COMPARATIVE

POLICE SYSTEM
By: Rey Nino B. Abucay
 What is comparative police system?

Comparing our police system with selected police models

from other parts of the world.

How can this be done?

By Comparative research which is usually carried by the so
called “safari” method (a researcher visits another country)
or “collaborative method “(the researcher communi-
cates with a foreign researcher).

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 Published works tend to fall into one of there categories:

single-culture studies (the crime problem of a single

foreign country is discussed),

two-culture studies(the most common type),and;

comprehensive studies (which cover three or more

countries).
Examinations of crime and its control in the comparative
context often require an historical perspective.

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 Since the phenomena under study have frequently
developed under unique social, economic, and political
structures.

Hence, the method most often employed by researchers is

the historical-comparative method.

To summarize the historical-comparative method in a few

words, it is basically an alternative to both quantitative and
qualitative researcher method that is sometimes called
historiography or holism.
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 In Historiography : Eight ways to do History

• The Great Man approach,

• The Historical Forces approach,
• The Crisis of Civilization approach,
• The Dialectic approach,
• The Evolutionary approach,
• The Geographic factor approach
• The Conflict or "who won” approach and
• The Serendipity or Accidental discovery approach.

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 There are four kinds of societies in the world

1. Folk-Communal, which are also called primitive

societies;
2. Urban-Commercial, which rely on the trade as the
essence or their market system;
3. Urban-Industries, which produce most of the goods
and services they need without government interference;
and
4. Bureaucratic or modern post-industrial societies
where the emphasis upon is technique or the: technologiz-
ing”of everything, with the government taking the lead
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Some people also talk about a fifth type, the
post-modern society,
where the emphasis is upon the meaning of
words, coded narratives, and the
deconstruction of institutions.

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 Four Legal Traditions

It is the consensus of experts is that there are four types of

legal traditions in the world.
• Common law system-are distinctive in the significance
they attach to precedent
(the importance of previously decided cases)

• Civil law system-also known as Continental justice,

Romano-Germanic justice, or Roman law. It the largest and
most prevalent system of justice in the world.

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 • Socialist system-it is distinguished by procedures
designed to forcibly rehabilitate or retrain people into
fulfilling their responsibilities to the state.
• Islamic System- also known as Muslim or Arabic justice.
It derives all of its procedures and practices from
interpretation of the Koran.

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 COURT SYSTEMS
Court systems of the world are of two types:

Adversarial – where the accused is innocent until proven

guilty.

Inquisitorial – where the accused is guilty until proven

innocent or mitigated.

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Coverage/Scope of the Subject:
1. Concept of Globalization to Police Service
2. Transnational Crime
3. Selected Police Models
4. Role of INTERPOL
5. Bilateral International Cooperation of
Transnational Crime
6. Participation of PNP Personnel in UN
Peacekeeping Missions
 Definition of terms
Globalization is a process of interaction and integration
among the people, companies, and governments of
different nations, a process driven by international trade
and investment and aided by information technology.

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Globalization – a process by which
regional economies, societies, cultures
have become integrated through a
global network of communication,
transportation and trade.
 The worldwide movement toward economic financial,
trade, and communications integration.

Globalization implies the opening of local and nationalistic

perspectives to a broader outlook of an interconnected
and interdependent world with free transfer of capital,
goods, and services across national frontiers.
However, it does not include unhindered movement of
labor and, as suggested by some economists, may hurt
smaller or fragile economies if applied indiscriminately.
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Globalization
Negative Effects:

1. Sweatshop
2. Brain drain
3. Effect on Environmental Degradation
4. Food Security
5. Effect on Disease
6. Drug and Illicit Goods Trade
• United States - the prime mover of Globalization

• Transnational Crime – refers to crime that takes place

across national borders. In short, borderless crimes In the world
of organized crimes, profit is the ultimate motive.

• Organized Crime Groups – the United Nations defined it as a

structured group of three or more persons existing
for a period of time and acting in concert with the aim of
committing one or more serious crimes or offenses in order to
obtain, directly, or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit.
TRANSNATIONAL
CRIME
 TERRORISM

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TERRORISM
 Define as the unlawful use of force or violence against
persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government,
the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in
furtherance of political or social objectives (FBI, 1997)

 Assassination – the deliberate killing of top-ranking

government officials and/or prominent personalities .
The term terrorism comes from French
terrorisme, from Latin: “terror”,
“great fear”, “dread”, related to the Latin
verb “terrere”, “to frighten”.

The use of the word first appeared in

January 1795 in The Times.
Characteristics of terrorism
• Premeditated or Planned

• Politically motivated

• Aimed at civilians

• Carried out by sub-national groups

Typology of terrorism
• Nationalist Terrorism – seek to form a separate state
of their own and frequently depict their activities as
a fight for liberation.
• Religious Terrorism – pursue their own vision of the
divine will and use violence intended to bring about
social and cultural changes
• State-sponsored Terrorism – deliberately used by
radical states as foreign policy tools
• Left-wing Terrorism – seek to destroy economies
based on free enterprise and to replace them with
socialist or communist economic systems.

• Right-wing Terrorism – motivated by fascist ideals

and work toward the dissolution of democratic gov-
ernments.

• Anarchist Terrorism – are revolutionaries who

seek to overthrow all established forms of government.
• Domestic Terrorism – refers to the unlawful use of
force or violence by a group or an individual
who is based and operates within a state.

• International Terrorism – is the unlawful use of

force or violence by a group or an individual who
has connection to a foreign power or whose
activities transcend national boundaries against person
or property to intimidate or coerce a government.
• Cyber-terrorism – is a form of terrorism that
makes use of high technology – especially
computers, the Internet and the World Wide Web –
in the planning and carrying out of terrorist attacks.
TERRORIST
ORGANIZATIONS
Al- Qaeda

• Founded by Osama bin Laden in 1988 in Saudi

Arabia.

• An Islamic jihadist movement to replace Western-

controlled or dominated Muslim countries with
Islamic fundamentalist regimes.
Osama Bin- Laden
• Born in March 10, 1957 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

• The only son of his father’s tenth wife.

• At the age of 17, Osama married his first wife.

• Osama married four women and fathered roughly

25 or 26 children.
THE SEPTEMBER 11, 2001
ATTACK
• Al-Qaeda’s well known attack
• 19 men hijacked 4 commercial passenger jet airliners
• Crashing 2 of them into the World Trade Center, 1 in
Pentagon and the other 1 in Pennsylvania.
• 2, 973 died and the 19 hijackers.
• Al Qaeda in Arabic is known as “ The Base”.
It is the terrorist group responsible for the
September 11, 2001 attacks of the Pentagon in
Washington DC and the World Trade Center in
New York.
COUNTERTERRORISM
• Refers to the practices, tactics and
strategies that governments, militaries and
other groups adopt in order to fight
terrorism.
NATO and US Military Definition
• Operations that include the offensive
measures taken to prevent, deter, preempt
and respond to terrorism.
Types of
Counterterrorism
Strategic Counterterrorism
Deny resources, such as finances or base areas, to
the terrorists. It will capture, kill, or convert
terrorist leaders.
Tactical and Operational Counterterrorism

• Creation of elite units or forces, whose

role is to directly engage terrorists and
prevent terrorist attacks.
• They perform both in preventive actions,
hostage rescue and responding to on-going
attacks.
Counter-Terrorist Groups

AUSTRALIA
• Tactical Assault Group (TAG)
• Special Air Service Regiment (SASR)

GERMANY
 Grenzschutzgruppe-9 (GSG-9)

ISRAEL
 Sayeret Mat’kal (General Staff Reconnaissance Unit 269
NETHERLANDS
 Bijzondere Bijstands Eenheid – BBE

NORWAY
 Forsvarets Spesialkommando (FSK) – Special
Commando of the Defense

OMAN
 Sultan’s Special Forces “Cobras”
UNITED KINGDOM (UK)
 Special Air Service (SAS)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 Delta Force
 Seal Team Six

PHILIPPINES
 Special Action Force (PNP-SAF)
 Special Operations Group (PASCOM-SOG)
 UNITED NATION’S COUNTER-TERRORISM COMMITTEE

The CTC was established by Security Control

resolution 1373 (2001), which was adopted
unanimously on Sept. 28, 2001 in the wake of the
11 September terrorist attack in the United States.

The Committee, comprising all 15 Security

Council Members
 UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA’S NATIONAL COUNTERTERRORISM
CENTER (NCTC)

Established by Presidential Executive Order 13354

in August 2004 and codified by the Intelligence
Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004.
 PHILIPPINE CENTER
ON TRANSNATIONAL CRIME (PCTC)

Created on January 15, 1999 by Executive Order No.

62 under the Office of the President to formulate
and implement a concerted of action of all law
enforcement, intelligence and other government
agencies for the prevention and control of
transnational crime.
 REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER 9372
“HUMAN SECURITY ACT OF 2007”
Signed into law by
Pres. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and effective on July
2007, officially aimed at tackling
militants in the Southern Philippines, including Abu
Sayyaf Group, which has links to
Al-Qaeda and has been blamed for bombings
and kidnappings in the region.
TERRRORISM
IN THE
PHILIPPINES
 ISLAMIC TERRORIST GROUP
BANGSA MORO
• “the MORO people” is the generic name for the
13 ethno linguistic Muslim tribes in the Philippines
which constitute a quarter of the population in
Mindanao in the Southern Philippines.
• Three Major Groups:
 Maguindanaons
 Maranaos
 Tausogs
ABU SAYYAF GROUP (ASG)
• Aliases: Al-Harakat Al-Islamiyah
Bearer of the Sword
Father of the Swordsman
Founding Philosophy:
The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) was formed in 1991
during the peace process between the
Philippine government and the
nationalist/separatist terrorist group, the
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

 ASG was lead by Abdurajak Janjalani, who was

recruited for training in Afghanistan.
 This Philippine-based terrorist group is listed by the United
States of America as one of the major terrorist
organizations in the World today. This renegade faction of a
bigger organization working to have an independent
state in the Southern Philippines is involved in atrocities like
kidnapping for ransom, ambuscades, raids and the like.

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RAJAH SOLAIMAN MOVEMENT

• Aliases: “Balik Islam” or “Back to Islam”

Founded by Hilarion del Rosario Santos III, a.k.a.

Hannah Santos, Ahmed Santos, Hilarion del Rosario.

Converted to Islam in 1993 and married into the top

ranks of the leadership of the Abu Sayyaf Group
(ASG)
JEMAAH ISLAMIYA (JI)

• Aliases: Islamic Community, Islamic Group

• An extremist Islamic group that is believed to be

linked to Al Qaeda and responsible for the bombing
of the nightclub in Bali in 2002 that killed 192
people. It is a terrorist group that is reportedly
training the MILF elements in Mindanao.
 JEMAAH ISLAMIYA (JI)
• The Philippine cell is the smallest of the JI cells in
Southeast Asia.

• Considered as the major logistics cell, responsible for

acquiring explosives, guns and other equipment.

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COMMUNIST
INFLUENCE
NEW PEOPLE’S ARMY (NPA)
• Formed in 1969 with support from China.

• Created as the armed wing of the

Communist Party of the Philippines.
 DRUG TRAFFICKING

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 DRUG TRAFFICKING

Drug Trafficking is the illegal cultivation, culture, delivery,

administration, dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading,
transportation, distribution, importation, exportation and
possession of any dangerous drug and/or controlled
precursor and essential chemical.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
• The world’s largest market for illegal drugs.

• Marijuana, Cocaine and Heroin

 The most heavily abused drugs

Methamphetamine
 The cause of the fastest-growing drug problem in
the United States.
DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION (DEA)
• The Federal Agency responsible for
controlling the spread of illegal drugs in the
United States and abroad.
PHILIPPINE DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (PDEA)

Created through Republic Act No. 9165 “Comprehensive

Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002” under the Dangerous Drugs Board.
Dangerous Drugs Board – the Philippine government agency
mandated to formulate policies, strategies and programs on
drug prevention and control.

Republic Act 9165 – it is known as the Philippine Comprehensive

Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002
PDEA is under the Office of the President and is headed by a Director
General.
The basic age qualification to become a PDEA drug enforcement
officer is 21 to 35 years old.
SOUTHEAST ASIAN REGION
• Considered as a “hot spot” in relation to the drug
trade.

• China – leading producer of opium poppy

• The “Golden Triangle” – manufactures opium and

heroin.
REGIONAL INITIATIVES
TO ADDRESS
THE DRUG TRADE
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS
(ASEAN)

• Continuously pooling their resources to

effectively address drug trafficking.
DRUG TRADE
IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• The Philippines is a producer, exporter and consumer of
cannabis plant-based drugs (marijuana, hashish, et.al).
• The Philippines is an importer and consumer of synthetic drugs,
in particular methamphetamine hydrochloride
(shabu).
• The Philippines is a transit point for the international
trade in heroin and cocaine.
• The Philippines is being used as a recreation place, an
investment and money laundering haven.
RP: FAVORABLE CONDITION TO DRUG TRADE

• Economic Policy
• Banking System
• Geographical Location
• Political System
MONEY
LAUNDERING
MONEY LAUNDERING
• Is the method by which criminals
disguise the illegal origins of their wealth
and protect their asset bases.
BRIEF HISTORY
• The term “money laundering” originated from
Mafia ownership of Laundromats in the United
States.
The first use of the term “money laundering” was
during the Watergate Scandal 1973 in United
States.
Stages of Money Laundering
Placement

 The first stage in the washing cycle. The money

are placed into the financial system or retail
economy or are smuggled out of the country.
 The aim is to remove the case from the location
of acquisition
“Smurfing”
 Layering

 The first attempt at concealment or disguise of

the source of the ownership of the funds by
creating complex layers of financial transactions
designed to disguise the audit trail and provide
anonymity.
 Moving money in and out of the bank account of bearer
through electronic funds transfer.
 “Heavy soaping”
 Integration

 The final stage in the process

 The money is integrated into the legitimate
economic and financial system and assimilated in all
other assets in the system.
“spin dry”
 REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER 9160, as
amended by REPUBLIC ACT NUMBER
9194

“ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING ACT OF

2001”
MONEY LAUNDERING
• Is a crime whereby the proceeds of an unlawful
activity as herein defined are transacted, thereby
making them appear to have originated from
legitimate sources.
ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING COUN-
CIL
• Financial intelligence unit in the
Philippines that conducts investigations on
suspicious transactions.
Questions, Answers and Facts about Money Laundering

Q: What is money laundering and why do people do it?

• Today, enterprise criminals of every sort, from drug
traffickers to stock fraudsters to corporate embezzlers and
commodity smugglers, must launder money for two
reasons. The first is that the money trail itself can become
evidence; the second is that the money can be the target of
investigation and seizure.
• The operational principles of money laundering are as
follows: first, moving the funds from direct association with
the crime; second, disguising the trail to foil pursuit; and,
third, making the money available to the criminal once
again with its origins hidden from view.
Q: How much money is laundered every year and how
much is recovered by law enforcement?
A: Estimates have ranged as high as $300 billion to $500
billion a year. Law enforcement authorities recover about
$500 million in a good year, roughly a quarter of 1 per cent.
Q: What are the consequences of money laundering
activities for national economies?
A: Money laundering undermines international efforts
towards free and competitive markets, and the
development of national economies:
• It distorts the functioning of markets: money laundering
transactions can increase the demand for cash, create
exchange rate volatility and generate unfair competition.
• It damages credibility and therefore the stability of
financial markets: bank collapses related to organized crime
activities can have a domino effect on the financial system
of individual countries or regions.
• Small States are particularly vulnerable to money
laundering. The economic power generated by outlaw
activities provides criminal organizations with leverage on
small economies. The absence of appropriate controls, or of
the capacity to enforce them, provides de facto impunity to
criminals.
Q: How effective are the international instruments
governing money laundering?
A: The international community is not using all the tools at
its disposal. The 1988 UN Convention against Illicit Traffic in
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances obliges
States to make money laundering illegal and assist
investigations. Of the 148 signatories to the Convention,
fewer than 30 are fully implementing its measures.
Q: Is there an acceptable right to banking privacy?
A: Yes, but acceptable levels of confidentiality must be
clearly defined. There are legitimate commercial, legal or
even human rights reasons for confidentiality. However,
the abuse of bank secrecy must be countered.
Q: What role does the Internet have in money
laundering?
A: Internet banking is a growing source of worry. It has
already been proven that fraudulent banking business can
be conducted via the Internet. For example, in one case an
Internet bank was domiciled in an offshore centre, the
server was in another country and the operational
management was located in a third.
When the owners of the bank stole the depositors' funds, it
was impossible to pursue them through the three
jurisdictions. Their actions were not even considered illegal
in the jurisdiction where the bank was physically located.
Q: What should the international community do?
• A: The members of the international community have
agreed to comply with the existing international instru-
ments currently governing money laundering by the year
2003.
Of particular importance is adherence to the provisions of
the 1988 United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances.
• But the international community needs to continue to
question the way banks are defined. Should they be
chartered by Governments in order to tighten controls?
How should they be regulated? Should we allow companies
to be formed in places where they have no apparent
purpose connected with normal commercial activities, or
whose owners may conceal their identity?
An emphasis must be placed on systemic reforms, rather
than specific tinkering with the odd regulation.
The harmonization of regulatory regimes covering financial
havens, trusts, shell companies and banks should be a
main goal.
Q: What can the UN Global Programme against Money
Laundering (GPML) do to help?
A: Developing countries, and those with economies in
transition, are in particular need of technical assistance and
training. Local law enforcement cannot crack down on
complex financial crimes unless they know the tricks of the
money launderer.
The UN Global Programme against Money Laundering is
ready to provide expert training, assistance, public
awareness and research tools on the art of financial
investigations, prosecutions, best banking practices and
financial regulations for government, business, law enforce-
ment and judicial professionals.
HUMAN TRAFFICK-
ING
HUMAN TRAFFICKING
• A crime against humanity.
• RA 9208 – it is the Philippine law that
defines and penalizes human trafficking
• It involves an act of recruiting,
transporting, transferring, harboring or
receiving a person through the use of force,
coercion or other means, for the purpose of
exploiting them.
ELEMENTS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING
1. The Act (What is done)

 recruitment, transportation, transfer,

harbouring or receipt of persons
2. The Means (How it is done)

Threat or use of force, coercion, abduc-

tion, fraud, deception, abuse of power or
vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits
to a person in control of the victim
3. The Purpose (Why it is done)

For the purpose of exploitation, which

includes exploiting the prostitution of oth-
ers, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery
or similar practices and the removal of or-
gans.
CYBER CRIMES
CYBER CRIMES
• Refers to all activities done with criminal intent in
the cyberspace.

• Crimes committed with the use of Information

Technology, where computer, network, internet is
the target and where the internet is the place of
activity.
 TYPES OF
CYBER CRIMES
HACKING
• The act of illegally accessing the computer sys-
tem/network of an individual, group or business
enterprise without the consent or approval of the
owner of the system.
CRACKING
• A higher form of hacking in which the
unauthorized access culminates with the process of
defeating the security system for the purpose of
acquiring money or information and/or availing of
free services.
MALICIOUS SENDING OF E-
MAILS
• Sending of malicious and defamatory electronic
mails as a medium of extorting money, or
threatening prospective victims.
INTERNET PORNOGRAPHY
• Trafficking, distribution, posting and
dissemination of obscene material including
children’s nude pictures, indecent exposure and
child sex slavery posted into the internet, live
streaming videos aired through the internet under a
certain fee.
LAUNCHING OF HARMFUL
VIRUSES
DISTRIBUTED DENIAL OF SERVICE ATTACKS (DDOS)

WEBSITE DEFACEMENT
 The unauthorized modification of a website.

ACQUIRING CREDIT CARD INFORMATION FROM A

WEBSITE THAT OFFERS E-SERVICES
INTERNET SHOPPING USING FRAUDULENTLY
ACQUIRED CREDIT CARDS

WIRE TRANSFER OF FUNDS FROM A FRAUDULENTLY

ACQUIRED CREDIT CARD

ONLINE AUCTION FRAUD

 SELECTED
POLICE MODELS
JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM
 Japan National Police Agency

A civilian law enforcement agency

formed in 1954 and is known as
Keisatsu-chō.
• An administrative commission
operating on the basis of liaison and
coordination with the Cabinet, the
National Public Safety Commission is a
government body responsible for the
administrative supervision of the police.
The National Public Safety Commission is
composed of the Chairman and five
members. A minister in the Cabinet is
appointed as the chairman of the Commission.
The chairman presides over Commission
meetings and also supervises matters relating
to the operation of the Commission.
National Police Agency
• The head of the NPA is the Commissioner General who is
appointed and dismissed by the National Public Safety
Commission with the consent of the Prime Minister.

• Koban – the famous patrol system in Japan.

• The Japanese police follow the British rank model.
 Imperial Guard – a sub-organization or unit of
the National Police agency of Japan
which provides personal security of the
Emperor, Crown Prince and other members of
the Imperial Family as well as the
physical security of imperial properties
including the Imperial Palaces, Villas,
Repository
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• Under control of the National Public Safety Commission,
the Commissioner-General administers the tasks of the
NPA, appoints and dismisses Agency employees, and
supervises and controls the prefectural police regarding the
affairs under the jurisdiction of the Agency.
• Prefecture in Japan is equivalent to province in the
Philippines.
• Chuzaisho - the residential police boxes in Japan’s Police
System.
NINE POLICE
RANKS
• Keishi-sokan (Superintendent General of the Tokyo
Metropolitan Police Department),

• Keishi-kan (Superintendent Supervisor),

• Keishi-cho (Chief Superintendent),

• Keishi-sei (Senior Superintendent),

• Keishi (Superintendent),

• Keibu (Police Inspector),

• Keibu-ho (Assistant Police Inspector),

• Junsa-bucho (Police Sergeant)

• Junsa (Policeman).
SINGAPORE
POLICE SYSTEM
 SINGAPORE
POLICE FORCE
 SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE

• The main agency tasked with maintaining law and order

in the city-state.
• Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police
• Deputy Director General – the equivalent rank in the PNP
of the Chief of Staff of the Singapore Police Force which
holds the rank of Senior Assistant Commissioner.
• Commissioner of Police - heads Singapore Police Force.
The Singapore Police Force is divided into two
major functions: the staff and line units.

The staff functions is equivalent to

administration in the PNP while the line unit
function is equivalent to operation in the PNP.

Neighborhood Police Center – the community

policing program in Singapore which is the
counterpart of Japan’s residential boxes .
 Rank Structure
• CP - Commissioner of Police
• DC - Deputy Commissioner of Police
• SAC - Senior Assistant Commissioner of
Police
• DAC - Deputy Assistant Commissioner of
Police
• AC - Assistance Commissioner of Police
• Supt - Superintendent
• DSP - Deputy Superintendent of Police
• ASP - Assistant Superintendent of
Police
• SSI2 - Senior Station Inspector 2
• Insp. - Inspector
• SSI - Senior Station Inspector
• SI - Station Inspector
• SSS - Senior Staff Sergeant
• SS - Staff Sergeant
• Sgt - Sergeant
• Cpl - Corporal
• PC - Police Constable
MINISTRY OF HOME
AFFAIRS
• A ministry of the Government of Singapore
responsible for public safety, civil defense
and immigration.

• It is also known as the Home Team.

• It is headed by the Minister for Home

Affairs.
AUSTRALIA
 Australian Federal Police (AFP)
 Home Affairs Ministry-DILG of the
Philippines
 Federal Agent – lowest rank
 Chief Police Officer – highest rank
 Federal Police – is the primary responsible
for the general policing in Australian
Capital Territory.
 New South Wales Police – the first and largest police force
in Australia. Its personnel are the highest paid police force
in the country.
Crime Stoppers – the crime reduction program that runs in each
state of Australia which involved the citizens to
collect information about crime and passes it on to the
police.
Federal Structure in Australia is given general policing functions.
The ranks of superintendent and inspector are patterned from
the British Model.

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POLICE SYSTEM OF
OTHER
ASEAN COUNTRIES
THAILAND
Head of Police DEPART- HIGHEST LOWEST
MENT RANK RANK
Chief of Po- Ministry of Police Major Private
lice Home Affairs General

There are 7 State and 7 regional/divisional Police Forces

and three additional State/Division Police Forces commanded by
Police Colonels. Their jurisdictions are divided according to the Civil
Administration. The States and Regional, Additional States have the
same status. Each State and Regional/divisional Police Force
consist of four components.
1. Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police Force
2. Office of the Commander of the District Police Force
3. Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force
4. Police Stations

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 ROYAL THAI POLICE
A Southeast Asian Country police force that is headed by a
Director General holding the rank of Police General. Its
rank structure is patterned to the military model and its
headquarters is based in the city of Bangkok.
• The national police of Thailand.

• Primary responsibility for the maintenance of public

order through enforcement of the kingdom's laws

• Charged with performing police functions throughout the

entire country
INDONESIA
 INDONESIAN
NATIONAL POLICE
• The official police force for Indonesia
• The police were formally separated from the
military in April 1999, a process which was
formally completed in July 2000 and placed under the
Office of the President.
• Has a centralized command and divided into
territorial forces
• Central Bureau of Investigation –India’s premier inves-
tigative agency and the counterpart of the FBI of US.
RANK STRUCTURE
• In the early years, the Polri used European police
style ranks like inspector and commissioner. When
the police were included into the military structure dur-
ing the 1960s, the ranks changed to a military
style such as Captain, Major and Colonel. In the
year 2000, when the Polri conducted the transition to a
fully independent force out of the armed forces 2000,
they use British style police ranks like Inspector and
Superintendent. The Polri have returned to Dutch style
ranks just like in the early years.
• Police General
> highest rank

• Second Police Brigadier

> lowest rank
 The Ministry of Public Security is the
principal authority of China.

Triad – underground criminal societies

based in Hongkong which are often
involved in money-laundering and
drug trafficking.
144 11/28/2023
MALAYSIA
 Royal Malaysian Police
• A main branch of security forces in Malaysia.
• The force is a centralized organization that has a gamut
of roles that ranges from traffic control to intelligence.
• Our headquarters is located in Bukit Aman, Kuala
Lumpur.
• The Royal Malaysian Police force is led by an
Inspector-General of Police (IGP).
 Head of Police DEPART- HIGHEST LOWEST
MENT RANK RANK
Police Chief Ministry of Inspector Constable
Home Affairs General of
Police

Royal
Malaysian
Police
Ranks
 People’s Police of Vietnam

Vietnam
The law enforcement in Vietnam is called the Vietnam
People's Public Security\. It is under command of the Ministry
of Public Security.

Vietnam People's Public Security is a part of Vietnam

People's Armed Forces, it includes two branches:

•Vietnam People's Police

•Vietnam People's Security Force

148 11/28/2023
 Head of Police DEPART- HIGHEST LOWEST
MENT RANK RANK
Police Chief Ministry of Police General Police Sub -
Public Secu- Lieutenant
rity
Highest Rank (Army Forces)
Đại Tướng (General)
Thượng Tướng (Senior Lieutenant General)
Trung Tướng (Lieutenant General)
Thiếu Tướng (Major General)
Middle-ranking and Low-ranking Officers
Đại Tá (Colonel)
Thượng Tá (Senior Lieutenant Colonel)
Trung Tá (Lieutenant Colonel)
Thiếu Tá (Major)
Đại Úy (Captain)
Thượng Úy (Senior Lieutenant)
Trung Úy (Lieutenant)
149 Thiếu Úy (Junior Lieutenant)
 Myanmar (Burma)
A country in Southeast Asia where the police force is
under the military establishment
Myanmar Police Force

Formally known as The People's Police Force, was

established in 1964 as independent department under
Ministry of Home Affairs. It was reorganized on
1 October 1995 and informally become part of Tatmadaw.
Its command structure is based on established civil
jurisdictions. Each of Myanmar's seven states and seven
divisions has their own Police Forces with headquarters in
the respective capital cities.
150 11/28/2023
 • Private-is the lowest rank in Myanmar Police Force

151 11/28/2023
 Cambodia
Cambodian Police Force

The police are organized into six departments: 1. security, 2. trans-

port, 3. public order, 4. border, 5. administrative, and 5. judicial. While
the judicial police are meant to function under the prosecutor-gen-
eral's
office.
Head of Police DEPART- HIGHEST LOWEST
MENT RANK RANK
Police Chief Ministry of Brigadier Officer Cadet
Interior General

152 11/28/2023
 Cambodian Police Force Ranks
GENERAL (STARED)

Brigadier General
Major General
General Lieutenant

HIGH COMMISSIONER (STRIPED) (NON-STRIPED)

Major Staff Sergeant

Lieutenant Colonel First Sergeant
Colonel Command Sergeant Major
Second Lieutenant Warrant Officer
First Lieutenant Chief Warrant Officer
CAPTAIN Officer Cadet
153 11/28/2023
 LAO People’s Democratic Republic
LAO Police Force

Head of Police DEPART- HIGHEST LOWEST

MENT RANK RANK
Chief LAO Ministry of General Constable
Police Force Public
Security

154 11/28/2023
 Brunei Darussalam
Royal Brunei Police Force
Head of Police DEPART- HIGHEST LOWEST
MENT RANK RANK
Commissioner Ministry of Inspector Constable
Home Affairs General of Police

Brunei Police force takes charge of prison and fire services aside
from keeping law and order.
Inspector General is the highest rank in the Brunei Police Force.
In the Philippines, Internal Affairs Service is headed by
Inspector General.
155 11/28/2023
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

 US Federal Police
 Department of Justice
 Federal Police – lowest rank
 Police Chief – highest rank
 Local Police – is generally responsible for
policing in the United States.
 The American Police system is fragmented.
 • Secret Service – is the US federal agency which is the
counterpart of the Philippine Presidential Security Group,
in-charge of protecting the US President and his family
(including past president). It works under the structure
of the Department of the Treasury and is also in-charge
of the detection and prevention of counterfeiting.

157 11/28/2023
EUROPEAN POLICE
SYSTEM
FRANCE
 Police Nationale
 Ministry of the Interior
 Gardien de la Paix stagiaire – lowest rank
 Directeur des Services Actifs – highest rank
 Polizia di Stato – the civilian national police of Italy
with patrol, investigative and law enforcement duties. It
patrols the express highway network and oversees the
security of railways, bridges and waterways.
 Italy is a country that is part of Europe
which law enforcement is provided by
eight (8) separate police forces, six (6) of
which are national groups.
State Police – is responsible for the general
policing in West Germany.
The Volkspolizei is the centralized paramilitary
police force of East Germany.
160 11/28/2023
BELGIUM

 Belgian Police
 Belgian Government
 Auxillary Police Officer – lowest rank
 Chief Police Commissioner – highest rank
 The Royal Marechausee (KMar) – this
component of the Netherland Armed Forces is
given police duties and considered a law
enforcement agency
LONDON
 City of London Police
 Metropolitan Police Service
 Police Constable – lowest rank
 Police Commissioner – highest rank

 Policia Nacional – this police force in Spain is headed by

an officer with the rank of Chief Superintendent. It is a
civilian agency operating purely in urban areas.
PHILIPPINES

 Philippine National Police

 Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)
 Police Officer I – lowest rank
 Police Director General – highest rank
 Police Regional Offices – the primary subdivision of the
Philippine National Police.
 The Myanmar Police known as the People’s Police Force
is headed by a Director General with the rank of Brigadier
General. In the Philippines, the PNP is headed by a Police
Director General.
 NAPOLCOM (National Police Commission)
- is the government agency tasked to
administer and control the Philippine National
Police (PNP).

Prefecture in Japan is equivalent to province

in the Philippines.
164 11/28/2023
 THE ROLE OF INTERPOL

The INTERPOL is focused in investigating

cross border crimes.
 INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE
ORGANIZATION (ICPO)
 An organization facilitating international police cooperation.

 Established as International Criminal Police Commission in 1923.

 188 member countries

 Headquarters: Lyon, France

 Jolly Bugarin - the only Filipino who became a president of this

organization.
INTERPOL’S STRUCTURE
GENERAL ASSEMBLY
• INTERPOL’s supreme governing body, it meets
annually and comprises delegates appointed by
each member country. The assembly takes all
important decisions related to policy, resources,
working methods, finances, activities and programs.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
• This 13-member committee is elected by the
General Assembly, and comprises the president,
three vice-presidents and nine delegates covering
the four regions.
GENERAL SECRETARIAT
• Located in Lyon, France, the General Secretariat operates
24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by the Secretary
General. Officials from more than 80 countries work
side-by-side in any of the Organization’s four official lan-
guages: Arabic, English, French and Spanish.
The Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world;
in Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya,
Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special Representatives at
the United Nations in New York and at the European Union in
Brussels.
NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS
(NCB)
• Each INTERPOL member country maintains a
National Central Bureau staffed by national law
enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated
contact point for the General Secretariat, regional
offices and other member countries requiring
assistance with overseas investigations and the
location and apprehension of fugitives.
ADVISERS
• These are experts in a purely advisory
capacity, who may be appointed by the
Executive Committee and confirmed by the
General Assembly.
COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF
INTERPOL’S FILES (CCF)
• this is an independent body whose mandate is
threefold: (1) to ensure that the processing of
personal information by INTERPOL complies with
the Organization's regulations, (2) to advise
INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or
other matter involving the processing of personal
information and (3) to process requests concerning
the information contained in INTERPOL's files.
CORE FUNCTIONS
1. Secure global police communication services
 INTERPOL’s global police communications system,
known as I-24/7, enables police in all member
countries to request, submit and access vital data
instantly in a secure environment.
2. Operational data services and databases for
police
 Member countries have direct and immediate
access to a wide range of databases including

information on known criminals, fingerprints, DNA

profiles and stolen or lost travel documents.
INTERPOL also disseminates critical crime-related
data through a system of international notices.
3. Operational police support services

 INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in the

field
with emergency support and operational activities, especially in it
s priority crime areas
. A Command and Co-ordination Centre operates 24 hours a day,
seven
days a week and can deploy an Incident Response Team to the
scene of a serious crime or disaster.
4. Police training and development
 INTERPOL provides focused police training
initiatives with the aim of enhancing the capacity of
member countries to effectively combat
transnational crime and terrorism. This includes
sharing knowledge, skills and best practices in
policing and establishing global standards.
CONVENTION AGAINST
TRANSNATIONAL
ORGANIZED
CRIME
 United Nations – this world organization was founded in 1945 and
was formerly known as the League of Nations. Its primary task is to
stop wars between countries and to provide a
platform for dialogue.
 United Nations-sponsored multilateral treaty against
transnational organized crime, adopted in 2000.
 It is also called the PALERMO CONVETION.
 Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in
Persons, especially Women and Children
 Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and
Air.
 ASEANAPOL

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST
ASIAN NATIONS CHIEFS OF
NATIONAL POLICE
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN
NATIONS CHIEFS OF NATIONAL POLICE
(ASEANAPOL)

• Consolidate National Police Forces,

enhance regional law enforcement
cooperation and harmonize policing system
in the region.
 PNP is a member of the ASEANAPOL.

 The ASEANAPOL deals with the preventive

enforcement and operational aspects of
cooperation against transnational crime.

 Actively involved in sharing knowledge and

expertise on policing, enforcement, law, criminal jus-
tice, and transnational and international crimes.
 PARTICIPATION OF PNP
PERSONNEL IN UN
PEACEKEEPING MIS-
SIONS
183 11/28/2023
 Q: Why do the PNP personnel
participate in UN Peacekeeping
Missions?

184 11/28/2023
 The Republic of the Philippines is committed to global
peace and as a founding member of the United Nations,
abides by its Charter and recognizes that while the
maintenance of international peace and security is the
primordial responsibility of the United Nations, individual
states, regional organizations and civil society share in this
responsibility.

185 11/28/2023
 • The Philippines reaffirms its commitment to the mandate
of the United Nations Security Council under Chapters VI
and VII of the Charter and the role of regional
organizations under Chapter VIII in the maintenance of
international peace and security. In honoring its obligations
under the Charter, the Philippines within its capabilities,
shall participate in initiatives under the aegis of the United
Nations.

186 11/28/2023
 The Philippines recognizes that the peacemaking,
peacekeeping, peace-enforcement and peace-building,
through the concept of multi-dimensional peace opera-
tions, remain as key and indispensable instruments for
the
maintenance of international peace and security.

187 11/28/2023
 It recognizes that the United Nations plays a fundamental
and crucial role in peace operations and imposes upon itself
the responsibility to take measures on humanitarian
concerns without resorting to the use of arms.

188 11/28/2023
 Subject to national goals and interests, the Philippines may
commit its resources to international developmental and
humanitarian assistance in furtherance of the UN
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

189 11/28/2023
 Selection and Qualifications
Applicants for UN peacekeeping mission should satisfy the
following standards and qualifications at the time of filing
the application thereof:

a. UNSAS eligible;

190 11/28/2023
 b. A Police Commissioned Officer (PCO) applicant must have a rank
of at least Police Senior Inspector while a Police
Non-Commissioned Officer (PNCO) applicant must have a
rank of at least Police Officer 3;

c. Have attained at least five (5) years of active police

service (excluding cadetship for PMA, PNPA, PMMA, and
equivalent Officer’s Training/Field Training Program (FTP)
for Lateral Entry Officers and Recruitment Training for
Police Non-Commissioned Officers);
191 11/28/2023
 d. Appointed in permanent status in his/her present rank;

e. Have at least one (1) year experience in vehicle driving

reckoned from the date of issuance of his/her valid
driver’s license;

f. Recommend by his/her Unit Commander (Command

Group, D-Staff Directors, RDs of PROs, NSUs Directors and
District Directors);

192 11/28/2023
g. Have a Performance Evaluation Rating (PER) of at least
Very Satisfactory (VS) for two (2) consecutive semestral
rating periods immediately preceding his/her application;

h. With no pending administrative or criminal case in any

body/tribunal or court nor a witness to any such case nor a
summary hearing officer with unresolved cases;

i. Have not been repatriated from previous UN Mission for

disciplinary reason/s;

193 11/28/2023
 j. With knowledge on basic computer operations
(e.g. Word, Excel, PowerPoint, email and internet);

k. Passed the latest Physical Fitness Test (PFT)

conducted by DHRDD as well as Medical, Dental and
Neuro-Psychiatric Examination; and

l. Without firearm accountability as certified by DL.

194 11/28/2023
 Terms of Deployments
Priority for deployment to mission area is as follows:

a. 1st Priority - PNP personnel who passed the UNSAT

Examination but without previous UN Mission deployment.

195 11/28/2023
 b. 2nd Priority - PNP personnel who passed the UNSAT
Examination but with previous UN mission deployment.

Personnel who obtained the highest UNSAT exam rating, or

those superior in rank, length of service, educational
attainment, or with fewer missions, in such order, shall have
priority for deployment.

196 11/28/2023
 DEFAULT:
• Personnel after having been nominated for deployment
shall be considered in default and will be removed from the
priority list under the following circumstances:

a. Non-submission of documentary requirements to the

Secretariat on specified date;

197 11/28/2023
 b. Failure to report for processing for deployment; and

c. Non-Attendance to the scheduled Pre-Departure

Orientation Seminars (PDOS).

198 11/28/2023
 DEFERMENT:

a. Deferment shall be allowed only once and only due to

health reasons duly certified by the Director, Health Ser-
vice;

199 11/28/2023
 b. Personnel deferred due to justifiable reasons cited above
can be renominated for deployment to the same mission
area as last priority; and

c. Requests for deferment shall be in writing.

200 11/28/2023
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
1. A court system where the accused is guilty until proven
innocent.
A. Adversarial B. Inquisitorial
C. Common Law D. Civil law
2. A court system where the accused is innocent until
proven guilty.
A. Adversarial B. Inquisitorial
C. Common Law D. Civil law
3. A peace and Order Council is organized in every city/
municipality by virtue of;
A. Executive Order 386 B. Executive Order 1012
C. Executive Order 309 D. Presidential Degree 118
4. In Japan Police Force, it is the highest rank in the sys-
tem, the chief of metropolitan police department.
A. Commissioner General B. Superintendent
General
C. Chief Superintendent D. Corporal
5. In the Civil Service System, merit and fitness are the
primary consideration in the ________.
A. two-party system B. promotional system
C. evaluation system D. tools system
6. In the continent of Asia, where can you find the country
of Vietnam?
A. Central Asia B. Eastern Asia
C. South-eastern Asia D. Southern Asia
7. In the Hong Kong Police Force we have the Commissioner
General, how about the Philippine National Police?
A. DILG Director B. Director General
C. Major General D. Secretary of De-
fense
8. It refers to a package of transnational flow of people,
production, investment, information, ideas and authority.
A. Trans nationalization B. internationalization
C. inter-border D. globalization
9. It refers to specifically to transnational crime carried out by
organized crime organizations.
A. Transnational crime B. Transnational Or-
ganized Crime
C. Organized crime gangs D. Organized Criminal
10. In US, the sheriff for each county is chosen through
A. referendum B. election
C. appointment by governor D. elimination
11. Policing in the United States (U.S.) is divided in these broad
categories except
A. Federal agencies B. State agencies
C. County agencies D. City agencies.
12. The continent which was derived from the name of a Phoenix
in Greek Mythology.
A. Europe B. South America
C. North America D. Asia
13. The fastest growing criminal industry in the world.
A. Human Trafficking B. Exploitation
C. Bonded labor D. Forced labor
14. The great barrier reef which is the world’s largest reef is
found in…
A. Europe B. Australia
C. North America D. Asia
15. The head of PNP has a rank of Director General, what is the
highest rank in Hong Kong?
A. Police Chief B. Commissioner gen-
eral
B. Police Inspector general D. Commissioner
16. The primary duty of this group is to protect the emperor of
Japan and its family…
A. Imperial Police B. Imperial guard
C. Imperial security D. Imperial agency
17. The threat of global terrorism indicates the growing power of
globalization as a perimeter of;
A. Financial networks B. Islamic fundamen-
talism
C. transnational ideology D. political actions
18. The world’s largest forest area is found in,
A. Europe B. South America
C. North America D. Asia
19. They have two roles, they let men buy them drinks and
later on they offer sexual services.
A. Stag party girls B. Hotel and
Convention prostitutes
C. Bar Girls D. Massage parlor
prostitutes
20. Used to define almost all illegal acts of violence commit-
ted for political purpose by clandestine groups.
A. national terrorist B. transnational ter-
rorist
C. international terrorist D. terrorism
21. What is the highest rank in Indonesia police force?
A. Police General B. Commissioner
C. Inspector General D. Commissioner
General
22. What is the lowest rank in Hong Kong?
A. Police B. First Bhayangkara
C. Second Bhayangkara D. Police constable
23. What is the lowest rank in Indonesia police force?
A. Watch B. Second Bhayangkara
C. Constable D. Police constable
24. Which police organization applies the “iron fist, velvet
glove” in the enforcement of law?
A. Switzerland Police B. Japan Police
C. Ireland Police D. Egypt Police
25. What type of democratic policing does Japan have com-
pare to U.S?
A. Fragmented B. Centralized
C. Integrated D. None of these
26. This is the type of system which is extremely decentral-
ized and one of its characteristics is having numerous po-
lice agencies;
A. Fragmented B. Centralized
27. Which of the following country that both national and
local governments share control:
A. Great Britain B. France
C. Belgium D. Philippines
28. This is a country that has a single system of law admin-
istration of justice and servants of the republic rather than
local governments;
A. Philippines B. U.K
C. France D. United States
29. The oldest police agency in France;
A. Police Nationale B. Gendarmerie
C. Police Judiciare D. Surete
30. In the system of the Public Safety Commissions of
Japan, The person who has the jurisdiction over the Na-
tional Public Safety Commissions is the?
A. Minister of state B. Prime Minister
C. Commissioner General D. Prefectural Gov-
ernor
31. This is a crime, consisting of an intentional act
of political violence to create an atmosphere of fear.
A. Terrorism B. Political crime
C. Hostage taking D. Transnational crime
32. This is a very broad category, encompassing everything
from illegal immigration to international prostitution, slav-
ery, and child pornography.
A. Flow of people B. Migration
C. Human trafficking D. Sex slavery
33. What type of democratic policing does Japan have com-
pare to U.S?
A. Fragmented B. Centralized
C. Integrated D. None of these
34. This is the type of system which is extremely decentral-
ized and one of its characteristics is having numerous po-
lice agencies;
A. Fragmented B. Centralized
C. Integrated D. None of these
35. This is the kind of policing system where police control is un-
der direct control of the national government:
A. Fragmented B. Centralized
C. Integrated D. None of these
36. They are distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where
less right is granted to the accused, and the written law is taken
as gospel and subject to little interpretation. What is referred to
this description?
A. civil law system B. socialist system
C. islamic system D. common law system
37. They are distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate
or retrain people into fulfilling their responsibilities to the state.
A. common law system B. civil law system
C. islamic system D. socialist system
38. Ultimate expression of positive law, designed to move the
state forward toward the perfectibility of state and mankind. It is
referring to as what?
A. common law system B. civil law system
C. socialist system D. islamic system
39. Conflicts are resolved by a tribunal council, and there are no jails
and prisons. This type of society is an excellent example of the folk-
communal or informal justice system.
A. Congo Police B. Egypt Police
C. Ireland Police D. Switzerland Police
40. It has a civil law, specialized police forces and punishment is incon-
sistent, sometimes harsh, and sometimes lenient. It is referred as
what?
A. urban–commercial society B. folk-communal society
C. urban-industrial society D. bureaucratic society
41. They let things go for awhile without attention until things become
too much, and then hash, barbaric punishment is resorted to. This so-
ciety is known as:
A. urban–commercial society B. urban-industrial soci-
ety
C. bureaucratic society D. folk-communal soci-
ety
42. Progress comes along with rising expectations. People at the bottom
develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see them-
selves rising fast enough. What theory describes this?
A. demographic theory B. deprivation theory
C. modernization theory D. anomie theory
43. It has codified laws but laws that prescribe good behavior,
police become specialized in how to handle property crimes. It is
referred to as what?
A. urban-industrial society B. bureaucratic society
C. folk-communal society D. urban–commercial
society
44. Crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and
overpopulation in urban areas such as slums. What theory best
describes this?
A. modernization theory B. alertness to crime
theory
C. economic theory D. opportunity theory
45. This society has little codification of law, no specialization among
police?
A. urban-industrial society B. bureaucratic society
C. folk-communal society D. urban–commercial
society
46. This system is distinguished by a strong adversarial system where
lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedent?
A. socialist system B. islamic systems
C. common law system D. civil law system
47. It sees the problem as society becoming too complex. This is
the theory of:
A. modernization theory B. alertness to crime theory
C. economic theory D. opportunity theory
48. When poor person commits a crime, the government goes to
work analyzing the family, education and employment needs of
everyone in that poor person’s family. It is referring to?
A. Congo Police B. Egypt Police
C. Ireland Police D. Switzerland Police
49. With high standard of living, victims become more careless of
their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multi-
ply. What theory describes this?
A. modernization theory B. alertness to crime theory
C. economic theory D. opportunity theory
50. The sense of hope and confidence among the people towards
their local authorities that they are doing everything they can in
crime control. It is referring to?
A. Congo Police B. Egypt Police
C. Ireland Police D. Switzerland Police
THANK
YOU!