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COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

LEA 201

CHAPTER 1
COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

INTRODUCTION

The first police force (Metropolitan Police Force of London or Scotland Yard) was
created in 1829, by Sir Robert Peel, he created 17 metropolitan police divisions in
London. He became known as the “Father of Modern Policing”. In 1856 the rest of
the country was required to establish the police force.
Since then, many different models of policing have been developed and
experimented with, developments in policing and crime control were fairly rapid during
the 1990s this is due to many reasons such as; changing patterns of crime, changing
demand on the police, and changing expectations of the police and their role in
communities.

THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING

1. Alertness to Crime Theory – That as a nation develops, people’s alertness to

crime is heightened. They report more crime to the police and demand the
police to become more effective in solving crime.
2. Economic or Migration Theory – is that crime everywhere is the result of
unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and
slums.
3. Opportunity Theory - High standard of living, victims become more careless of
their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
4. Demographic Theory – when a greater number of children are being born. As
these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the
adolescent identity crisis.
5. Deprivation Theory – That progress comes along with rising expectations.
People at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top
don’t see themselves rising fast enough.
6. Modernization Theory – Advent of technologies problem in the society
becoming too complex.
7. Anomie and Synomie Theory - that progressive lifestyle and norms
disintegrate older norms that once held people together. (Social cohesion on
values)

TYPES OF GOVERNMENT
Different types of government are included in the comparative police system
because the type of government of a country directly affects its law enforcement.

1. MONARCHY
One which supreme power of sovereignty is vested in the rules of a monarch.
Monarchy is classified into two:
a. Absolute Monarchy
  Where the ruler rules the divine right.
b. Limited or Constitutional Monarchy
 The power of the ruler is limited to a constitution.

2. ARISTOCRACY (The rule of the few)

a. Derive from Greek word aristocracia meaning “the rule of the best”.
b. Form of government in which supreme power is vested in the few privileged
class or groups wherein high power is based on birth, wealth, and wisdom. It is
otherwise known as Oligarchy.
c. Related terms
i. Autocracy – derived from Greek word autocrat means self-ruler or he who rules
by oneself. It is usually seen as synonymous with despot, tyrant, or dictator.
ii. Communist state – a state with the form of a government characterized by
the single-party rule of the communist party and professed allegiance to a communist
ideology as the guiding principle of a state.
iii. Corporatocracy or Corpocracy – a form of government where a corporation,
a group of corporations, or government entities with private components control the
direction and governance of a country.

3. DEMOCRACY (rule by people)

a. The supreme power is vested in the people.
b. “It is a government of the people by the people and for the people.” (Former US
President Abraham Lincoln)
c. It is classified into:
i. Direct Democracy – where the people directly govern themselves.
Sometimes called PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY.
ii. Indirect Democracy – the people elect representatives to act on their
behalf. (ex. The Philippines)

4. ANARCHY
a. Derived from the GREEK word anarchia which means “without a ruler”.
b. Society free from the coercive authority of any kind.
c. Related terms:
i. Anarchism – a philosophical movement that rise in the mid-19th century,
with its idea of freedom, is based upon political and economic self-culture. Started
by Pierre Joseph Proudhon in his book “What is Property?”
ii. Anarchist – those who advocate the absence of the state, arguing that
common sense would allow people to come together in agreement to form a
functional society allowing for the participants to freely develop their sense
of morality, ethics, or principled behavior.

COMPARATIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT

Societal Type of Police System

a. Folk-communal society - has little codification of law, no specialization among

police, and a system of punishment just let things go, types of punishment
barbaric. Classic example early Roman gentiles, Middle Eastern tribes, and Puritan
settlement in North America.
b. Urban-commercial society – has civil law (some standards and customs are
written down), specialized police forces (some for religious offices, others for
enforcing the King’s law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh,
sometimes lenient. Continental Europe followed this path.
c. Urban-industrial society – not only has codified laws (statutes that prohibited)
but laws that prescribe good behavior, police become specialized on how to handle
property crimes, and the system of punishment is run on market principles of
creating insensitive and disincentives. England and U.S followed this path.
d. Bureaucratic society – has a system of laws (along with armies of lawyers),
police who tend to keep busy handling, handling political crime and terrorism, and
a system of punishment characterized by over-criminalization and overcrowding.
 Juvenile delinquency is a phenomenon in the bureaucratic society. U.S and eight
other countries fit in this bureaucratic pattern.

Developing countries tend to be lumped into the first two (1) and (2) wherein the
study of cultures becomes more important in this context. While developed countries
tend to be the last two (3) and (4) wherein the study of the structures become more
important. Like economic and political systems.

TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM

1. Common law system - also known as Anglo-American justice, and exist in most
English-speaking countries of the world. They are distinguished by a strong
adversarial system. They primarily rely upon an oral system of evidence in which
the public trial is a main focal point. Countries of the U.S, England, Australia, and
New Zealand followed this system.
2. Civil law system – also known as Continental justice or Romano-Germanic
justice, and practiced throughout most of the European Union. They are
distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system (fewer rights are granted to the
accused and the written law is taken from the gospel). Europe, Sweden, Germany,
and Japan followed this system.
3. Socialist system – also known as Marxist-Leninist justice. They are distinguished
by procedures designed to rehabilitate or retrain people into fulfilling their
responsibilities to the state. Communist revolutions are the remnants of one.
Russia, Africa, and Asia followed this system.
4. Islamic system – also known as Muslim or Arabic justice, and derive all their
procedures and practices from the interpretation of the Koran.

CHAPTER II
MODELS OF POLICING
Policing
- the practice for the maintenance of peace and order, law enforcement, and the
security of the community.
- It is the practice of the method by police officers for the maintenance of peace
and order.
-
SIR ROBERT PEEL – was considered as the “father of Modern Policing System”

MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE

1. Centralized Policing System - A system wherein there is only one police force that
is recognized and operates entire a certain country.
2. Decentralized Policing System - A police system wherein police administration and
operation are independent of one state to another. It is more applicable to countries
with federal governments.

MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO APPROACH

1. PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING
 A model of policing which is focused on preventing crime from happening.
 This policing model involves detectives monitoring for patterns in crime to help
understand when and how crime is being committed. Once they have a pattern,
they will search for ways to prevent crimes from happening. This model has a
more proactive stance than traditional policing.
 A global movement with American origin. It embraces an analytic approach that
takes community concerns seriously while developing strategic responses that aim
to deal effectively with issues underlying police-relevant community problems, the
origins of this method are under the work of Goldstein (1979). It incorporates an
explicit conception of the nature and role of Modern Policing, with officer
 imagination, local discretion, and community resources being used where it is
relevant to do so (Tilley 2003).
 It stresses that substance and effectiveness over process and style, it is
predominantly evidence-based. Goldstein outlines several purposes of this method
of policing as follows;
1. To prevent and control conduct that threatens life and property
2. To aid victims and protect those in danger of physical harm
3. To protect constitutional guarantees
4. To facilitate the movement of people and vehicles
5. To assist those who cannot care for themselves
6. To resolve the conflict between individuals, groups of citizens, and their
government;

2. INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING MODEL

 By Sir David Philips
 It originated from the United Kingdom, it draws upon the notion that the police
can do know a great deal about offending patterns. The Police should actively gather
information about criminals and their organizations (Tilley, 2003). The core emphasis is
as follows:
1. The focus on crime alone;
2. The means used are enforcement and disruption of criminal groups;
3. The measure is aimed to reduce the problem by undermining the ability of
criminals to do business.

3. REACTIVE OR TRADITIONAL POLICING

 It is a model of policing wherein police will respond when a call was received.

4. PREDICTIVE POLICING
 A model of policing which includes predictive and analytical techniques in Law
Enforcement to identify potential offenders.
 It is the usage of mathematical predictive and analytic techniques to identify
possible criminal activity.

5. REASSURANCE POLICING
 It is a model of policing to identify signals and it involves the community in
solving community-related problems. It is similar to a community-oriented policing
system. Signal crimes are those that shape the community’s perception of risk
from a particular type of crime during a given period.
 It gives a feeling of safety that a citizen experiences when he knows that a police
officer or patrol car is nearby.

6. SCANNING, ANALYSIS, RESPONSES, ASSESSMENT (SARA)

 A type of policing which involves four steps in the problem-solving and decision-
making process.
o Scanning –involves the detection of patterns of problem activities, including
victims, location, and types of crimes. It requires an evaluation of the
problem, the perception of the problem by both law enforcement and
external partners, and an analysis of the severity of the problem.
o Analysis – includes looking for the root causes of any problems or issues
identified. Information is gathered from a variety of sources, including crime
reports and community members who are directly affected by the issue.
Causes of problems can include many factors, including neighborhood and
community perceptions of law enforcement themselves.
o Once the cause was identified, law enforcement officials will work with the
community to come up with and execute an appropriate, long-term
response. After the Response is implemented, an ongoing Assessment is
required to evaluate the effectiveness of the solution and make adjustments
if necessary

MODEL POLICE SYSTEM

Selected Police Model - hereunder are a few of the chosen police systems of different
countries that are distinct from each other in many terms;

I. Continental Policing – is traditional as it based its crime control efficiency on the

number of arrests and people being put to jail for punishment.

The following countries practicing continental policing to wit;

1. Egypt Police – consist of 11tribes who are descendants of ancient Greeks. The
inhabitants practice a moderate form of Islamic justice, rejecting Shariah punishment
and embracing the law (the law of tradition). The typical punishment for wrongdoing is
social ostracization (shunning).

2. China Police – The first police force comparable to present-day police was
established in 1667 under King Louis in France. The first modern police force is also
commonly said to be the London Metropolitan Police, established in 1829, which
promoted the preventive role of police as a deterrent to urban crime and disorder. Law
enforcement in ancient China was carried out by “prefects.” Prefects were government
officials appointed by magistrates, who in turn were appointed by the head of state,
usually the emperor of the dynasty. The prefects oversaw the civil administration of their
“prefecture or jurisdiction. Prefects are usually reported to the local magistrate, just as a
modern police report to judges.

3. Saudi Arabia - is highly centralized, during the Royal Decree King Abdul-Aziz formed
the Saudi Arabia Police force year 1950. The General directorate was formed under the
rule of the king and supervise all the police functions in the kingdom.

COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

 It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of
nations. It covers the study of police organizations, training, and methods of
policing of various nations.
 Comparing Police Systems as well as Models of Policing could be done Through the
following methods:
o Safari Method – it is a type of research in comparative criminology wherein a
researcher will visit another country for comparison purposes.
o Collaborative Method – one researcher will collaborate the work with a
foreign researcher.
o Historical Comparative – most often employed by researchers, used
quantitative and qualitative methods (known as Historiography or Holism).
o Unpublished Works Comparison – single culture study and two culture study
using published works

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL JUSTICE

 It involves the study and description of one country’s law, criminal procedure, or
justice process.
 It attempts to build on the knowledge of criminal justice of one country by
investigating and evaluating, in terms of another country, culture, or institution.

COMPARATIVE CRIMINAL JUSTICE

 It is a subfield of the study of criminal justice that compares the justice system
worldwide. Such a study can take a descriptive, historical, or political approach. It
studies the differences and similarities in the structure, goals, punishments, and
emphasis on rights as well as the historical political structure of different systems.

TRANSNATIONAL POLICING
 It pertains to all forms of policing that transgress national borders.

INTERNATIONAL POLICING
 It indicates to those types of policing that are formally directed by institutions
usually responsible for international affairs.
GLOBAL POLICING
 Indicates those forms of policing that are fully global in scope.

GLOBALIZATION
 A process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations. A process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information technology. The process has effects on the
environment, on culture, on political systems, economic development and
prosperity, and human physical well-being in societies around the world.
 The process of international integration arising from the interchange of world
views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture. Put in simple terms,
globalization refers to processes that promote worldwide exchanges of national
 and cultural resources. Advances in transportation and telecommunications
infrastructure, including the rise of the internet, are major factors in globalization
generating further interdependence of economic and cultural activities.

Globalization – is a package of the transnational flow of people, production, investment

information, ideas, and authority.

People – which refer to the aggregate of the population. But what is vital about people
is their empowerment to become productive members of the community.

People empowerment – is the delegation of authority, accountability, and

responsibility to employees for improving the business processes under their control
without obtaining permission from the management.

Production – is the act of creating output, a good or service that has value and
contributes to the utility of individuals.

Investment – taking the point of view of economists.

Information – is defined as a system or data taken raw facts.

Ideas – in modern concept may refer to idealism which means a theory of reality and of
a knowledge that attributes to consciousness, or the immaterial mind, a primary role in
the constitution of the world.

Authority – define in two faces which emanates from natural law and science.

Alison Brysk is a digest paper stated that Globalization is the growing

interpenetration of states, markets, communication, and ideas. It is one of the leading
characteristics of the contemporary world. International norms and institutions for the
protection or policing of human rights are more developed than at any previous point of
history, while global civil society fosters growing avenues of appeal for citizens repressed
by their states.
With Brysk’s view on Globalization and human rights, a more broadly articulated and
accepted way of protecting these rights of individuals has come to depend even more on
a broad array of a global system of policing and forces, from the local police to the
international police.

Scope of Globalization in terms of Law Enforcement:

But assaults on fundamental human dignity continue, and the very blurring of
borders and rise of transnational actors facilitated the development of a global human
rights regime that may also be generating new sources of human rights abuse.
With Brysk’s views on globalization and human rights, a more broadly articulated
and accepted way of protecting these rights is within the hands of Law Enforcement
Agencies in the World. The rights of individuals have come to depend evermore on a
broad array of the global system of policing and forces, from the local police to the
international police.

Components of Globalization
 Globalization is composed of three major components; a territory, the population,
and its government. All these evolve as one community under one authority if we are
to achieve universal peace and order. The authority may be virtual, it does not speak to
a single person authority but an authority which is found inside the senses of every
individual to be considerate of others, moderate in manner, and most of all to be
responsible, this authority is known as Love.

Three (3) components of Globalization

1. Territory
2. Population or society
3. Government

Territory – refers to a place of exclusive jurisdiction of those who sojourn within with
protected rights and privileges, the United Nation declaration of national territories gives
the following understanding;

Origin of boundaries – the original divisions were often based upon the extent of
available agricultural land or on the influence of a central group of the city a surrounding
area.

Gradually, as groups organized into empires and expanded their territories, they
encountered other empires, where the empires met, wars were often fought, and
eventually, peace followed.

By the 19th century, most of the world had been divided by boundaries into
countries, colonial territories, or claims. The 20 th century’s largest conflict- World War I,
WW II, Korean War, Vietnam war, and the gulf war, all served as reminders of how
boundaries, when disported, can affect entire regions and even distant countries.

Boundary – refers to the line that divides one geographic area from another it is often
more complex than it seems on the map.

Types of boundaries:

1. International boundary – refers to a line that divides a country from another country
by a mutual peaceful agreement.
2. Disputed boundary – is an international or internal border openly contested by two or
more countries or subdivisions within a country.
3. Ceasefire line – is established by an official ceasefire agreement between two or more
countries.
4. Treaty line – is a boundary established by an official treaty between two or more
countries but not yet agreed upon by all countries involved.

With the creation of the League of Nations in 1919, countries had an impartial
approach for settling disputes through legal and peaceful means instead of going to war.
One of the foremost concerns of the international law has been the legal status of the
state territory, example the portion of the globe which are subject to the sovereignty of
individuals states.
The importance of the state territory is that it is a space with in which the states
exercises its supreme and normally exclusive authority, “which of course must exercise
d in accordance with international law.
The territory of the state consists not only of the land, including its sub soil but
also of national or internal waters, and in the case of a coastal state; it also include the
territorial seas.

UNCLOS (UN Convention on the Law of the Sea)

The most comprehensive attempt at creating a unified regime for governance of

the right of nations with respect to the world oceans includes the following:
1. Navigation rights
2. Economic rights
3. Pollution of the seas
4. Scientific exploration
5. Piracy

Historical background under UNCLOS consideration:

1. Freedom of the seas doctrine – limited national rights and jurisdiction over a
narrow band of water along a national coast the rest of the sea being free to all and
belonging to none.
2. Cannon shot rule – set forth that a nation controlled a territorial sea as far as a
projectile could be fired from a cannon based onshore, approximate range 3 nautical
miles. The first nation to challenge the long-standing freedom of the seas doctrine was
the US on September 28, 1945, President Harry S. Truman signed what was become
commonly known as the Truman proclamation.

Division of Ocean areas:

a. Baseline – is the boundary from which a nation begins measurements to

determine the portion of the adjacent ocean or continental shelf over which may
exercise sovereignty.
b. International water – those that are contained on the landward side of the
baseline.
c. Territorial sea – a nation may establish a territorial sea that extends up to 12
nautical miles from the baseline.
d. Contiguous zone – a region of the sea

Population or society – defined as the common people residing in one specific

jurisdiction. Society is living in association with others with common cultural practices,
interests, and the likes.

Societas Leonina – that kind of society or partnership by which the entire profits should
belong to some of the partners in exclusion to some. (Phil. Law Dictionary).

Government – The Philippine legal dictionary defines it as the aggregate of authorities

that rule society.

SIGNIFICANCE OF ECONOMY TO GLOBALIZATION

1. Economy – defined as the lubricant of progress. Progress is an encompassing

term that broadly means satisfaction of human needs where according to the
hierarchy of needs, Human needs vary but can be summarized into; food, clothing,
and shelter. All these can be derived from the resources each nation or state has.
The capability of a nation/state to discover, produce these resources defines its
economic progress. Hence, for an economy to mobilize, the following are given
considerations;
a. Human resources – the ability of a nation to educate, mobilize and utilize its
human resources means productivity. The product produced by human ingenuity is
the measure of their education and training standards. By no means, a nation can
be considered progressive if it depends on others for its needs.
b. Natural resources – this refers to all things visible and invisible that support
human life. The discovery and utilization of these things define the standard of a
living nation. Overutilization and improper abuse of these resources lead a nation
to ultimate poverty and desertion.
c. Currency – this refers to the standard of exchange human ingenuity has
established. It becomes also the standard measure of an economist to determine
 the progress and poverty of a family and nation. Misunderstanding the meaning of
currency makes one save of it, it is, therefore, inherent that one must understand
currency as only an instrument and not everything. That with or without it, life will
always be meaningful.
d. Governance – undeniably, the form of government is one of the key factors in
economic development, this is because a government monopolizing everything
and making its human resources slave become inutile and cannot be productive.

2. World Economy - is source and basis for trade policy and other open economy
issues embracing international trade and the environment, international finance,
trade, and development. It also considers related areas such as economies in
transition and development economics, making the World economy an essential
reference for in-depth knowledge on and up-to-date coverage of international
economic relations.
3. Trade Policy Issues – it is the reference of the World Economy on a country
basis, regionally and globally – It also covers broader issues such as exchange
rates, IMF/World Bank, debt, environmental, and other international issues as they
relate to trade.

TRILOGIES GENUINE DEVELOPMENT

Freedom – Knowledge – Development. This trilogy is the basic equation for the
development

Freedom – it presupposes the power of acting, in the character of moral personality,

according to the dictates of the will, without other checks, hindrance, or prohibition than
such as may be imposed by just and necessary laws and the duties of social life.

Knowledge – a mental state of awareness about a fact; a state of being aware or

informed; a consciousness of the fact, a state, or happening.

Development - Commonly referred to as a shift from a state of poverty to progress

brought about by modernization, technologization, and industrialization. On a personal
level, it also refers to a shift or change from being inferior to being a leader.

CHAPTER 3
MULTICULTURAL POLICING APPRAISAL

IMPORTANCE OF COMMUNITY POLICING IN MULTICULTURAL SOCIETIES

Community policing has ebbed and flowed in popularity and application over the
years, though many suggest it is still a viable policing strategy that helps to establish
trust and leads to genuine partnerships between communities and the police. The
current social climate in the United States calls for a review of police practices and
relations with community members, especially regarding people of color.

The overarching question is whether community policing can bring the

communities and police together while also effectively addressing crime. Research on
community policing has found that minority communities have reacted positively to
community policing initiatives, especially when the community members know or come
to know the police officers who serve their communities. The profession must continue
to strive in improving the dyadic relationship between the police and their communities.

One critical realization is that police may be putting forth a one-size-fits-all

approach when they use the term “community policing.” However, a real understanding
of cultural differences in the communities that police service should inform how police
solve policing problems in these communities. Twenty-first-century policing calls for new
strategies in training, leadership, community involvement and interaction, and officer
wellness, as well as the use of new technology and the reliance on credible data.

By understanding the various cultures in multi-ethnicity and multicultural

communities, police agencies can be more effective. Enhancing cultural competence may
assist in identifying how police can best address policing problems in their communities,
which will also make the police more effective in the viewpoint of the community.

Perhaps, in recognizing that there are historical differences in the treatment of

those who are from minority or marginalized races and cultures and acknowledging that
the disparate treatment ultimately influences people’s worldviews and perceptions of
what is fair and just, one can begin to understand the lack of confidence of an equitable
society. It then is reasonable to comprehend why the members of those groups are
reluctant to place absolute trust in the police. The acknowledgment of these differences
in the treatment of various people may allow for a substantial commitment to systemic
change and equitable service and justice.

SIGNIFICANCE OF POLICING IN SOCIAL LIFE

Police typically are responsible for maintaining public order and safety, enforcing
the law, and preventing, detecting, and investigating criminal activities. These functions
are known as policing. Police are often also entrusted with various licensing and
regulatory activities.

 Prevention- comprises strategies and measures that seek to reduce the risk
of crimes occurring, and their potentially harmful effects on individuals and
society, including fear of crime, by intervening to influence their multiple causes.

 Detection- In most countries, the detection of crime is the responsibility of the

police, though special law enforcement agencies may be responsible for the
discovery of particular types of crime (e.g., customs departments may be
charged with combating smuggling and related offenses).

 Investigation-An investigation is a thorough search for facts, especially those

that are hidden or need to be sorted out in a complex situation. The goal of an
investigation is usually to determine how or why something happened.
Investigations are usually formal and official.

 Apprehension- The administration of justice consists of the identification,

arrest, prosecution, and punishment of the violator, the objective of which is
voluntary compliance with the law. Once a crime has been committed, the police
must initiate the criminal justice system process by identifying and arresting the
perpetrator, obtaining necessary evidence, and cooperating in the prosecution of
the case.
As the certainty of swift and sure punishment serves as an effective
deterrent to crime, so must the police strive to solve all crimes and bring
perpetrators to justice.

ROLES AND DUTIES OF THE POLICE

Section 57 of the Model Police Act, 2006, lays down the roles, functions, and
duties of the police. Following are the important provisions of the said Section. Section
57 states as follows,

“The role and functions of the police shall broadly be:

 to uphold and enforce the law impartially, and to protect life, liberty, property,
human rights, and dignity of the members of the public;
 to promote and preserve public order;
 to protect internal security, to prevent and control terrorist activities, breaches of
communal harmony, militant activities, and other situations affecting Internal
Security;
 to protect public properties including roads, railways, bridges, vital installations,
and establishments, etc. against acts of vandalism, violence, or any kind of attack;
 to prevent crimes, and reduce the opportunities for the commission of crimes
through their preventive action and measures as well as by aiding and cooperating
with other relevant agencies in implementing due measures for prevention of
crimes;
 to accurately register all complaints brought to them by a complainant or his
representative, in person or received by post, e-mail, or other means, and take
prompt follow-up action thereon, after duly acknowledging the receipt of the
complaint;
 to register and investigate all cognizable offenses coming to their notice through
such complaints or otherwise, duly supplying a copy of the First Information
Report to the complainant, and where appropriate, to apprehend the offenders,
and extend requisite assistance in the prosecution of offenders;
 to create and maintain a feeling of security in the community, and as far as
possible prevent conflicts and promote amity;
 to provide, as first responders, all possible help to people in situations arising out
of natural or man-made disasters, and to provide active assistance to other
agencies in relief and rehabilitation measures; to aid individuals, who are in
danger of physical harm to their person or property, and to provide necessary help
and afford relief to people in distress situations;
 to facilitate orderly movement of people and vehicles, and to control and regulate
traffic on roads and highways;
 to collect intelligence relating to matters affecting public peace, and all kinds of
crimes including social offenses, communalism, extremism, terrorism, and other
matters relating to national security, and disseminate the same to all concerned
agencies, besides acting, as appropriate on it.
 to take charge, as a police officer on duty, of all unclaimed property and take
action for their safe custody and disposal under the procedure prescribed.”

II. DEVELOPMENT OF OTHER COUNTRIES’ POLICING SYSTEM

1. Congo Police – From its founding in 1888, Force Publique fulfilled the basic
functions of both a police force and an army. This dual role caused tension within
the organization and resulted in poor performance and effectiveness. After World
war I the Belgian administration reorganized the force into two:
 a. The Garrison Troops – serve as a military force oriented against an external
threat.
 b. Territorial service troops – assumed the role of gendarmerie or police force.

2. Royal Bahamas Police – is the primary line of defense and protection for
Bahamian citizens. The member of the police force deserves the full support and
cooperation of the Government and all citizens in the execution of their
responsibilities. Develop in 1992, all privileges about benefits and pieces of
training are being introduced to upgrade their capabilities.

3. Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary – is a national police force with

jurisdiction throughout all of Papua New Guinea. The Royal Papua New Guinea
constabulary was established by the Australian administration in the late 19 th
century and gain independence in 1975 and shifted the name as New Guinea
Police Force up to the present.

4. New Zealand Police – responsible for enforcing criminal and traffic law,
enhancing public safety, maintaining peace and order.

In 1840, with the arrival of Governor Hobson in New Zealand, Police Magistrates
exercised their power to appoint selected men to act as police. Six years later, on
 9 October 1846, an ordinance for the establishment and maintenance of a
constabulary force was passed.

This Act described the police force as "a sufficient number of fit and able men who
would serve as an 'armed force' for preserving the peace and preventing robberies
and other felonies and apprehending offenders against the peace."

The gold rushes of the 1860s in Otago and Canterbury meant police often had a
difficult time keeping the peace. After 1867 the Armed Constabulary was also
required to fight in the land wars.

The Police Act 1886 established New Zealand's first national, civil, police force. The
force was generally unarmed. Sergeant John Nash was New Zealand's first non-
commissioned police officer.

In 1958 a new Police Act was passed in which the word 'force' was removed. The
name now used is New Zealand Police or Police.

5. Brazil Police
The first groups assigned with security duties in Brazilian territory date back to the
early sixteenth century. Small, incipient units were designated in the Brazilian
coastline, with the main function of fending off hostile foreign invaders. In 1566,
the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the seventeenth
century, most "capitanias" already had local units with law enforcement functions.
On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in Minas Gerais for maintaining
order. At the time, intense gold mining had attracted attention and greed of
explorers, generating tensions in the area.

In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated to Brazil, due to the French
invasion of Portugal. King João VI sought to reshape the administrative structure
of the colony. Among several reforms, he established the "Intendência Geral de
Polícia" (General Police Intendancy), which merged police units with investigative
functions, call currently of Civil Police. He also created a Military Guard with police
functions on 13 May 1809. This is considered a predecessor force of local military
police units. Later, in 1831, when independence had already been declared, each
province started organizing its local "military police", with order maintenance
tasks.

On 31 January 1842, law 261 was enacted, reorganizing the investigative offices,
the current "civil police".

The first federal police force, the Federal Railroad Police, was created in 1852.

Finally, in 1871, law 2033 separated police and judicial functions, creating the
general bureaucratic structure and mechanisms still adopted nowadays by local
police forces. In 1944, a federal police institution was created. The current Federal
Police department was conceived on November 16, 1964. During the military
dictatorship, some political police organizations were maintained, such as the DOI-
CODI.
– The federal constitution establishes five different law enforcement institutions:

a. Federal Police – as described in the constitution as a permanent organ of the

Federal executive branch. It has the main duty of preventing and investigating
federal crimes
b. Federal Highway Police – the main function is to conduct patrol on the federal
highways but it does not investigate.
c. Federal Railway Police - the main function is to conduct patrol on the federal
railways but it does not investigate.
d. State Military Police and Fire Brigade - It patrols the streets and imprisons
suspects of criminal activity handing them over to Civil police custody or, in case
of federal crimes.
 e. State Civil Police – is the state police with law enforcement duties. It has the
function of investigating crimes committed in violation of Brazilian criminal law. It
does not patrol the streets and does not use uniforms.

The first three are affiliated with federal authorities and the latter two are affiliated
with the state government. Their two main primary functions are maintaining
order and law enforcement.

III. POLICE SYSTEMS OF OTHER COUNTRIES

1. Japan Police – is a political body under the supervision of an independent agency,

the National Police Agency, and free of direct central government executive control.

2. United States - Law enforcement in the United States is one of three major
components of the criminal justice system of the United States, along with courts and
corrections. Although each component operates semi-independently, the three
collectively form a chain leading from an investigation of suspected criminal activity to
the administration of criminal punishment.

3. Royal Canadian Mounted Police – literally means ‘Royal Gendermarie of Canada’ is

the federal, national, and paramilitary police force of Canada, and one of the most
recognized of its kind around the world. The RCMP is primarily responsible for enforcing
federal, provincial, and local laws.

4. Australian Police - Australia has one police force for each of the six States and the
Northern territory. All Australian police forces have a hierarchical organization.

5. United Arab Emirates -The Ministry of Interior has overall responsibility for public
security and law and order. Under the ministry, the national police have primary
responsibility for maintaining public order and preventing and investigating crimes. The
National Guard--a semiautonomous body--has guard duties on the border and at oil
fields, utilities, and other strategic locations. The guard acts as a reserve for the regular
forces and reinforces the metropolitan police as needed.

6. China - National law enforcement services are provided by public security bureaus,
the provincial and municipal public security counterparts which, under the leadership of
the local government, operate in the main towns, cities, and counties of China.

7. Switzerland Police – For many years Switzerland the crime is very low, they are
effective in managing their underclass population. Swiss crime control is highly effective
in using an “iron fist, velvet glove” approach toward those who commit a crime and
come from the bottom echelons of Swiss society.

8. Ireland Police – Despite a serious unemployment problem, presence of large urban

ghettos. Ireland is another place with an unexpectedly low crime rate. The reason for
this, the people had a high degree of confidence in authorities and the community
participate in crime control.

9. Mexico Police – plays an important role in maintaining the internal security of the
country. There are two branches of Mexico police

a. Preventive Mexico police – responsible for maintaining law and order in the
cities and other regions of the country.
b. Judicial Police – impose either local laws or federal laws based on their
jurisdiction.

10. Argentina Federal Police – enforce laws in all Argentine territory, also assume the
role of local police.

11. National Police Agency (NPA) – the central coordinating body for the entire
police system, determines general standards and policies; detailed direction of
operations is left to the lower echelons.
12. Singapore Police Force – tasked with maintaining law and order in the city-state.
Formerly known as the Republic of Singapore Police.

1. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE

Insignia Rank Equivalent rank (2019)

Director General Police General

Deputy Director General Police Lieutenant General

Director Police Major General

Chief Superintendent Police Brigadier General

Senior Superintendent Police Colonel

Superintendent Police Lieutenant Colonel

Chief Inspector Police Major

Senior Inspector Police Captain

Inspector Police Lieutenant

Senior Police Officer IV Police Executive Master

(SPO4) Sergeant

Senior Police Officer III

Police Chief Master Sergeant
(SPO3)

Senior Police Officer II Police Senior Master

(SPO2) Sergeant

Senior Police Officer I

Police Master Sergeant
(SPO1)

Police Officer III (PO3) Police Staff Sergeant

 Police Officer II (PO2) Police Corporal

Police Officer I (PO1) Patrolman / Patrolwoman

2. Australian Police

New South Wales Police Force

Incre Lead
Senior
Proba Seni ment ing Incre Seni Chie Assist
Chief Assist Deputy
tionar Con or al Seni Ser ment or Insp f Superi ant Commi
Superi ant Commi
y stabl Con Senio or gea al Ser ecto Insp ntende Commi ssione
ntende Commi ssione
Const e stabl r Con nt Serg gea r ecto nt ssione r
nt ssione r
able e Const stabl eant nt r r
r
able e

Queensland Police Service

Consta
Senior Senior Chief Assistant Deputy
Consta ble Sergea Inspect Superintend Commissio
Consta Sergea Superintend Commissio Commissio
ble (5 nt or ent ner
ble nt ent ner ner
years)

South Australia Police

Proba Con Con Seni Seni Bre Ser Seni Seni Insp Chi Superi Chief Com Assist Deput Comm
tionar stabl stabl or or vet gea or or ecto ef ntende Superi mand ant y ission
y e e Con Con Ser nt Ser Ser r Insp nt ntende er Comm Comm er
Const First stabl stabl gea gea gea ecto nt ission ission
able Clas e e nt nt nt r
 First First
s Clas Clas er er
s s

Tasmania Police

Leadi
Senio ng Seni Assistan
First Chief Chief Deputy Chief
Const r Senio Serg or Inspe Superint Comm t
Const Inspe Superinte Commis Commis
able Const r eant Serg ctor endent ander Commis
able[6] ctor* ndent* sioner sioner
able Const eant sioner
able

Western Australia Police

Constab
Senior Senior Assistant Deputy
Constab le Sergea Inspect Superintend Comman Commissio
Constab Sergea Commissio Commissio
le First nt or ent der ner
le nt ner ner
Class

Australian Federal Police (ACT Policing)

Assistant
Commissi
Leadin
First Statio oner
Senior g Deputy
Police Consta Class Serge n Superinten Comman (Chief Commissi
Consta Senior Commissi
Recruit ble Consta ant Serge dent der Police oner
ble Consta oner
ble ant Officer
ble
of ACT
Policing)
 3. BELGUIM POLICE

Rank
Rank insignia Federal insignia
Cadre Rank
Police Local
Police

Officer level Chief Commissioner -

Hoofdcommissaris -
(commissioned Commissaire
officers) Divisionnaire

Commissioner -
Commissaris -
Commissaire
Candidate
Commissioner -
Aspirant-Commissaris
- Aspirant-
Commissaire
Middle-level Chief Inspector -
Hoofdinspecteur -
(non-
Inspecteur Principal
commissioned
officers) equal to sergeant

Candidate Chief
Inspector -
Aspirant-
Hoofdinspecteur -
Aspirant-Inspecteur
Principal
Inspector -
Inspecteur -
Base-level Inspecteur
(troops) base rank; full
powers; equal to
constable or officer

Candidate
Inspector -
Aspirant-Inspecteur
- Aspirant-
Inspecteur
Auxiliary (Auxiliary)
level Officer - Agent -
Agent
only limited powers;
not to be confused
with constable or
officer; formerly
known as "auxiliary
 officer"

Candidate
(Auxiliary)
Officer - Aspirant-
Agent - Aspirant-
Agent

4. BRAZIL POLICE
Stude
OF
NATO OF OF OF OF OF- OF( nt
- OF-5 OF-4 OF-2 OF-1
code -9 -8 -7 -6 3 D) offic
10
er

Bra
zil No equivalent
(Milita
ry
Police) Tenen Prime Segun
Coron te- Maj Capit iro do
Aspirante
el coron or ão tenen tenen
el te te

NATO OR- OR-

OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-1
Code 3 2

Braz No
il No equivale
(Milita equivale nt
ry nt
Police) Primeir Segund Terceir
Subtenen o- o- o- Solda
Cabo
te sargent sargen sargent do
o to o

5. CANADIAN POLICE

Ranks of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police:

Commissioned officers

Deputy Assistant Chief

Commission Superintende
commission commission superintende Inspector
er nt
er er nt

Sous-
Commissair Surintendant Inspecte
' commissair Surintendant
e adjoint principal ur
e
 Non-commissioned officers

Corps Staff
Sergeant Staff
sergeant sergeant Sergeant Corporal Constable
major sergeant
major major

Sergent-
Sergent- Sergent
Sergent- major
major du d'état- Sergent Caporal Gendarme
major d'état
corps major
major

No
insignia

6. China

OF(D)
Equiva and
lent OF- OF- OF- OF OF- OF studen
OF-10 OF-8 OF-6 OF-4
NATO 9 7 5 -3 2 -1 t
code office
r

Pe
ople's No
Republ equiv
ic of alent Maj
China Lieut Colon Lieut Ma Secon Offi
Gen or Col Cap First cer
enant el enant jo d
era gen one tai lieute
gener comma colon r lieut cade
l era l n nant t
al ndant el 少 enant
上将 l 上校 上尉 中尉
中将 大校 中校 校 少尉 学员
少将

Non-commissioned officers and enlisted

 Equivalent
OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4
NATO code

People's
Republic of
China Chief Chief
Chief
Chief sergeant sergeant
sergeant Sergean
sergeant 3rd 4th Corporal
2nd class t c
1st class class class (中士)
(二级军士 (上士)
(一级军士长) (三级军士 (四级军士
长)
长) 长)

7. Denmark POLICE

Police of Denmark § Ranks and insignia

Danish National Police rank insignia

I
De n
nm s
ar i
k g
n
i
a
R Rig Politidirektø Chefpo Vicepolitimes Vic Po Pol Pol Po
a spo r, Vicepoliti litiin ter, Chefankl epo li iti iti li
n lit direktør, Vic spektø ager, Politii lit ti ass ass ti
k ich erigspolitich r or C nspektør or C iin ko ist ist be
efe ef or Politim hefank hefpolitiinsp spe mm ent ent tj
n ester lager ektør ktø is af af en
r sæ 1. 2. t
r gra gra
d d
E Nat Chief of Chief Deputy chief Dep Co Pol Pol Po
N ion police, inspec of police, uty mm ice ice li
R al tor, chief ins is con con ce
a pol chief inspector, pec si sta sta of
n ice prosec inspector tor on ble ble fi
k com utor er fir ce
mis st r
sio cla
ner ss

CHAPTER 4
POLICING IN THE PHILIPPINES, EXTRADITION TREATY AND
INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION

I. POLICING IN THE PHILIPPINES

 There are several police systems in the Philippines. On the national level are the
National Bureau of Investigation and the Philippine Constabulary; at the local level, each
political entity has its police force.

NATIONAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION

The National Bureau of Investigation, which is under the Department of Justice, is

modeled closely along the lines of the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation. It
is a small, moderately equipped organization that essentially serves the metropolitan
area of Manila. Its investigators seldom can actively participate in investigations held in
the provinces. Reasons for this are twofold: The Bureau has insufficient travel funds;
furthermore, the lack of transportation facilities is extremely acute, particularly in the
more remote areas of the islands.

Duties of the Bureau include investigation of national crimes and of serious local
crimes which the local police are unable to solve. In the latter instance, it will enter the
investigation at the express request of the local officials or the President of the
Philippines. As indicated, transportation considerations restrict considerably the scope of
its activities outside the Manila area. However, some of the larger cities and
municipalities, regardless of their location, do utilize their laboratory facilities. These
larger municipal units usually have at least one individual on each of their police forces
who are trained in the techniques of gathering physical evidence. This evidence is then
submitted to the Bureau laboratory in Manila for analysis. By and large, laboratory
analysis is the only significant Bureau service provided by the local police forces.

THE CONSTABULARY

In contrast to the Bureau, the Philippine Constabulary is a semi-military

organization that functions as a national police force. It is equipped and trained to
handle insurrections, mass disturbances, and large-scale banditry. It is not trained for
crime detection, traffic control, and the other everyday aspects of regular police work.

Philippine Constabulary effectiveness, then, is not adequate for at least two of the
functions it is supposed to perform. Being trained in the military, not police, methods, it
is unable to cope with the everyday needs of local police work. Moreover, it is un-
qualified to train local police forces. The extremely military character of the Constabulary
qualifies that organization only for the function of discouraging, or if need be crushing,
insurrections and large scale banditry.

MANILA POLICE

Most of these generalizations about the police forces of the chartered cities hold
for Manila. However, the size of Manila in terms of both area and population creates
complex police problems and needs which differ markedly from the other chartered
cities. In many respects, the Manila Police Department compares favorably to the police
departments in large American cities. For instance, it consists of approximately 2400
men, all of whom are equipped with uniforms and weapons.

The members of the force receive pre-service and in-service training in police
techniques. There is an extensive precinct system. Communication and transportation
facilities, while not up to normal American standards, are among the best in Asia and
are being gradually improved. Furthermore, the United States Army has bequeathed
considerable police laboratory equipment to the Department, and police officers have
subsequently been trained in the use of this equipment.

PROVINCIAL POLICE

The province is an administrative subdivision of the national government,

performing such functions as are conferred upon it by the national government.
Provincial police functions are performed by two quasi-police forces-the special agents of
the governor, and the provincial guard.

The governor of each province has several special agents on the provincial payroll
who serve as a police force insofar as they are concerned with helping the municipal
police to maintain law and order. The governor shares with the Philippine Constabulary
the responsibility for maintaining law and order in his province.

A second provincial police force is the provincial guard-a small unit in each
province. This unit is used chiefly to guard the provincial jail.' Infrequently, guards are
dispatched to the municipalities to transfer prisoners from the municipal jails to the
provincial jail, although this is usually done by the municipal police. Even more in-
frequently, provincial guards are used to actively combat criminal activities in the
province. This latter function is performed only at rare intervals because The guards are
not trained in police techniques (their only training is a series of military drills); they are
generally without sufficient numbers of firearms; the unit has no transportation, nor are
the guards provided a transportation allowance; and finally, the small size of the
average guard force prevents the detachment of part of the unit for police work other
than guard duty.

MUNICIPAL POLICE

The municipality is an administrative subdivision of the province." It is composed

of several barrios and a Poblacion. The mayor of the municipality has direct
responsibility for the supervision of the municipal police force. He, in turn, is accountable
to the provincial governor and the Philippine Constabulary for the maintenance of law
and order in his municipality.

The police chief and policemen of a municipality are appointed by the mayor with
the approval of the municipal council. The size of the force is determined by the
municipal council with the consent of the provincial board.

Considerable control over the municipal police is exercised by the Philippine

Constabulary. It issues regulations covering the general conduct, duties, and weapons of
the municipal police. The municipal council may issue supplementary regulations, but
these must not conflict with those issued by the Constabulary. Inspectors from the
Constabulary make periodic inspections of municipal police forces. If deficiencies are
noted by the inspector, the Constabulary must oversee their correction. A report of
inspections is filed with the mayor, the provincial governor, and the President.

Municipalities are supposed to equip their police forces with arms and ammunition,
but their weak financial condition frequently makes this impossible. Constabulary
firearms are sometimes loaned to those municipalities which cannot afford to buy
weapons. However, from time to time the Constabulary recalls these firearms, thereby
leaving the municipal police defenseless against possible armed criminal activities.

RURAL POLICE
 The primary political unit in the rural areas of the Philippines is the barrio, which is
a subdivision of the municipality and the chartered city. Each municipal or city councilor
is placed in charge of a barrio, or a district composed of several barrios. One of the main
duties of the counselor is to ensure the preservation of law and order in his barrios.
Therefore, he is nearly always accredited as a peace officer with the power to make
arrests. A councilor is assisted in his official work with the barrios by the barrio
lieutenants. Each municipal barrio (and some city barrios) is entitled to have a barrio
lieutenant. The barrio lieutenant is the eyes and ears, indeed the very personification, of
the councilor.

For all practical purposes, a barrio lieutenant in the majority of the barrios is the
sole government for that barrio. His main function as the personal representative of the
councilor is to maintain law and order in the barrio. He normally accomplishes this task
with the aid of rural policemen. These policemen are barrio citizens who have been
deputized by the barrio lieutenant. The rural police and the barrio lieutenants are nearly
always unarmed, unpaid, and untrained in police work. Barrio police are sufficiently
competent to handle the ordinary crimes committed in the barrios. More difficult cases
and large-scale banditry are dealt with by the Philippine Constabulary.

II. EXTRADITION TREATY with the PHILIPPINES and INTERNATIONAL

AGREEMENTS on LAW ENFORCEMENT COOPERATION

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO 1069

PRESCRIBING THE PROCEDURE FOR THE EXTRADITION OF PERSONS WHO

HAVE COMMITTED CRIMES IN A FOREIGN COUNTRY

Section 1. Short-Title. This Decree shall be known as the "Philippine Extradition Law".

Section 2. Definition of Terms.

When used in this law, the following terms shall, unless the context otherwise indicates,
have meanings respectively assigned to them:

(a) "Extradition" The removal of an accused from the Philippines with the object of
placing him at the disposal of foreign authorities to enable the requesting state or
government to hold him in connection with any criminal investigation directed against
him or the execution of a penalty imposed on him under the penal or criminal law of the
requesting state or government.

(b) "Extradition Treaty or Convention" An extradition agreement between the Republic of

the Philippines and one or more foreign states or governments.

(c) "Accused" The person who is, or is suspected of being, within the territorial
jurisdiction of the Philippines, and whose extradition has been requested by a foreign
state or government.

(d) "Requesting State or Government" The foreign state or government from which the
request for extradition has emanated.

(e) "Foreign Diplomat" Any authorized diplomatic representative of the requesting state
or government and recognized as such by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
(f) "Secretary of Foreign Affairs" The head of the Department of Foreign Affairs of the
Republic of the Philippines, or in his absence, any official acting on his behalf or
temporarily occupying and discharging the duties of that position.

Section 3. Aims of Extradition.

Extradition may be granted only pursuant to a treaty or convention, and with a view to:

(a) A criminal investigation instituted by authorities of the requesting state or

government charging the accused with an offense punishable under the laws both of the
requesting state or government and the Republic of the Philippines by imprisonment or
other form relevant extradition treaty or convention; or

(b) The execution of a prison sentence imposed by a court of the requesting state or
government, with such duration as that stipulated in the relevant extradition treaty or
convention, to be served in the jurisdiction of and as a punishment for an offense
committed by the accused within the territorial jurisdiction of the requesting state or
government.

Section 4. Request; By whom made; Requirements.

(1) Any foreign state or government with which the Republic of the Philippines has
entered into extradition treaty or convention, only when the relevant treaty or
convention, remains in force, may request for the extradition of any accused who is or
suspected of being in the territorial jurisdiction of the Philippines.

(2) The request shall be made by the Foreign Diplomat of the requesting state or
government, addressed to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and shall be accompanied
by:

(a) The original or an authentic copy of either -

(1) the decision or sentence imposed upon the accused by the court of the requesting
state or government; or

(2) the criminal charge and the warrant of arrest issued by the authority of the
requesting state or government having jurisdiction of the matter or some other
instruments having the equivalent legal force.

(b) A recital of the acts for which extradition is requested, with the fullest particulars as
to the name and identity of the accused, his whereabouts in the Philippines, if known,
the acts or omissions complained of, and the time and place of the commission of these
acts;

(c) The text of the applicable law or a statement of the contents of said law, and the
designation or description of the offense by the law, sufficient for evaluation of the
request; and

(d) Such other documents or information in support of the request.

Section 5. Duty of Secretary of Foreign Affairs; Referral of Request: Filing of

Petition.

(1) Unless it appears to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs that the request fails to meet
the requirements of this law and the relevant treaty or convention, he shall forward the
request together with the related documents to the Secretary of Justice, who shall
immediately designate and authorize an attorney in his office to take charge of these
case.

(2) The attorney so designated shall file a written petition with the proper Court of First
Instance of the province or city having jurisdiction of the place, with a prayer that the
court take the request under consideration and shall attach to the petition all related
documents. The filing of the petition and the service of the summons to the accused
shall be free from the payment of docket and sheriff's fees.

(3) The Court of First Instance with which the petition shall have been filed shall have
and continue to have the exclusive power to hear and decide the case, regardless of the
subsequent whereabouts of the accused, or the change or changes of his place of
residence.

Section 6. Issuance of Summons; Temporary Arrest;

Hearing, Service of Notices. (1) Immediately upon receipt of the petition, the presiding
judge of the court shall, as soon as practicable, summon the accused to appear and to
answer the petition on the day and hour fixed in the order. We may issue a warrant for
the immediate arrest of the accused which may be served any where within the
Philippines if it appears to the presiding judge that the immediate arrest and temporary
detention of the accused will best serve the ends of justice. Upon receipt of the answer,
or should the accused after having received the summons fail to answer within the time
fixed, the presiding judge shall hear the ace or set another date for the hearing thereof.

(2) The order and notice as well as a copy of the warrant of arrest, if issued, shall be
promptly served each upon the accused and the attorney having charge of the case.

Section 7. Appointment of Counsel de Oficio.

If on the date set for the hearing the accused does not have a legal counsel, the
presiding judge shall appoint any law practitioner residing within his territorial
jurisdiction as counsel de oficio for the accused to assist him in the hearing.

Section 8. Hearing in Public; Exception; Legal Representation.

(1) The hearing shall be public unless the accused requests, with leave of court, that it
be conducted in chamber.

(2) The attorney having charge of the case may upon request represent the requesting
state or government throughout the proceeding. The requesting state or government
may, however, retain private counsel to represent it for particular extradition case.

(3) Should the accused fail to appear on the date set for hearing, or if he is not under
detention, the court shall forthwith issue a warrant for this arrest which may be served
upon the accused anywhere in the Philippines.

Section 9. Nature and Conduct of Proceedings.

(1) In the hearing, the provisions of the Rules of Court insofar as practicable and not
inconsistent with the summary nature of the proceedings, shall apply to extradition
cases, and the hearing shall be conducted in such a manner as to arrive as a fair and
speedy disposition of the case.

(2) Sworn statements offered in evidence at the hearing of any extradition case shall be
received and admitted as evidence if properly and legally authenticated by the principal
diplomatic or consular officer of the Republic of the Philippines residing in the requesting
state.

Section 10. Decision.

Upon conclusion of the hearing, the court shall render a decision granting the
extradition, and giving his reasons therefor upon showing of the existence of a prima
facie case. Otherwise, it shall dismiss the petition.

Section 11. Service of Decision.

The decision of the court shall be promptly served on the accused if he was not present
at the reading thereof, and the clerk of the court shall immediately forward two copies
thereof to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs through the Department of Justice.

Section 12. Appeal by Accused; Stay of Execution

(1) The accused may, within 10 days from receipt of the decision of the Court of First
Instance granting extradition cases shall be final and immediately executory.

(2) The appeal shall stay the execution of the decision of the Court of First Instance.

Section 13. Application of Rules of Court.

The provisions of the Rules of Court governing appeal in criminal cases in the Court of
Appeals shall apply in appeal in Extradition cases, except that the parties may file
typewritten or mimeograph copies of their brief within 15 days from receipt of notice to
file such briefs.

Section 14. Service of Decision of Court of Appeals.

The accused and the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, through the Department of Justice,
shall each be promptly served with copies of the decision of the Court of Appeals.

Section 15. Concurrent Request for Extradition.

In case extradition of the same person has been requested by two or more states, the
Secretary of Foreign Affairs, after consultation with the Secretary of Justice, shall decide
which of the several requests shall be first considered, and copies of the former's
decision thereon shall promptly be forwarded to the attorney having charge of the case,
if there be one, through the Department of Justice.

Section 16. Surrender of Accused.

After the decision of the court in an extradition case has become final and executory, the
accused shall be placed at the disposal of the authorities of the requesting state or
government, at a time and place to be determined by the Secretary of Foreign Affairs,
after consultation with the foreign diplomat of the requesting state or government.

Section 17. Seizure and Turn Over of Accused Properties.

If extradition is granted, articles found in the possession of the accused who has been
arrested may be seized upon order of the court at the instance of the requesting state or
government, and such articles shall be delivered to the foreign diplomat of the
requesting state or government who shall issue the corresponding receipt therefor.

Section 18. Costs and Expenses;

By Whom Paid. Except when the relevant extradition treaty provides otherwise, all costs
or expenses incurred in any extradition proceeding and in apprehending, securing and
transmitting an accused shall be paid by the requesting state or government. The
Secretary of Justice shall certify to the Secretary of Foreign Affairs the amounts to be
paid by the requesting state or government on account of expenses and costs, and the
Secretary of Foreign Affairs shall cause the amounts to be collected and transmitted to
the Secretary of Justice for deposit in the National Treasury of the Philippines.

Section 19. Service of Court Processes.

All processes emanating from the court in connection with extradition cases shall be
served or executed by the Sheriff of the province or city concerned or of any member of
any law enforcement agency;

Section 20. Provisional Arrest.

(a) In case of urgency, the requesting state may, pursuant to the relevant treaty or
convention and while the same remains in force; request for provisional arrest of the
accused pending receipt of the request for extradition made in accordance with Section 4
of this Decree.

(b) A request for provisional arrest shall be sent to the Director of the National Bureau of
Investigation, Manila, either through the diplomatic channels or direct by post or
telegraph.

(c) The Director of the National Bureau of Investigation or any official acting on his
behalf shall upon receipt of the request immediately secure a warrant for the provisional
arrest of the accused from the presiding judge of the Court of First Instance of the
province or city having jurisdiction of the place, who shall issue the warrant for the
provisional arrest of the accused. The Director of the National Bureau of Investigation
through the Secretary of Foreign Affairs shall inform the requesting of the result of its
request.

(d) If within a period of 20 days after the provisional arrest the Secretary of Foreign
Affairs has not received the request for extradition and the documents mentioned in
Section 4 of this Decree, the accused shall be released from custody.

(e) Release from provisional arrest shall not prejudice re-arrest and extradition of the
accused if a request for extradition is received subsequently in accordance with the
relevant treaty of convention.

What is the Extradition Treaty?

An extradition treaty is an international agreement in which the Requested

State agrees, at the request of the Requesting State and under specified conditions, to
turn over persons who are within its jurisdiction and who are charged with crimes
against or are fugitives from, the Requesting State.

Extradition treaties can be bilateral or multilateral, though until recently the United
States showed little interest in negotiating multilateral agreements dealing with
extradition.

The contents of recent treaties follow a standard format.

 Article 1 sets forth the obligation of contracting states to extradite to each other
persons charged by the authorities of the Requesting State with, or convicted of,
an extraditable offense.
 Article 2, sometimes referred to as a dual criminality clause, defines extraditable
offenses as offenses punishable in both contracting states by prison terms of more
than one year. Attempts or conspiracies to commit an extraditable offense are
themselves extraditable.

The treaties include a clause allowing the Requested State to refuse extradition in
cases where the offense is punishable by death in the Requesting State unless the
Requesting State provides assurances satisfactory to the Requested State that the
individual sought will not be executed.

In addition to these substantive provisions, the treaties also contain standard

procedural provisions. These specify the kinds of information that must be submitted
with an extradition request, the language in which documents are to be submitted, the
procedures under which documents submitted are to be received and admitted into
evidence in the Requested State, the procedures under which individuals shall be
surrendered and returned to the Requesting State, and other related matters.

Major Provisions:

1. Extraditable Offenses: The dual criminality clause

 Article 2 contains a standard definition of what constitutes an extraditable offense:
an offense is extraditable if it is punishable under the laws of both parties by a prison
term of at least one year. Attempts and conspiracies to commit such offenses, and
participation in the commission of such offenses, are also extraditable. If the extradition
request involves a fugitive, it shall be granted only if the remaining sentence to be
served is more than six months.

The dual criminality clause means, for example, that an offense is not extraditable
if in the United States it constitutes a crime punishable by imprisonment of more than
one year, but is not a crime in the treaty partner or is a crime punishable by a prison
term of less than one year. In earlier extradition treaties the definition of extraditable
offenses consisted of a list of specific categories of crimes. This categorizing of crimes
has resulted in problems when a specific crime, for example, drug dealing, is not on the
list and is therefore not extraditable. The result has been that as additional offenses
become punishable under the laws of both treaty partners the extradition treaties
between them need to be renegotiated or supplemented. A dual criminality clause
obviates the need to renegotiate or supplement a treaty when it becomes necessary to
broaden the definition of extraditable offenses.

2. Extraterritorial offenses

To extradite individuals charged with extraterritorial crimes (offenses committed

outside the territory of the Requesting State) such as international drug traffickers and
terrorists, provision must be made in extradition treaties. The Philippine Treaty states
that the Requested State shall grant extradition for an offense committed outside the
Requesting State's territory if the Requested State's laws provide that an offense
committed outside its territory is punishable in similar circumstances. If the Requested
State's laws do not provide that an offense committed outside its territory is punishable
in similar circumstances, the executive branch of the Requested State has discretionary
authority to submit the extradition request to its courts for decision.

In the proposed treaty an obligation to extradite depends mostly on whether the

Requested State also punishes offenses outside its territory ``in similar circumstances.''
This, in effect, appears to be a dual criminality clause applied to extraterritorial offenses.
The phrase “in similar circumstances” is undefined in each of the treaties that have such
a requirement and in the Letters of Submittal from the Department of State to the
President. The phrase appears to be sufficiently vague to give a reluctant Requested
State “wiggle room” to avoid its possible obligation to extradite individuals for crimes
committed outside its territory.

3. Political offense exception

In recent years the United States has been promoting a restrictive view of the
political offense exception in furtherance of its campaign against terrorism, drug
trafficking, and money laundering. The political offense exception in the Philippine Treaty
is a broader provision than is contained in other extradition treaties.

The exclusion of certain violent crimes, (i.e. murder, kidnapping, and others) from
the political offense exception has become standard in many U.S. extradition treaties,
reflecting the concern of the United States government and certain other governments
with international terrorism.

4. The death penalty exception

The United States and other countries appear to have different views on capital
punishment. Under the proposed treaties, the Requested State may refuse extradition
for an offense punishable by the death penalty in the Requesting State if the same
offense is not punishable by the death penalty in the Requested State unless the
Requesting State gives assurances satisfactory to the Requested State that the death
penalty will not be imposed or carried out.
5. The Extradition of nationals

The U.S. does not object to extraditing its nationals and has sought to negotiate
treaties without nationality restrictions. Many countries, however, refuse to extradite
their nationals. U.S. extradition treaties take varying positions on the nationality issue.

Unlike other extradition treaties, The Philippine Treaty unequivocally states that a
party may not refuse extradition on the ground the person sought is one of its citizens.

6. Retroactivity

The proposed treaty states that it shall apply to offenses committed before as well
as after it enters into force (art. 19). These retroactivity provisions do not violate the
Constitution's prohibition against the enactment of ex post facto laws which apply only
to enactments making criminal acts that were innocent when committed, not to the
extradition of a defendant for acts that were criminal when committed but for which no
extradition agreement existed at the time.

7. The rule of speciality

The rule of speciality (or specialty), which prohibits a Requesting State from trying
an extradited individual for an offense other than the one for which he was extradited, is
a standard provision included in U.S. bilateral extradition treaties, including the six
under consideration. The Malaysia Treaty (art. 13) contains exceptions to the rule of
specialty that are designed to allow a Requesting State some latitude in prosecuting
offenders for crimes other than those for which they had been specifically extradited.

8. Lapse of time

The Philippine Treaty has no provision denying extradition is barred by the statute
of limitations of either the Requesting or Requested State.

Philippine Central Authority

Created pursuant to Republic Act No. 2705, the Office of the Chief State Counsel (Legal
Staff) of the Department of Justice is mandated primarily to assist the Secretary in the
performance of his duties as the Attorney General of the Republic of the Philippines and
as ex-officio legal officer of government-owned or -controlled corporations or enterprises
and their subsidiaries.

Among the functions of the Department of Justice is to act as the country’s Central
Authority in connection with requests for extradition or formal requests for legal
assistance and to represent in courts the foreign state or government with which the
Republic of the Philippines has a treaty on extradition or mutual legal assistance in
criminal matters.

In general, the Office of the Chief State Counsel assists the Secretary and handles all
requests on:

Mutual Legal Assistance;

Extradition; and
Transfer of Sentenced Persons

Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters

MUTUAL LEGAL ASSISTANCE IN CRIMINAL MATTERS: A Guide for Domestic and

Foreign Central and Competent Authorities
The Department of Justice is the Central Authority for mutual legal assistance in criminal
matters. The Office of the Chief State Counsel of the Department of Justice handles and
processes formal requests for assistance to and from the Philippines.

Types of Assistance

The types of mutual legal assistance which the Philippines may provide in respect of
criminal matters include:

 taking the testimony or statement of persons

 providing documents, records and items of evidence
 locating or identifying witnesses or suspects
 effecting serving documents
 making arrangements for persons to give evidence or assist in investigation
 identifying, tracing, restraining, forfeiting and confiscating proceeds and
instrumentalities of criminal activities, including restraining of dealings in property
or the freezing of assets alleged to be related to a criminal matter
 executing requests for searches and seizures

Treaties on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters

Countries with which the Philippines has an existing Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty
(MLAT) in Criminal Matters may be extended assistance in accordance with the terms of
the relevant MLAT. The Philippines has MLATs with the following countries:

 Australia
 China
 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
 Korea
 Russia
 Spain
 Switzerland
 UK
 US

The Philippines is a Party to the following multilateral treaties:

 ASEAN Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters

 ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism
 UN Convention Against Corruption
 UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocols
 UN Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances
 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism

Countries which do not have an MLAT with the Philippines may seek assistance if there is
an undertaking of reciprocity. This undertaking of reciprocity should provide that the
requesting Party will comply with a future request by the Philippines for similar
assistance in a criminal matter involving an offense that corresponds to the foreign
offense for which assistance is sought.

Countries that have signed and ratified the Treaty on Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal
Matters among Like-minded ASEAN Member Countries may use the form provided on
the website of the Secretariat for this Treaty.
 III. UN CONVENTIONS THAT PROVIDE GUIDELINES IN THE GLOBAL POLICE
SYSTEM AND PROCESSES AND INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS.

What is United Nations?

- It is an international organization composed of various member nations

- It has promulgated laws that apply to the member nation. The UN can
intervene wherever there is a violation of international law.
- Its aims and activities have expanded to make it the archetypical international
body in the early 21st century.

US President Franklin D. Roosevelt first suggested using the name UNITED NATION to
refer to the allies of World War II.

Some of the following declarations/protocols promulgated by the United

Nations.

1. UN convention against transnational crime – the convention represents a major

step forward in the fight against transnational organizations and signifies the recognition
of UN member states that this is a serious and growing problem that can only be solved
through close international cooperation.

2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) – is the first international

statement to use the term “HUMAN RIGHTS” and has been adopted by the Human
Rights movement as a charter.

3. UN international covenant on economic, social, and cultural rights –

recognizing that these rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person,
whereby everyone may enjoy his economic, social, and cultural rights as well as his civil
and political rights and freedom.

4. UN convention on the condition of the wounded and sick in armed forces also
called (First Geneva convention) - rights of individuals, combatants, and non-
combatants during the war. It is lengthy and detailed, perhaps because human rights
are rarely at such risk as during war and in particular, involving prisoners of war or
enemy captives.

5. Convention against Torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading

treatment or punishment

- Recognition of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is
the foundation of freedom justice and peace in the world

- Recognizing that those rights derive from the inherent dignity of the human person

- promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental
freedoms

- provide that no one may be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading

treatment or punishment and other rights about.

Note: Comprehensive understanding and explanation read the pertaining protocols and
articles for your perusal.

CHAPTER 5
PHILIPPINE TRANSNATIONAL CRIME, ASEAN COOPERATION,
AND THE INTERPOL
 The topics below are different transnational crimes. It is included in this subject
because one of the purposes of comparing the police system of different countries is to
learn techniques applied in other countries which are very effective which can be
adopted in our country in fighting transnational crimes and modern types of crimes.

What is Transnational Crime?

-Refers to crimes that take place or transgress across national borders. Offenses
whose inception, prevention, and/or direct or indirect effects involve more than one
country. Transnational crimes also include crimes that take place in one country, but
their consequences significantly affect another country.
- A consensus is emerging to define transnational crime as a crime that has an
international dimension. Among others, this implies crossing at least one border before,
during, or after the fact. Therefore, it is a concern of at least two affected countries that
they must jointly address.

I. PHILIPPINE CENTER ON TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

The PCTC coordinates all transnational crime operations carried out by other
government agencies of the Philippines. It designs new projects to strengthen the
country’s combined response and ensures the efficient exchange of information. The
PCTC recommends ways to better prevent transnational crime and to detect and
apprehend criminals operating across borders. A central database of national and
international legislation underpins these recommendations. Activities are reinforced
through training programs delivered in cooperation with national government agencies,
other countries, and international organizations.

BACKGROUND

The conclusion of the cold war and the subsequent easing of tension among
countries brought a new world order veering toward global cooperation in terms of
politics, economy, and other fields. This, coupled with the rapid advancement in
technology, is leading to the “shrinking world” characterized by rapid mobility of
persons, money, information, ideas, and commodities.
The international community, therefore, considers these developments as the key
to world peace and stability. However, barely had the world savored the respite from
tension when a new unforeseen threat to the security of nations emerged – the
phenomenon of transnational crime.
The Philippine government was quick to discern the magnitude of the menace and
the urgency of the need for concerted global action against it. During the 6th ASEAN
Summit on December 15, 1998, in Hanoi, Vietnam, the Philippines expressed the desire
to host the ASEAN Center for Combating Transnational Crime. Such a Center shall be the
focal point of all coordination and cooperation among ASEAN member countries in
combating transnational crime.

POWERS AND FUNCTION

The mandated powers and functions of the Center are as follows:

1. To establish, through the use of modern information and telecommunications

technology, a shared central database among government agencies for information on
criminals, methodologies, arrests, and convictions on the following transnational crimes:

 The illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances;

 Money laundering;
 Terrorism;
 Arms Smuggling;
 Trafficking in Persons;
 Piracy; and
 Other crimes that have an impact on the stability and security of the country;
 2. To supervise and control the conduct of anti-transnational crime operations of all
government agencies and instrumentalities;

3. To establish a central database on national as well as international legislation and

jurisprudence on transnational crime, with the end given recommending measures to
strengthen responses and provide immediate intervention for the prevention, detection,
and apprehension of criminals operating in the country;

4. To establish a center for strategic research on the structure and dynamics of

transnational crime in all its forms, and predict trends and analyze relationships of given
factors for the formulation of individual and collective strategies for the prevention and
detection of transnational organized crime and the apprehension of the criminal
elements involved;

5. To design programs and projects aimed at enhancing national capacity-building

in combating transnational crime, as well as supporting the related programs and
projects of other ASEAN international centers;

6. To explore and coordinate information exchanges and training with other

government agencies, foreign countries, and international organizations involved in the
combat against transnational crime; and

7. To perform such functions and carry out such activities as may be directed by
the President.

MOST COMMON TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

Drug trafficking continues to be the most lucrative form of business for

criminals, with an estimated annual value of $320 billion. In 2009, UNODC placed the
approximate annual worth of the global cocaine and opiate markets alone at $85 billion
and $68 billion, respectively.

Human trafficking is a global crime in which men, women, and children are used
as products for sexual or labor-based exploitation. While figures vary, an estimate from
the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 2005 indicated the number of victims of
trafficking at any given time to be around 2.4 million, with annual profits of about $32
billion. Recent research on overall forced labor trends however would suggest that the
scope of the problem is much bigger. In Europe, the trafficking of mostly women and
children for sexual exploitation alone brings in $3 billion annually and involves 140,000
victims at any one time, with an annual flow of 70,000 victims.

Smuggling of migrants is a well-organized business moving people around the

globe through criminal networks, groups, and routes. Migrants can be offered a
"smuggling package" by organized crime groups, and the treatment they get along the
route corresponds to the price they pay to their smugglers. In the process of being
smuggled, their rights are often breached and they can be robbed, raped, beaten, held
for ransom, or even left to die in some cases when the risks get too high for their
smugglers. Many smugglers do not care if migrants drown in the sea, die of dehydration
in a desert, or suffocate in a container. Every year this trade is valued at billions of
dollars. In 2009 some $6.6 billion was generated through the
illegal smuggling of 3 million migrants from Latin America to North America, while the
previous year 55,000 migrants were smuggled from Africa into Europe for a sum of $150
million.

Illicit trading in firearms brings in around $170 million to $320 million annually
and puts handguns and assault rifles in the hands of criminals and gangs. It is difficult to
count the victims of these illicit weapons, but in some regions (such as the Americas)
there is a strong correlation between homicide rates and the percentage of homicides by
firearms.

Trafficking in natural resources includes the smuggling of raw materials such

as diamonds and rare metals (often from conflict zones). The trafficking of timber in
South-East Asia generates annual revenues of $3.5 billion. In addition to funding
criminal groups, this strand of criminal activity ultimately contributes to deforestation,
climate change, and rural poverty.

The illegal wildlife trade is another lucrative business for organized criminal
groups, with poachers targeting skins and body parts for export to foreign markets.
Trafficking in elephant ivory, rhino horn, and tiger parts from Africa and South-East Asia
to Asia produces $75 million in criminal profits each year and threatens the existence of
some species. Organized crime groups also deal in live and rare plants and animals
threatening their very existence to meet demand from collectors or unwitting
consumers. According to the WWF, traffickers illegally move over 100 million tons of
fish, 1.5 million live birds, and 440,000 tons of medicinal plants per year.

The sale of fraudulent medicines is a worrying business, as it represents a

potentially deadly trade for consumers. Piggybacking on the rising legitimate trade in
pharmaceuticals from Asia to other developing regions, criminals traffic fraudulent
medicines from Asia, in particular to South-East Asia and Africa to the value of $1.6
billion. Instead of curing people, however, they can result in death or cause resistance to
drugs used to treat deadly infectious diseases like malaria and tuberculosis. In addition
to traditional trafficking methods, criminals continue to build a lucrative online trade-in
fraudulent medicines targeting developed and developing countries alike, which can also
lead to health implications for consumers.

Cybercrime encompasses several areas, but one of the most profitable for
criminals is identity theft, which generates around $1 billion each year. Criminals are
increasingly exploiting the Internet to steal private data, access bank accounts, and
fraudulently attain payment card details.

II. TERRORISM

Etymology (study of origin)

 Comes from the French word terrorisme, and originally referred specifically to
state terrorism as practiced by the French government during the reign of terror.
 The French word terrorisme turn derives from the Latin verb terreṓ meaning
“I frighten”

Definition of Terrorism under the United Nations

 Terrorism as any act “intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians
or non-combatants to intimidate a population or compel a government or an
international organization to do or abstain from doing any act”.
 The systematic use of terror as a means of coercion.

TYPES OF TERRORIST

1. National Terrorist
- Sued to define almost all illegal acts of violence committed for political purposes
by clandestine groups. Ex. New People’s Army (NPA)

2. Transnational Terrorist
- Terrorists who operate across national borders, whose actions and political
operations may affect an individual of more than one country.

3. International Terrorist
- Terrorists who are controlled by and whose actions represent the national
interest of a sovereign state.

TYPES OF TERRORISM (According to Area of Operation)

1. International Terrorism
 - It refers to the use or threatened use of violence against a person or property by
a group or an individual whose operations transcend national boundaries and are
done to further political and social objectives.

Mission Specific Cells – In terrorist’s organization, it refers to small units which

are put together to execute specific assignments

Sleeper Cells – in terrorist organizations, it refers to small groups of recruits who

are placed in target and other countries. Living ordinary lives until activated for
the cause, may also perform services for the immediate group. E.g. counter and
reconnaissance tasks.

Cell – it is the smallest element and building block of terrorist organizations.

2. Domestic Terrorism
- It refers to the use or the threatened use of violence against a person or
property by a group (or an individual) whose operations are entirely within the
victim’s nation, without the following direction, and are done to further political and
social objectives.

Rightwing Terrorist – it refers to domestic terrorist groups who adhere to the

principles of racial supremacy embraces anti-government and anti-regulatory
beliefs.
Leftwing Terrorist – it refers to domestic terrorist groups who profess a
revolutionary socialist doctrine and view themselves as protectors of the people
against the dehumanizing effect of capitalism and imperialism.
Special Interests Groups – it refers to domestic terrorist groups who are
perhaps the most active special interest groups in the United States or the Animal
Liberation Front (ALF) and the Earth Liberation Front (ELF).

TYPES OF TERRORISM (According to Weapons or Methods Used)

1. Chemical Terrorism – it refers to the utilization of chemicals in committing

terrorism.

2. Bio-Terrorism – it refers to the intentional release of toxic biological agents

to harm and terrorize civilians like political or other causes. Category a (biological
diseases) are those likely to do
the most damage. It includes:
a. Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) – most commonly used biological agent
b. Botulism (clostrodium botulinum toxin)
c. The plague (Yersinia pestis)
d. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
e. Hemorrhagic fever, due to Ebola Virus or Marburg Virus

3. Radiologic Terrorism – it refers to the utilization of radioactive substances

in committing terrorism.

4. Nuclear Terrorism – it refers to the number of waste, nuclear materials

that might be exploited as a terrorist
tactics. These includes:
a. Attacking nuclear facilities
b. Purchasing nuclear weapons
c. Building nuclear weapons

5. Explosives Terrorism – it is the most common form of terrorism through

the utilization of explosives in committing acts of terrorism.

6. Cyberterrorism –refers to a type of terrorism that uses computers and

networks. It can allow disruption in military communications and even electrical
power.
  Aum Shrinkyo and the Tamil – terrorist groups usually use cyberterrorism to
fail computer security or to show off their technical abilities.
 Ways of demonstrating cyberterrorism:
o By controlling from a distance electrical things such as dams or power
plants.
o By destroying the actual machines that contain electronic information.

III. THE INTERPOL

INTERPOL – (International Criminal Police Organization) is an organization facilitating

international police cooperation. It was established as the international criminal police
commission in 1923 in Austria. Originally, INTERPOL fell under the control of NAZI
Germany and the present headquarters located in Lyon, France.
At present 187 countries including the PHILIPPINES joined the INTERPOL to
support and assists all organizations, authorities, and services whose mission is to
prevent or combat international crime.
The INTERPOL under the leadership of their president working closely with the
SECRETARY GENERAL in providing strong leadership and direction to the organization.

INTERPOL’S FOUR (4) CORE FUNCTIONS

1. Secure global communications system is known as 1-24/7 to enable police to

exchange information in real-time.
2. Operational databases which are active memory of police services.
3. Operational support 24/24
4. Training and development

INTERPOL’S SIX (6) PRIORITY AREAS

1. Public safety and terrorism

2. Criminal organizations
3. Drug-related crimes
4. Financial and high tech crime
5. Trafficking in human beings, anti- corruption
6. Fugitive investigation support

Interpol has six regional Bureaus (RB’s), which are permanent departments of the
General Secretariat and were established to bring the General Secretariat closer to
the regions.

Location Servicing Area

1. Abidjan Serving West Africa

2. Buenos Aires South America

3. Harare Southern Africa

4. Nairobi East Africa

5. San Salvador Central America

6. Liaison office in Bangkok Southeast Asia

INTERPOL PRIORITY NOTICES
1. INTERPOL ‘S RED NOTICE
One of the Interpol’s most important task is to place member countries on
alert about people who are being sought by police forces worldwide. Interpol’s
main tool for helping police across its network of 187 member countries to
track fugitives is its Red notices, an international wanted person notice.

2. Blue Notices
Are used to seek information on the identity of persons or on their illegal
activities related to criminal matters.

3. Green Notices
Are used to provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who
have committed criminal offenses and who are likely to repeat these crimes in
other countries.

4. Yellow Notices
Are used to help locate missing persons including children, or to help people
to identify themselves.

5. Black Notices
Are used to determine the identity of deceased person.

“It is strictly forbidden for the INTERPOL to undertake any intervention or activities of a
political, military, religious or racial character”.

INTERPOL has 195 member countries, making us the world's largest police organization.
They work together and with the General Secretariat to share data related to police
investigations.

Each country hosts an INTERPOL National Central Bureau (NCB), which links national
police with our global network.

Countries come together at our annual General Assembly to decide policy, working
methods, finances and activities. In addition, heads of NCB meet annually at a
conference to share experiences.

1. AFGHANISTAN 23. BOSNIA & 42. COSTA RICA

2. ALBANIA HERZEGOVINA 43. CROATIA
3. ALGERIA 24. BOTSWANA 44. CUBA
4. ANDORRA 25. BRAZIL 45. CURAÇAO
5. ANGOLA 26. BRUNEI 46. CYPRUS
6. ANTIGUA & 27. BULGARIA 47. CZECH
BARBUDA 28. BURKINA REPUBLIC
7. ARGENTINA FASO 48. CÔTE
8. ARMENIA 29. BURUNDI D'IVOIRE
9. ARUBA 30. CABO VERDE 49. DENMARK
10. AUSTRALIA 31. CAMBODIA 50. DJIBOUTI
11. AUSTRIA 32. CAMEROON 51. DOMINICA
12. AZERBAIJAN 33. CANADA 52. DOMINICAN
13. BAHAMAS 34. CENTRAL REPUBLIC
14. BAHRAIN AFRICAN REPUBLIC 53. ECUADOR
15. BANGLADESH 35. CHAD 54. EGYPT
16. BARBADOS 36. CHILE 55. EL
17. BELARUS 37. CHINA SALVADOR
18. BELGIUM 38. COLOMBIA 56. EQUATORIAL
19. BELIZE 39. COMOROS GUINEA
20. BENIN 40. CONGO 57. ERITREA
21. BHUTAN 41. CONGO 58. ESTONIA
22. BOLIVIA (Democratic Rep.) 59. ESWATINI
60. ETHIOPIA 110. MARSHALL 154. SINGAPORE
61. FIJI ISLANDS 155. SINT
62. FINLAND 111. MAURITANIA MAARTEN
63. FRANCE 112. MAURITIUS 156. SLOVAKIA
64. GABON 113. MEXICO 157. SLOVENIA
65. GAMBIA 114. MICRONESIA 158. SOLOMON
66. GEORGIA (FEDERATED ISLANDS
67. GERMANY STATES OF) 159. SOMALIA
68. GHANA 115. MOLDOVA 160. SOUTH
69. GREECE 116. MONACO AFRICA
70. GRENADA 117. MONGOLIA 161. SOUTH
71. GUATEMALA 118. MONTENEGR SUDAN (Rep.of)
72. GUINEA O 162. SPAIN
73. GUINEA 119. MOROCCO 163. SRI LANKA
BISSAU 120. MOZAMBIQU 164. ST KITTS &
74. GUYANA E NEVIS
75. HAITI 121. MYANMAR 165. ST LUCIA
76. HONDURAS 122. NAMIBIA 166. ST VINCENT
77. HUNGARY 123. NAURU & GRENADINES
78. ICELAND 124. NEPAL 167. SUDAN
79. INDIA 125. NETHERLAND 168. SURINAME
80. INDONESIA S 169. SWEDEN
81. IRAN 126. NEW 170. SWITZERLAN
82. IRAQ ZEALAND D
83. IRELAND 127. NICARAGUA 171. SYRIA
84. ISRAEL 128. NIGER 172. TAJIKISTAN
85. ITALY 129. NIGERIA 173. TANZANIA
86. JAMAICA 130. NORTH 174. THAILAND
87. JAPAN MACEDONIA 175. TIMOR LESTE
88. JORDAN 131. NORWAY 176. TOGO
89. KAZAKHSTAN 132. OMAN 177. TONGA
90. KENYA 133. PAKISTAN 178. TRINIDAD &
91. KIRIBATI 134. PALESTINE TOBAGO
92. KOREA (Rep. 135. PANAMA 179. TUNISIA
of) 136. PAPUA NEW 180. TURKEY
93. KUWAIT GUINEA 181. TURKMENIST
94. KYRGYZSTAN 137. PARAGUAY AN
95. LAOS 138. PERU 182. UGANDA
96. LATVIA 139. PHILIPPINES 183. UKRAINE
97. LEBANON 140. POLAND 184. UNITED ARAB
98. LESOTHO 141. PORTUGAL EMIRATES
99. LIBERIA 142. QATAR 185. UNITED
100. LIBYA 143. ROMANIA KINGDOM
101. LIECHTENSTE 144. RUSSIA 186. UNITED
IN 145. RWANDA STATES
102. LITHUANIA 146. SAMOA 187. URUGUAY
103. LUXEMBOUR 147. SAN MARINO 188. UZBEKISTAN
G 148. SAO TOME & 189. VANUATU
104. MADAGASCA PRINCIPE 190. VATICAN
R 149. SAUDI CITY STATE
105. MALAWI ARABIA 191. VENEZUELA
106. MALAYSIA 150. SENEGAL 192. VIET NAM
107. MALDIVES 151. SERBIA 193. YEMEN
108. MALI 152. SEYCHELLES 194. ZAMBIA
109. MALTA 153. SIERRA 195. ZIMBABWE
LEONE

EUROPOL
 (EUROPEAN POLICE ORGANIZATION)

Headquartered in The Hague, the Netherlands, support the 27 EU Member States in their
fight against terrorism, cybercrime and other serious and organised forms of crime. We
also work with many non-EU partner states and international organisations.

Large-scale criminal and terrorist networks pose a significant threat to the internal
security of the EU and to the safety and livelihood of its people. The biggest security
threats come from:

 terrorism;
 international drug trafficking and money laundering;
 organised fraud;
 the counterfeiting of euros;
 Trafficking in human beings.

EUROPOL IN NUMBERS

 More than 1000 staff

 220 Europol Liaison Officers
 Around 100 crime analysts
 Supporting over 40 000 international investigations each year

Organisational structure
Europol is headed by an Executive Director, who is Europol’s legal representative and is
appointed by the Council of the European Union. Europol’s current Executive Director is
Catherine De Bolle, who assumed the post in May 2018.

She is assisted by three Deputy Executive Directors:

Jean-Philippe Lecouffe, Operations Directorate

Jürgen Ebner, Governance Directorate
Luis de Eusebio Ramos, Capabilities Directorate
Europol staff members come from a wide variety of backgrounds and nations.

Europol also helps harmonise investigative techniques across Member States.

And it regularly organises awareness-raising events for EU law enforcement officers so
as to enhance their knowledge of its services, and thus help their international cases.

1. Austria 15. Italy

2. Belgium 16. Latvia
3. Bulgaria 17. Lithuania
4. Croatia 18. Luxembourg
5. Cyprus 19. Malta
6. Czechia 20. Netherlands
7. Denmark 21. Poland
8. Estonia 22. Portugal
9. Finland 23. Romania
10. France 24. Slovakia
11. Germany 25. Slovenia
12. Greece 26. Spain
13. Hungary 27. Sweden
14. Ireland
ASEANAPOL- (ASEAN Chiefs of the National Police)

The main objective of this organization is to improve cooperation in the prevention

and combating of transnational crime.
The first formal meeting of the Chiefs of ASEAN Police was held in Manila, the
Philippines from the 21st to the 23rd day of October 1981. To discuss matters of Law
Enforcement and crime control. This annual meeting was called ASEANAPOL Conference.
10 countries are members of ASEANAPOL namely; Brunei Cambodia, Indonesia,
Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.

Objectives of the establishment of a Permanent Secretariat

1. To harmonize and standardize coordination and communication mechanisms

amongst ASEAN police institutions;
2. To conduct a comprehensive and integrative study concerning the resolutions
agreed in the ASEANAPOL Joint Communiqués
3. To establish a mechanism with the responsibility to monitor and follow up the
implementation of resolutions in the Joint Communiqués; and
4. To transform the resolutions adopted in the Joint Communiqués into
ASEANAPOL Plan of Action and its work program
During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of
Reference on the establishment of the ASEANAPOL Secretariat were endorsed. Kuala
Lumpur was made the permanent seat for the Secretariat.
The ASEANAPOL Secretariat was fully operational from the 1st of January 2010.

1. ROYAL BRUNEI POLICE FORCE

1906

The signing of the 1906 treaty between Brunei Darussalam and United Kingdom laid
down the foundation of new government with the formal introduction of the British
Resident. Among McArthur’s first acts as British Resident was the introduction of the first
officers to police Brunei. The first group was made up of one Pathan and one Sikh before
a detachment of Sikhs was seconded from the Straits Settlement government in Labuan.
These seconded officers form Labuan were eventually replaced by local Malays.

1909

Sergeant Crummy was appointed as the first Chief Police Officer of Brunei Darussalam.

1917
The Brunei Police Force was founded under G McAfee who also continued as Chief Police
Officer for Labuan. Chief Inspector McAfee was appointed as the Brunei CPO in 1917.
These seconded officers from Labuan were eventually replaced by local Malays.

1921

The Brunei Police was officially formed on January 1, 1921 immediately after the 1920
Police Enactment was passed. The local force took over all responsibilities from the
Police Force of the Straits Settlement.

1950

In 1950 the Police headquarters was moved to Kuala Belait and the CPO was answerable
to the of CP of Sarawak.

1959

With the introduction of Brunei's own Constitution, this required the sultanate to have its
own Commissioner of Police and no longer having to report to the CP Sarawak.

1906 The signing of the 1906 treaty between Brunei Darussalam and
United Kingdom laid down the foundation of new government with
the formal introduction of the British Resident. Among
McArthur’s first acts as British Resident was the introduction
of the first officers to police Brunei. The first group was made
up of one Pathan and one Sikh before a detachment of Sikhs was
seconded from the Straits Settlement government in Labuan. These
seconded officers form Labuan were eventually replaced by local
Malays.
1909 Sergeant Crummy was appointed as the first Chief Police Officer
of Brunei Darussalam.
1917 The Brunei Police Force was founded under G McAfee who also
continued as Chief Police Officer for Labuan. Chief Inspector
McAfee was appointed as the Brunei CPO in 1917. These seconded
officers from Labuan were eventually replaced by local Malays.
1921 The Brunei Police was officially formed on January 1, 1921
immediately after the 1920 Police Enactment was passed. The
local force took over all responsibilities from the Police Force
of the Straits Settlement.
1950 In 1950 the Police headquarters was moved to Kuala Belait and
the CPO was answerable to the of CP of Sarawak.
1959 With the introduction of Brunei's own Constitution, this
required the sultanate to have its own Commissioner of Police
and no longer having to report to the CP Sarawak.

2. CAMBODIAN NATIONAL POLICE

The History and Achievements of the Cambodian National Police

On 8 August 2006, the Royal Decree #0806/342 of King Norodom Sihakmoni sets
the 16 May 1945 the "birth" of the Cambodian National Police. Subsequently,
on 5 December 2006, the Ministry of Interior began to develop a plan of
action to organize the "62nd Anniversary of the Establishment of the
Cambodian National Police" with the three following key objectives:
 1. Officially announce the inception of the Cambodian National Police to
the Cambodian National Police force, national and international
communities;
2. Research and publish the activities and achievements made by the
Cambodian National Police in different phases to maintain national
security, public order, and social safety;
3. Promote national commitment and determination within the Cambodian
National Police to improve effective operation and maintenance of
public order and social safety for poverty reduction and prosperity of
the Kingdom of Cambodia.

3. INDONESIAN NATIONAL POLICE

 When large parts of Indonesia was under Dutch colonial occupation

until 1940s, Police duties were performed by either military
establishments or colonial police known as the veldpolitie or the
fields police.

 Japanese occupation during WW II brought changes when the Japanese

formed various armed organizations to support their war.

 This had led to the distribution of weapons to military trained

youths, which were largely confiscated from the Dutch armoury.

 After the Japanese occupation, the national police became an armed

organization.

 The Indonesian police was established in 1946, and its units fought in
the Indonesian National Revolution against the invading Dutch forces.
Also participated in suppressing the 1948 communist revolt in Madiun.
In 1966, the police was brought under the control of Armed Forces
Chief.

 Following the proclamation of independence, the police played a vital

role when they actively supported the people’s movement to dismantle
the Japanese army. And to strengthen the defence of the newly created
Republic of Indonesia.

 The police were not combatants who were required to surrender their
weapons to Allied forces.

 During the revolution of independence, the police gradually formed

into what is now known as Kepolisian Negara Republic Indonesia (POLRI)
or the Indonesian National Police.

 In 2000, the police force officially regained its independence and now
is separate from the military.

4. THE ROYAL MALAYSIA POLICE

The Royal Malaysian Police (Abbreviation: RMP; Malay: Polis Diraja

Malaysia, PDRM ;) is a part of the security forces structure in Malaysia.
The force is a centralized organization with responsibilities ranging from
traffic control to intelligence gathering.

Its headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur.

In carrying out its responsibilities, the regular RMP is also assisted

by a support group comprising of Extra Police Constables, Police Volunteer
Reserves, Auxiliary Police, Police Cadets and a civilian service element.
Rakan Cop is a community outreach programme launched in 9 August 2005.
 The RMP constantly co-operates closely with police forces worldwide,
which include those from the four neighbouring countries Malaysia shares
border with: Indonesian National Police, Royal Brunei Police Force, Royal
Thai Police and Singapore Police Force.

The modern police organization in Malaysia started in 25 March 1807

after the Charter of Justice in Penang was granted.

Most of the officers were of British origin. Later this organization was
developed in the Straits Settlements and other Malay State, particularly
the Federal Malay States.

At that time, police organization was limited to their respective

states.

Only after World War II, a single police organization with maiden
administration of the centre was established and it was known as the Civil
Affairs Police Force.

This organization was formed in Malaya and led by H. B. Longworthy.

The British colonial had to stabilize the police organization after a
nationwide anarchy took place during Japanese state time.

One of the problems faced by the police then was the rebellion of the
communist party.

During the confrontations of Malaysia and Indonesian forces from 1963 to

1965, the police force along with military forces fought against the
infiltrations of Indonesian forces in the sates of Johore and Sabah.

Almost a year after Independence Day, on July 24, 1958, the King of
Malaysia, Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman Ibni Almarhum Tuanku Muhamad (late)
bestowed the Royal title to the Malayan Federations Police Forces.

In 1963, the Royal federation Of Malayan Police (RFMP), the North Borneo
Armed Constabulary and Sarawak Constabulary was merged and formed the Royal
Malaysian Police.

5. MYANMAR POLICE FORCE

During the Reign of the Myanmar Monarchs, local police were formed under
the Mayors and Village Headmen; and they were also the Military reserved
personnel. The British policing system was introduced in 1885, when the
Union of Myanmar became a British Colony. At that time, the Police Force
was known as the Burma Police. The Burma Police was reorganized as the
People’s Police Force in 1964, and was reorganized again to the present
set-up as the Myanmar Police Force on 1st October, 1995.

The Union of Myanmar has undergone many changes after 1988. Likewise,
the Myanmar Police Force has to Change the Administration System to be in
the line with the new Administration System of the Country. The Committee
for Reorganization of Police Administration System which is presided by
Secretary of the State Peace and Development Council was formed in 28
January 1994. Now the Committee is scrutinizing the whole system and making
necessary changes.

Objectives

The Myanmar Police Force has as its objectives:-

a. Community Peace and Tranquillity.

b. Prevalence of Law and Order.
c. Narcotic Drugs Suppression.
d. To Carry out Community Welfare Activities.
Functions

a. Prevention of Crime.
b. Detection and Proceeding of Crime.
c. Maintenance of Public Order.
d. Public Security.
e. Drug Enforcement.

6. PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE

The Philippine National Police (PNP) (Filipino : Pambansang Pulisya ng

Pilipinas) is the national police force of the Republic of the
Philippines.

It is both a national and a local police force in that it provides all law
enforcement services throughout the Philippines.

The Philippine National Police, which was result of a merger of the

Philippine. Constabulary and the Integrated National Police, was activated
on January 29, 1991.

Its national headquarters are based at Camp Crame, Quezon City, in the
National Capital Region.

Agency overview

Formed : January 29, 1991.

* Philippine Constabulary
Preceding agencies :
* Integrated National Police
Legal personality Governmental : Government agency

Jurisdictional structure

National agency: Philippines

* Law enforcement
General nature:
* Local civilian police

Operational structure

Headquarters Camp Crame, Quezon City

Agency executive Jesus Ame Verzosa, Police Director General, General
List of Chief

Name Term of Office

Start End
1. Cesar P. Nazareno [4] 31 March 1991 28 August 1992
2. Raul S. Imperial [4] 28 August 1992 6 May 1993
(acting)

28 October
(official)
3. Umberto Rodriguez [4] 6 May 1993 8 July 1994
4. Recaredo Arevalo Sarmieno II 8 July 1994 1997
[4]
5. Santiago L. Alino [5] 1997 1998
6. Roberto T. Lastimoso [5] 1998 1999
7. Edmundo L. Larozza [5] 1999 (acting) 1999
8. Panfilon M. Lacson [5] November 1999 January 2001
9. Leandro Mendoza [5] 16 March 2001 2002
10. Hermogenes E. Ebdane, Jr. July 2002 23 August 2004
 [6]
11. Edgar B. Aglipay [6] [7] 23 August 2004 6 Match 2005
12. Arturo Lomibao [7] [8] 13 March 2005 29 August 2006
13. Oscar Castelo Calderon [8] 29 August 2006 1 October 2007
[9]
14. Avelino Ignacio Razon, Jr. 1 October 2007 (retire 27 September
[9] 2008
15. Jesus Ame Verzosa [2] 27 September 2008 Incumbent

Organization

The PNP has the following branches included :

 Philippine National Police Aviation Security Command

 Special Action Force
 Program Management Office
 PNP Maritime Group
 PNP Intelligence group

Ranks

The following ranks are observed in the PNP as of 2009 with the following.

Commissioned officers
1. Director General (DGen.) - General
2. Deputy Director General (DDG) - Lieutenant General
3. Director (Dir.) – Major General
4. Chief Superintendent (C/Supt.) - Brigadier General
5. Senior Superintendent (S/Supt.) - Colonel
6. Superintendent (Supt.) - Lieutenant Colonel
7. Chief Inspector (C/Insp.) - Major
8. Senior Inspector (S/Insp.) - Lieutenant

Non-commissioned officers
1. Senior Police Officer IV (SPO4) - Master Sergeant
2. Senior Police Officer III (SPO3) - Technical Sergeant
3. Senior Police Officer II (SOP2) - Staff Sergeant
4. Senior Police Officer I (SOP1) - Sergeant
5. Police Officer III (PO3) - Corporal
6. Police Officer II (PO2) - Private First Class
7. Police Officer I (PO1) - Private

7. SINGAPORE POLICE FORCE

With Singapore's establishment as a trading post of the British East India

Company in 1819, came the need to establish law and order. The first team
of policemen comprised one jemadar (Asian Sergeant), 12 peons (patrolmen)
and a jailor. When Singapore merged with Malacca and Penang in 1826 to form
the Straits Settlements, the Singapore Police Force (SPF) became part of
the Straits Settlements Police Force. In 1843, Thomas Dunman, a 29-year old
commercial assistant was appointed to head the police force on a part-time
basis. With the passing of the Police Act of 1856, he was appointed as the
first full-time Commissioner of Police in 1857.

8. THE ROYAL THAI POLICE

The primary responsibility for the maintenance of public order through
enforcement of the Kingdom’s law is exercised by the Royal Thai
Police (RTP), under control of Office of the Prime Minister. Since it has
to perform police functions throughout the entire country, the RTP is a
unitary agency that has a lot of power which an affect the Thai government.
Consequently, every time there is a new government, the RTP tends to give a
new Director-General.

The present structure of RTP is governed by a Royal Decree on the Division

of the Royal Thai Police, created in 2009. It is comprised of thirty
bureaus and six divisions directly under the RTP. (Please see RTP Structure
as attached)

The Administrative Units are mainly responsible for administrative and

staff matters. Its tasks include planning, staffing, reporting, and
preparation of budgets, etc. The Operational Units carry out police work
according to the Criminal Procedure Code and various Criminal Acts. The
Auxiliary and Special Service Units are tasked with providing help and
guidance to operational units in order to enhance their effectiveness and
performance.

Positions and Ranks in the RTP can be classified into two classes:
commissioned officers and non-commissioned officers. (Please see Police
Badge as attached)

Police officials are considered civilian employees whose ranks are

classified in accordance with Personnel Classification of the Civil Service
Commission. Commissioned Police Officers hold ranks ranging from Police
General down to Police Sub-Lieutenant, whereas Non-Commissioned Police
officers are ranked from Police Senior Sergeant Major down to Police
Constable.

The Director-General of Police holds the rank of Police General. He is the

supreme commander of the police force with power to direct, control, and
supervises police activities throughout the Kingdom of Thailand. He
exercises this authority over more than 200,000 police officials in various
Police Bureaus and Divisions.

There are twelve Deputy Director-Generals and seventeen Assistant Director-

Generals under the Director-General of the Police. They are selected from
among the most senior of the Police Commissioners and are responsible for
crime suppression, administration, special activities, as well as
protection of the Royal Family.

At the bureau level, a Police Bureau is headed by a Commissioner of Police

who holds the ranks of Police Lieutenant General. A Commissioner of Police
would have senior Police Major Generals working under him in the positions
of Deputy Commissioner. The number of Deputy Commissioners in a Bureau
would depend upon the workload and responsibilities of that Bureau.

Each Police Bureau controls a number of Police Divisions. Each Police

Division has a Commander as its head and would hold the rank of Police
Major General. Under a Commander, there are Deputy Commanders with the rank
of Police Special Colonel, and under them, superintendents with the rank of
Police Colonel who are in charge of Sub-Divisions. Under the
Superintendents, there are Deputy Superintendents selected from senior
Police Lieutenant Colonels.

ENDS HERE!