation c. Deduction – the formulation of conclusions from the theory
of all available information regarding the activities of criminals developed, tested and considered valid in determination of efffort and
and other law violators for the purpose of affecting their arrest, meaning of the information
obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan to commit crimes.
EVALUATION RATING
Reliability of Information Accuracy of Information
INFORMATION
Refers to all evaluated materials of every description including A – Completely Reliable 1 – Confirmed By Other Sources
those derived from observation, reports, rumors, imagery, and other
sources from which intelligence is produced. B – Usually Reliable 2 – Probably True
C - Fairly Reliable 3 – Possibly True
Two General Classifications of Sources of Information:
1. Open Sources – 99% of the information collected are coming from
open sources. D – Not Usually Reliable 4 – Doubtfully True
2. Close Sources – 1% of information from close sources.
E – Unreliable 5 – Improbable
Close/Covert Method
F – Reliability Cannot Be Judged 6 – Truth Cannot Be Judged
THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE
Intelligence Cycle – the process through which intelligence is obtained,
produced and made available to users.
PHASE IV – Dissemination and Use of Information
PHASE I – Planning the Collection Effort – it involves the
1. Timeliness – intelligence must reach the users on time to be of value.
determination of the requirements of intelligence operation
2. Propriety – the message must be clear, concise and complete and
must be in the proper form for the receiver to be readily understandable
1. Determination of Requirements
2. Determination of the Essential Elements of Information
TOOLS FOR RECORDING INTELLIGENCE
Essential Element of Information – an item of information of the
1. Intelligence Journal – permanent official chronological record of the
characteristics of the area of operations and the enemy which the
operations of the intelligence section, unit or agency. Includes all
commander feels he needs before he can reasonably arrive at a decision.
incoming and outgoing messages
3. Establishment of Priorities
2. Intelligence Workbook – a device that provides a means of
Priorities – reflect the criticality of the need for the particular information.
systematic arrangement of information by type or subject for particular
No formula exists which can automatically determine priorities. Such
topic are group together
determination is a matter of judgment.
3. Situation Map – graphic representation of the current enemy
situationm
PHASE II – Collection of Information
a. Determine collecting agency
Functional Classifications of Police Intelligence
b. Send orders or request
1. Criminal Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to the
c. Supervise collection efforts
prevention of crimes and the investigation, arrest, and prosecution of
d. Use tools or technique in collection
criminal offenders.
e. Ensure timely collection
2. Internal Security Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to
the maintenance of peace and order.
Factors in Choosing Collection Agents
3. Public Safety Intelligence – refers to the knowledge essential to
1. Capability – agent’s placement or access to the target
ensure the protection of lives and properties.
2. Multiplicity – more agents
3. Balance – the number of agents needed in the operation
Fields of Police Intelligence
1. Strategic Intelligence – knowledge pertaining to the capabilities and
PHASE III – Processing the Collected Information
vulnerabilities of a foreign nation, which is required by the National
1. Recording – is the reduction of information into writing or some other
Planners for the formulation of an adequate National Defense in peace
form of graphical representation and the arranging of this information into
and forms the basis for, projected military operations in time of war.
groups related items.
2. Evaluation – is the determination of the pertinence of the information
Components of Strategic Intelligence
to the operation, reliability of the source of or agency and the accuracy of
a. Political Intelligence – deals with Domestic and Foreign affairs and
the information.
relation of government operations;
1. Basic Principles of the Government
Evaluation to Determine
2. Government Structures
a. Pertinence – does it holds some value to current operation
3. Public Order and Safety
is it needed immediately
4. Subversion
b. Reliability – judging the source of information or agency
5. Intelligence and Security Organization
c. Credibility – truth of information
b. Economic Intelligence – deals with the extent and utilization of
Natural and Human resources to the industrial potential of the Nations.
Judging Credibility
c. Transportation and Telecommunication Intelligence – concerned
a. It is possible for the reported fact or event to have taken place?
with the operations and facilities not only the Military but also the
b. Is the report consistent within itself?
Civilians.
c. Is the report confirmed or corroborated by information from different
d. Sociological Intelligence – deals with the demographic and
sources or agencies?
psychological aspects of groups of people.
d. If the report does not agree with information from other sources which
e. Biographical Intelligence – deals with individual personalities who
one is more likely to be true?
have actual possession of power.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Prepared by: JOHN MICHAEL S. PONTIVEROS, RCrim, MSCJ (u)
f. Armed Forces Intelligence – deals with the armed forces of the
Nation.
g. Geographical Intelligence – deals with the natural as well as man
made features of the physical environment of man considered from the
point in view of military operations.
h. Scientific Intelligence – deals with the progress of the research and
development as it affects the economic and military potential of a nation.
2. Line Intelligence (Tactical and Combat) – is the intelligence
required by the commander to provide for planning and conduct of
tactical operation.
- Knowledge of the People, Weather, Enemy, and Terrain (PWET) –
used in planning and conducting tactical and administrative operation in
a counter insurgency.
3. Counterintelligence – phase of intelligence covering the activity
devoted in destroying the effectiveness of hostile foreign activities and
the protection of information against espionage, subversion and
sabotage.
Two General Types of Counterintelligence
1. Passive Measures – are those measures, which seek to conceal
information from the enemy.
2. Active Measures – are those measures, which seek actively to block
the enemies’ effort to gain information or engage in espionage,
subversion, and sabotage.
Counterintelligence Investigation
 is an activity which constitutes the value of the
counterintelligence workload, worldwide and includes specific
investigation of individual and incidence, which for the most
part are conducted in an overt but discreet manner.
Three Categories of Counterintelligence Measures
1. Denial Measures – secrecy discipline, document security, camouflage
and concealment, communication security, military censorship, counter
reconnaissance effort
2. Detection Measures – secuiry tag or pass card, challenge or
password, reconnaissance
3. Deception Measures – ruse – use of escape and evasion, dummy
position, fabricated information
COVER AND UNDERCOVER OPERATIONS
Cover – the means by which an individual, group or organization
conceals the true nature of its acts and/or existence from the observer
Cover Story – a biographic account, true or fictitious that will portray the
personality of the agent he assumed, a scenario to cover up the
operation.
TYPES OF COVER
1. Natural Cover – using actual or true background
2. Artificial Cover – cover using biographical data adopted for such
purpose
3. Cover Within a Cover – use of secondary cover in case of
compromise for justification of existence
4. Multiple Cover – any cover wished
FUNCTIONS OF COVER
1. Offensive – gives access to the target and facilitates the achievement
of clandestine objective
2. Defensive – serves to prevent detection
UNDERCOVER OPERATION – an investigative technique in which the
agent conceal his official identity to obtain information from the target
organization
CONTROL
 is the authority to direct the agent to carry out task or
requirement on behalf of the clandestine organization in an
acceptable manner and security
TWO CATEGORIES OF CONTROL
1. Positive Control – characterized by professionalism and rapport like
agent motivation or psychological control
2. Negative Control – characterized by threat which includes:
a. Disciplinary Action – includes verbal reprimand for poor
performance or insecure actions of withholding certain rewards,
reduction of agents, salary or threat of terminating professional
relationship
b. Escrow Account – control of agent by putting his salary in
a bank to be withdrawn only after a fulfillment of a condition
c. Blackmail
PROCURING DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGENT
1. Agent in Place – agent who has been recruited by an intelligence
service within a highly sensitive target, who is just beginning a career or
have been long or insider
2. Double Agent – an enemy agent who has been captured, turned
around as an agent of his captor
3. Expandable agent – agent whom false information is leaked to the
enemy
4. Penetration Agent – agent who reached the enemy gets information
and manage to get back alive
5. Agent of Influence – agent who uses influence to gain information
6. Agent of Provocation – agent who provoke the enemy to get
information
SURVEILLANCE
It is a form of clandestine investigation which consists of
keeping persons, place or other targets under physical observation in
order to obtain evidence or information pertinent to an investigation
TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE
According to Intensity
1. Covert or Discreet – a type of surveillance operation in which
the subject is not aware that he is being observed in order to
obtain information.
2. Overt, Open or Rough – a surveillance operation with little or
no attempt of concealment. The subject is most likely aware
that he is followed. This type is usually applied for purposes of
protecting the subject.
3. Close or Tight – in this type the subject is unaware that he is
being followed and the aim is not to lose the subject even at
the risk of being detected.
According to Method of Operation
1. Stake-out or Stationary – the surveillant is in fixed position
which involves watching a fixed establishment, warehouse or
clandestine laboratory.
2. Tailing or Shadowing – this involves following the subject
from place to place to maintain continuous observation.
3. Technical Surveillance – this type involves the utilization of
electronic gadgets, equipments or systems.
CASING OR RECONNAISANCE
Casing is the term used in the police organization while
reconnaissance is the term used in the military. It is the visual
inspection of an area, installation or building to determine its suitability
for operational activities.
TWO TYPES OF CASING
1. Exterior Casing – observation of the whole area, building or
installation, possible exits and approaches and the type vicinity
2. Interior – close observation of the layout of the building. Includes item
that can be observed a building which are of intelligence value
Methods of Casing
1. Personal Reconnaissance – the most effective method and will
produce the most information
2. Map Reconnaissance – it may not be sufficient but may produce a
certain amount of information
3. Research – sometimes additional info can be gathered through
research
4. Prior Information – information from records of file
5. Hearsay – info usually gain by operating personnel
ELICITATION
 A system in which information of value is obtained through the
process of direct communication in which one or more of the
parties is unaware of the specific purpose of the conversation.
 FUNDAMENTALS OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
Prepared by: JOHN MICHAEL S. PONTIVEROS, RCrim, MSCJ (u)
ORDER OF BATTLE INTELLIGENCE (ORBAT)
 is the identification of strength, command structure and
disposition of the personnel, units and equipment of any threat
force.
CRYPTOGRAPHY
 the art and science of code and ciphers. It is done through the
use of telephone scrambler or technically speaking, Speech
Inverter where speech frequencies are divided to produce a
scrambling speech when intercepted.

Cryptographer – person skilled in converting messages from clear to

unintelligible forms by the use of codes and ciphers. Also known as
Coder, Encrypter or Code Clerk.
Crypto-Analyst
 one who break intercepted codes
Coding
 changing of message from plain clear text to unintelligible form.
Also known as Encrypting.
Decoding
 transforming of coded message into plain text. Also known as
Decrypting.