COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course provides an overview of the different Policing System in other countries
including its strategies in Crime Prevention and Crime Investigation, and the respect of human
rights, personnel qualifications, recruitment, and training. The Philippine extradition treaty with
other countries, and the INTERPOL, the international cooperation in the policing of transnational
crimes and criminals.
- The study of organized structure, operations, functions, ranks and designated names of
various law enforcement agencies around the world.
- It is the process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another
in order to discover insights in the field of international policing.

THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE SYSTEM

Purposes of Comparative police system

To address problem of transnational crime. " UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION" - Fighting
Against Transnational Crime
To study the trends in policing
To benefit from experience of others

THEORIES IN POLICING
Continental = is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers are servants of
higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental countries like France, Italy and Spain.
Home Rule = the theory of police service which states that police officers are servants of the
community or the people. This theory prevails in England and United States. This is likewise
the police service theory that should prevail in the Philippines based on the existing laws,
concepts and principles.

BASIC TERMS
Centralized Police - A country with only recognized police force which operates that entire
country. It uses a centralized system of policing. Philippines is an example of centalized police
because the Philippine National Police has one central office with many regional, provincial and
local branches throughout the country.
- Philippines adopt this concept "NATIONAL IN SCOPE, CIVILIAN IN CHARACTER"
Decentralized Police - Refers to a system where police administrations and operations are
independent from one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal
government.
- Federal Government - Power is divided between the central government and local state
governments. (America)
- Unitary form of government - The central government controls the whole government.
(Philippines)
Chowkidar - In India, means one who inhabitants a "chowki", police station or guard house or
small station . similar to
Koban - in english "police boxes" or small police stations that serve local neighborhoods.
Terrorism - The unofficial or unauthorized use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of
political aims.
Transnational crime - Offences whose inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effects
involve in more than one country. (illegal drugs/drug trafficking, Human trafficking, Terrorism)

THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING

Opportunity theory, is that along with higher standards of living, victims become more
careless of their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
Demographic theory, is based on the event when a greater number of children are being
born. As these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent
identity crisis.
Theory of anomie and synomie progressive lifestyles and norms result in the
disintegration of older norms that once held people together (anomie)
Societal Type and Police System
There are four kinds of societies in the world: (1) folk-communal societies, which are also
called primitive societies; (2) urban-commercial societies, which rely on trade as the essence of
their market system; (3) urban-industrial societies, which produce most of the goods and services
they need without government interference; and (4) bureaucratic societies, or modern post-
industrial societies where the emphasis is upon technique or the “technologizing” of everything,
with the government taking the lead.
Folk-communal society- has a liitle codification of law, no specialization among police, and a
system of punishment that just let things go for a while without attention until things become too
much, and then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to. This type of society is often seen as
primitive and barbaric. Classic examples include the early Roman gentiles, African and Middle
Eastern tribes, and Puritan settlements in North America.
Urban-commercial society- has civil law(some standards and customs are written down),
specialized police forces, most of it's law enforcers were obliged to prevent or/suppress religious
offenses and others for enforcing the King’s law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes
harsh, sometimes lenient. Most of Continental Europe Developed along this path.
Urban-industrial society- police in this society are specialized on how to handle property crimes
such as theft, It has codified laws but laws that prescribe good behaviors and the system of
punishment is run on market principles of creating incentives and disincentives. England and the
U.S. followed this positive legal path.
Bureaucratic society- has a system of laws police who tend to keep busy handling political
crime and terrorism, and a system of punishment characterized by over criminalization and
overcrowding. It is in this society where Juvenile delinquency existed.
Types of Criminal Justice Systems
It is the consensus of experts that there are four types of criminal justice systems in the
world:
Common
Civil
Socialist
Islamic

Common law systems are also known as Anglo-American justice, It is distinguished by a strong
adversarial system where lawyers interpret and judges are bound by precedents. Common law
systems are distinctive in the significance they attach to precedent (the importance of previously
decided cases). This system relies on the evidence in which the public trial is a main focal point.
(innocent until proven guilty)
Civil law systems are also known as Continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice. They are
distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the accused and the
written law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation. For example, a French maxim
goes like this “If a judge knows the answer, he must not be prohibited from achieving it by
undue attention to regulations of procedure and evidence.” By contrast, the common law method
is for a judge to at least suspend belief until the event of a trial is over. (guilty until proven
innocent)
Socialist systems (justice or equality in resources)are also known as Marxist- Lennist Justice, and
exist in many places, where there had been a Communist revolution. It is primarily characterized
by administrative law, where non-legal officials make most of the decisions.This system asserted
that goods would allow people to pursue their own interests and develop their own talents
without being coerced into performing labor for others.
Islamic systems are also known as Muslim or Arabic justice, and derive all their procedures and
practices from interpretation of the Koran(shariah law). This system is based more on the
concept of natural justice (crimes are considered acts of injustice that conflict with tradition).
Religion plays an important role in Islamic systems.
TYPES OF COURT SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD

1. Adversarial System - The accused is innocent until proven guilty. (common law system)

2. Inquisitorial - The accused is guilty until proven innocent. (civil law system)

CONCEPTS OF POLICE SERVICE

1. Old Police Service - states that the yardstick of police proficiency/efficiency relies on the number of
arrests made.

2. Modern Police Service - the yardstick of proficiency/efficiency relies on the absence of crime.

MODELS OF POLICING SYSTEM

1. Traditional Policing - within this model the police officer would respond when a call came in that a
crime occured. Once the officer responded to the crime, the officer would then take a report and hand
the investigation off to a detective. This policing is reactive in nature.

2. Problem Solving Policing - within this model there is an emphasis on trying and prevent crime from
happening. This policing has detectives watching for patterns in crimes to help understand when and
how crimes are being committed.

3. Community Oriented Policing - within this model, the officers will take more community involvement
stance. No longer does an officer sits in his patrol car and wait for a call that a crime has happened.