CDI

SEMESTRAL NARRATIVE REPORT

ANTAZO ROLAND JANSFER A. BSCRIM 2C

I've already learned a lot about this topic. It's not simple to apply the
lessons I've learned, not because they are difficult but rather because of
the struggle behind the camera. I sometimes didn't pay attention to my
professor in an online class because I was afraid of failing. He didn't see
me because the camera was turned off, but for some reason, taking an
online class is not easy. Although my lecturer is new to the profession of
teaching, he makes an effort to instruct both my classmate and me by
sharing his experiences from his time in college, his struggles leading up to
his exam, and his struggles while taking it I learned in this subject is about
Comparative Models of Policing. Policing literally means “controlling,
monitoring, tracking, altering and if required public conduct. It is also
“enforcement of regulations or an agreement”. Its core concept is identified
by its relation with the potential use of force in ensuring obedience to the
law, within the rule of law. The way that the police are used to keep control
over a particular area and to protect people and property.

Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation Topic No. 1 Introduction to

Criminal
Investigation Tools of Investigator
2 History of Criminal Investigation Over the years, it has become
increasingly evident
that the crime problem is exceeding in the capabilities of the criminal justice
system to
control or even contain it. In early groups, known as tribes and clan,
methods existed for
detecting and resolving undesirable acts.
3 The methods used although primitive beyond, as compared today
were based on
assigning responsibility to a given individual or family. If a member of a
particular tribal
family violated the moral code of a tribe, the other family members
were held
responsible for detection, apprehension, and even execution of the
offending member
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation Topic No. 1 Introduction to
Criminal
Investigation Tools of Investigator
2 History of Criminal Investigation Over the years, it has become
increasingly evident
that the crime problem is exceeding in the capabilities of the criminal justice
system to
control or even contain it. In early groups, known as tribes and clan,
methods existed for
detecting and resolving undesirable acts.
3 The methods used although primitive beyond, as compared today
were based on
assigning responsibility to a given individual or family. If a member of a
particular tribal
family violated the moral code of a tribe, the other family members
were held
responsible for detection, apprehension, and even execution of the
offending member
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation Topic No. 1 Introduction to
Criminal
Investigation Tools of Investigator
2 History of Criminal Investigation Over the years, it has become
increasingly evident
that the crime problem is exceeding in the capabilities of the criminal justice
system to
control or even contain it. In early groups, known as tribes and clan,
methods existed for
detecting and resolving undesirable acts.
3 The methods used although primitive beyond, as compared today
were based on
assigning responsibility to a given individual or family. If a member of a
particular tribal
family violated the moral code of a tribe, the other family members
were held
responsible for detection, apprehension, and even execution of the
offending member
Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation Topic No. 1 Introduction to
Criminal
Investigation Tools of Investigator
2 History of Criminal Investigation Over the years, it has become
increasingly evident
that the crime problem is exceeding in the capabilities of the criminal justice
system to
control or even contain it. In early groups, known as tribes and clan,
methods existed for
detecting and resolving undesirable acts.
3 The methods used although primitive beyond, as compared today
were based on
assigning responsibility to a given individual or family. If a member of a
particular tribal
family violated the moral code of a tribe, the other family members
were held
responsible for detection, apprehension, and even execution of the
offending member

What is policing

Efforts to ensure public safety and security require effective state and non-
state policing, as well as crime prevention and victim support initiatives.
Crime prevention initiatives include neighbourhood watch programmes,
community engagement and awareness. They also involve understanding
the causes of crime in order to design strategies for reducing risk factors.
Where social causes are considered to be important, crime prevention
initiatives may include educational and employment initiatives and after
school programmes for youth.

Victim support services are aimed at making the criminal justice system
more responsive to the needs of those affected by crime. One component
is support for victims in their interaction with criminal justice institutions.
Another aspect is improving services for victims, to respond to their
immediate needs and to help with long-term recovery. Victim support can
be linked to crime prevention, as some approaches seek to prevent repeat
victimisation. A recent study of DFID assistance for security and justice
finds, however, that while victim support services for women (such as the
provision of temporary refuge, medical and legal assistance and referral to
other services) can help women in need, there is no evidence that they
reduce the overall incidence of violence against women

Comparative police system

- s c i e n c e a n d a r t o f i n v e s t i g a t i n g & comparing the police system of

nations- p r o c e s s o f o u t l i n i n g t h e s i m i l a r i t i e s and differences of one
police system to another r in order to discover insights in the field of international
policing - c o v e r s   t h e s t u d y o f   p o l i c e organizations, trainings &
methods o fpolicing of various nations Police = The governmental
department charged with the regulation and control of the affairs of a
community, now chiefly the department established to maintain order,
enforce the law, and prevent and detect crime.
GLOBALIZATION
 = package of transnational flow of people, production, investment,
information, ideas and authority.
 = growing interpenetration of states, markets, communication and ideas.
 = The process of creating transnational markets, politics, and legal
systems in an effort to form and sustain a global economy.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION to Law Enforcement
 = law enforcers are expected to be the protector of the
people…….unaccountable flow of migration and open markets present new
threats to state-based human rights regimes – great challenge to law
enforcement.
Threats to Law Enforcement
  increasing volume of human rights violations as evidence by genocide
and mass killing
  conflict between nations
  Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money
laundering, terrorism
TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM
 1. Common Law Systems = usually exists in English speaking countries
of the world
 = there is strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of
evidence in which the public trial is a main focal point
 = also known as “Anglo-American Justice”
 2. Civil Law Systems = distinguished by strong inquisitorial system
where less right is granted to the accused and the written law is taken as
gospel and subject to little interpretation
 = also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice”
 3. Socialist System = distinguished by procedures designed to
rehabilitate the offender.
 = known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist in places such as Africa
and Asia
 4. Islamic System = based more on the concept of natural justice or
customary law or tribal traditions
THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE
Continental = is the theory of police service which maintains that police
officers are servants of higher authorities. This theory prevails in the
continental countries like France, Italy and Spain.
Home Rule = the theory of police service which states that police officers
are servants of the community or the people. This theory prevails in
England and United States. It is also the police service which prevails in
country with decentralized form of government. This is likewise the police
service theory that should prevail in the Philippines based on the existing
laws, concepts and principles.
CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE
 a. Old police service = states that the yardstick of police proficiency
relies on the number of arrest made.
 b. Modern police service = states that the yardstick of police proficiency
relies on the absence of crime.
Deviance Control = is the modern police function which primarily involves
the mission to reinforce community values and laws. This was adopted by
Germany, China and Japan.
Civil order control = is not organizationally separated from deviance control
but is performed by regular street police in the country of England and
United States.
EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM
  Praetorian guards = military bodies who serve as guardians of peace
in ancient Rome in which the idea of policing said to have originated
  Officer de la Paix = a French term which claimed to be the origin of
the term Police Officer
1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)
A. Tun Policing System
A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all
male residents were required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace
and protect the lives and properties of the people.
About 700 AD, the people living in England in small rural towns used the
Anglo-Saxon System. Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each
tithing elected a leader who was known as the Tithingman. Since 10
tithings amounted to 100, the leader of the 100 families was named the
reeve. Both the tithingman and reeve were elected officials. They
possessed judicial power as well as police authority.
B. Hue and Cry
A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending a
criminal by an act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to
assemble and arrest the suspect.
C. Trial by Ordeal
A judicial practice where in the guilt or innocence of the accused is
determined by subjecting him to an unpleasant, usually dangerous,
experience. (In present terminologies, it would mean an employment of a
“3rd degree.”) The word “ordeal” was derived from the Medieval Latin word
“Dei Indicum” which means “a miraculous decision.”
2. Norman Period of Policing System
This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William The
Conqueror (King of France). When he invaded and conquered England, a
military regime of conquers and dictators began and changed the concept
of crime being committed against the state.
A. Shire-Rieve
Shire-Rieve was a policing system during the Norman Period when
England was divided into fifty-five (55) military areas, each headed by a
ruler called the Rieve (head-man or lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five
(55) military divisions in England are called shires. The shire-rieve had
absolute powers that no one could questions his or her actions.
Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the Horse” were appointed to each
village to aid the Rieve in his duties. It became the source of the word
Constable.
The term “Shire-Rieve” is said to be the origin of the word “Sheriff.”
B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge
A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly being judged by the
Shire-Rieve and tasked to travel through and hear criminal cases. This was
the first instance of the division of the police and judicial powers.
C. Legis Henrici
An act that was enacted during this period with the following features:
  Offenses were classified as against the king and individual.
  Policeman becomes public servant.
  The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It
introduced the system called “citizen’s arrest.”
  Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system
which made inquisition onto the facts of a crime and eliminate the “Anglo-
Saxon Trial or “Trial by Ordeal System.”
D. Frankpledge System
A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents
over twelve years of age were required to guard the town to preserve
peace and protect the lives and properties of the people
3. Westminster Period of Policing System
It is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of
the capital of England, which at the time was Westminster. This period has
the following features:
  Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night
(watch) and in daytime (ward) were defined
  Statute of Westminster of 1285, a collection of regulations aimed at
keeping the peace.
B. Statute of 1295
The law that marks the beginning of the curfew hours, which demanded the
closing of the gates of London during sundown.
C. Justice of the Peace (About 1361)
Three or four men who were learned in the law of the land were given
authority to pursue, arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators of law.
They handled felonies, misdemeanors and infractions of city or village
ordinances. This was later abolished about 75 years after.
D. Star Chamber Court (1487)
 A special court designed to try offenders against the state. The room
set-up is formed in a shape of a star and judges were given great powers
such as the power to force testimony from a defendant leading to a great
abuse of power or brutality on the part of the judges.
4. Keepers of the Peace
 A proclamation issued by King Richard of England sometime in 1195
that required the appointment of knights to keep the King’s peace by
standing as guards on bridges and gates while checking the people
entering and leaving the cities and towns.
5. King Charles II of England (1663)
 King Charles II passed an act which established or promoted the
employment of watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from sunset to sunrise.
6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"
 A law promulgated by King John of England upon the demand of the
Knights of the Round Table forcing the King to sign the same with the
following features:
  No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, banished or exiled except by
legal judgment of his peers.
  No person shall be tried for murder unless there is proof of the body of
the victim.
LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829
Henry Fielding = appointed as Magistrate in 1748, introduced the first
detective force, known as the Bow Street Runners
Bow Runners = a group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by
his brother John Fielding task to catch thieves and robbers
identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the Royal Crown = made up of eight
constables who also investigated crimes handed over to them by the
volunteer constables and watchmen
 1798 = Marine Police Force was established, salaried constables were
being paid by local magistrates.
= initially made up of 220 Constables assisted by 1,000 registered dock
workers, and was responsible for preventing the theft of cargo. = widely
regarded as being the first modern police force in the world, in the sense
that they were not government controlled and were responsible for the
prevention of crime.
LONDON 1829
Sir Robert Peel = appointed as Home Secretary in 1822
METROPOLITAN POLICE = organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel
(Metropolitan Police Act of 1829)
 = the largest of the police services that operate in greater London (the
others include the City of London Police and the British Transport Police)
= finest police force around the world.
TOTAL POLICING = motto of London Metropolitan Police
IMPORTANT DATES
  1833 = Coldbath Fields Riot (Grays Inn Road). A major crowd
disturbance dealt with by the Metropolitan Police with controversial use of
force.
  1836 = The Metropolitan Police absorb the Bow Street Horse Patrol
into its control.
  1838 = incorporates Marine Police and Bow Street Runners into the
Metropolitan Police and the disbandment of the Bow Street Office and
other Offices. These were all agreed and put into effect.
Administration Policing Principles of London Metropolitan Police
 1. Stable and effective civil police under government control
 2. Absence of crime is the best proof of efficiency
 3. Fast distribution of crime news to the police is essential.
  Commissioner = highest rank in the Metropolitan Police
  Police Constable = lowest rank
Contributions of the French in Policing
  Assigning house numbers
  Installing street lights
  Use of police ambulances
  Use of warrant card and ID signifying the authority to arrest
UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM TYPES OF US POLICE
 1. Municipal Police = includes village, township, city and country police
departments, sheriff departments.
Types of Local Police
 a. Country Sheriff = in charged with the operation of county jail, civil
function such as service of eviction notices and other court orders and
police responsibility.
 b. City Police = most common local police organization. It has
jurisdiction in matters that occur in an incorporated municipality.
 2. State Police = includes special investigative agencies that
concentrate on state wide law enforcement
 3. Federal Police = agencies operated by federal government at the
national level
Some Federal Agencies Having Police Functions
Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes
 1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice) = investigates
all violations of federal law except when the enforcement authority was
given to other specific federal agency
 2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) = concerned
with investigation of counterfeiting, forging or altering of any of the money
or other securities of the U.S. It is also in charged of the protection of the
president and his family, and of the executive mansion grounds
 3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of Treasury) = investigated all
violations of federal law relating to prohibited drugs
 4. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice) =
investigates all violations of immigration and naturalization laws, patrol
boarders to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens,a.
b. Protection of the National Revenue
 1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue = investigation of
violations of income tax laws
 2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue = violations of
internal revenue laws
 3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs = investigates
smuggling activities and enforces customs and navigation laws.
 4. Private Police = additional police protection made by employing sworn
officers through contract when they are not officially on duty
Two Basic Forms of Private Police
 a. Proprietary Police = when a person wish to receive service, he hires
and security personnel directly
 b. Contract Security = services of an independent security
company U.S. Police Agencies
 New York City = it is where the first full time police force was organized
in the United States
  New York Police Department = the largest police force in the United
States
  Texas Ranger = police force originally created in response to
colonization
  Boston Police Department = first local modern police department
established in the United States
  Pennsylvania State Police = the first state police agency established
  Los Angeles Police Department = police force that hired the first
female police officer named, Alice Stebbins Wells
The United States police rank model is generally quasi-military in structure.
Although the large and varied number of federal, state, and local police
departments and sheriff's office have different ranks, a general model, from
highest to lowest rank, would be:
  Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff
  Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy
Superintendent/Undersheriff
  Inspector/Commander/Colonel
  Major/Deputy Inspector
  Captain
  Lieutenant
  Sergeant
  Detective/Inspector/Investigator
  Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal
CANADA
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) = colloquially known as Mounties
and internally as “The Force” = is the national police force of Canada and
one of the most recognized of its kind in the word being a national, federal,
provincial and municipal policing body. It is founded in 1920 by the Merger
of Royal Northwest Mounted Police(1873) with the Dominion Police (1868).
= headed by the Commission under the direction of the Minister of Public
Safety Canada.
Commissioner = highest rank in the Royal Canadian Mounted Police th Police Constable 4Class = lowest rank
AUSTRALIA
Australian Police = a progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement
organization, taking strong lead in the fight against 21st century crime.
  Commissioner = highest rank
  Constable = lowest rank
HONGKONG
Hong Kong Police Force
 = is the largest disciplined service under the Security Bureau of Hong
Kong. It is the world's second, and Asia's first, police agency to operate
with a modern policing system. It was formed on 1 May 1844.
in 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong
Police Force for their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots — renaming
them: the Royal Hong Kong Police Force. Following the transfer of
sovereignty, the Force is once again named the Hong Kong Police Force
Structure HKPF
The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted
by two deputy commissioners:
 a. Deputy Commissioner – Operations = supervises all operational
matters including crime and
 b. Deputy Commissioner – Management = is responsible for the
direction and coordination of force management including personnel,
training, and management services.
Motto =We Serve with Pride and Care
The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into Six Regions:
  Hong Kong Island
  Kowloon East
  Kowloon West
  New Territories North
  New Territories South
  Marine Region
The Force Headquarters (Management) is made up of five departments:
  Operations & Support
  Crime & Security
  Personnel & Training
  Management Services
  Finance, Administration and Planning
Hong Kong Police College = s responsible for all matters relating to training
within the Hong Kong Police except internal security, Auxiliary and Marine
Police training. Training provided by the Police College includes recruit and
continuation training, crime investigation training, police driver training and
weapon tactics training. The information technology training, command
training, local and overseas management training, some specialist courses
and periodic courses on firearms and first aid are also provided by the
Police College.
Service Quality Wing = is responsible for spearheading initiatives to
improve services provided to force customers both external and internal.
The wing comprises three branches: Performance Review, Research and
Inspections and Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II)
Complaints and Internal Investigations (C&II) = includes the Complaints
Against Police Office (CAPO) oversees the investigation and successful
resolution of all complaints made both externally and internally against
members of the force.
Entry Requirements to HKPF
Nationality
Must be a permanent resident of the Hong Kong Special Administrative
Region and have lived in Hong Kong for at least seven years.
For Inspector
Academic Requirements
  Hong Kong degree, or equivalent; or
  An accredited Associate Degree from Hong Kong tertiary institution /
A Higher Diploma from a Hong Kong polytechnic / polytechnic university, or
a Diploma from a registered post-secondary college awarded after the date
of its registration, or equivalent; or
  A pass in two subjects at Advanced Level in the Hong Kong
Advanced Level Examination (2A) plus three other subjects at Grade C or
above in the HKCEE (3O), or a combination of results in five Hong Kong
Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 3 in New
Senior Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained with Distinction” in Applied
Learning (ApL) subjects (subject to a maximum of two ApL subjects) and
Grade C in Other Language subjects, or equivalent.
For Police Constable
Academic Requirements
Five passes or above, which may include Chinese Language and English
Language, in the HKCEE, or a combination of results in five Hong Kong
Diploma of Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects of Level 2 in New
Senior Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained” in Applied Learning (ApL)
subjects (subject to a maximum of two ApL subjects) and Grade E in Other
Language subjects, or equivalent.
Selection Processes For Inspector
  Written Examination
  Extended Interview
  Psychometric Test
  Final Interview Board
  Physical Fitness Test
  Integrity Checks and Medical Examination
  Appointment
Selection Processes for Police Constable
  Physical Fitness Test
  Group Interview
  Psychometric Test
  Final Interview Board
  Basic Law Test
  Integrity Checks and Medical Examination
  Appointment
RANKS OF HKPF
Commissioner of Police (CP) Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP) Assistant
Commissioner of Police (ACP) Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP) Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) Superintendent of
Police (SP) Chief Inspector of Police (CIP) Senior Inspector of Police (SIP) Inspector of Police (IP) Probationary Inspector of
Police (PI) Station Sergeant (SSGT) Sergeant (SGT) Senior Constable (SPC) Police Constable (PC) TAIWAN TAIWAN POLICE
FORCE = is the unified police force of taiwan
NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY MINISTRY OF INTERIOR = under the supervision of which is directly under the = under effective
civilian control
FUNCTIONS
 1) to maintain public order,
 2) 2) to protect social security,
 3) 3) to prevent all dangers, and
 4) ) to promote the welfare of all people.
TYPES OF POLICE FORCE IN TAIWAN
 1. Administration Police = are generally referred to those who are
required to wear uniforms to carry out duties of household visits, patrolling,
raid, guarding, duty officer, and reserves.
 2. Traffic Police = the primary duties of the Traffic Police are to keep
traffic order, to ensure traffic safety, to prevent traffic accidents, and to
smooth traffic flow.
 3. Special Police = are those who are responsible for protecting the
Central Government, establishing contingent plans and assisting local and
specialized police units in maintaining public order.
 4. Criminal Investigation Police = the primary duties of the criminal
investigation police are to prevent and detect crimes.
 5. Specialized Police = main duties are to protect state-run enterprises
and public facilities like railways, highways, airports, harbors, MRT and
Bank of Taiwan.
RANKS OF TAIWAN POLICE FORCE
Police Supervisor General Police Supervisor Rank Police Supervisor Rank Two Police Supervisor Rank Three Police Supervisor
Rank Four Police Officer Rank One Police Officer Rank Two Police Officer Rank Three Police Officer Rank Four Police Rank
One Police Rank Two Police Rank Three Police Rank Four
MYANMAR
Myanmar Police Force = formally known as The People's Police Force
(Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae Tup Pwe)
= established in 1964 as independent department under Ministry of Home
Affairs. It was reorganized on 1 October 1995.
There are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and three additional
State/Division Police Forces
Each State and Divisional Police Force consist of four components
  Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police Force
  Office of the Commander of the District Police Force
  Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force
  Police Stations
TRAINING CENTERS
 1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar Police Force
 2. No.1 Police Training Depot = undertakes Basic Training Course for
Police Sergeant for 2 years; Warrant Officer and Police Sergeants Course
for 12 Weeks; and Basic Training Course for Constables for 6 Month
 3. No. 2 Police Training Depot = undertakes only Basic Training Course
for Constables, which normally takes around 6 months to complete.
INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM
 Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian Negara Republika Indonesia) =
is the official police force of Indonesia
 = organized 1946
 = also known as Polri
Markasbesar/Mabes = name of the headquaters of Indonesian National
Police located in KebayoranBaru, South, Jakarta, Indonesia
POLRI TERRITORIAL FORCES
 1. Kepolisian Daerah or polda = provincial police
 2. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil = regional police
 3. Kepolisian Resort or Polres = city police
 4. Kepolisian Sector or Polsek = sub-district police
SPECIAL BRANCHES
 1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) = the most militarized trained to deal with
mass demonstrations
 = paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization operations and
providing security for VIP and vital facilities
 2. Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) = received special anti-riot
training
 3. Sea and Air Police = responsible patrolling the airspace
 4. Plainclothes Unit = assigned in conducting investigations
 5. Maritime Police = responsible in protecting the territorial sea
 6. Anti-Terrorist Unit = trained in counter-terrorism
 7. Forensics = in-charged of laboratory examination of evidence
POLICE RECRUIT VOLUNTEERS
  At least sixth-grade education and should pass the competitive
examination. After 3 years, personnel with junior secondary diploma could
enter into training to become NCO.
RANKING SYSTEM OF POLRI
Police General = equivalent of Director General of PNP Second Bhayangkara = equivalent of police officer 1 of the PNP
ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE (RMP: Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia, PDRM)
= police force of Malaysia.
 = headquarters is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur
 = The constitution, control, employment, recruitment,fund, discipline,
duties and powers of the police force is specified and governed by the
Police Act 1967
Motto = TEGAS, ADIL DAN BERHEMAH = Firm, Fair And Prudent
RMP Organizations
 1. Management Department = the Management Department is tasked
with the routine of management and administration affairs of the RMP. This
department is also the nerve centre of the RMP and acts as the support
services platform for the rest of the force.
 2. Logistics Department = has the role to provide several equipments
needed in RMP
  3. Criminal Investigation Division = deals with the investigation, arrest
and prosecution of hard crimes (murder, robbery, rape etc) and petty
crimes (theft, house-breaking etc).
 = This department also specializes in gambling, vice and secret
societies (triads)
 Branches of Criminal Investigation Division
  D1 – Administrative Division
  D2 – Criminal Record Registration
  D3 – Internal Affairs
  D4 – Statistics
  D5 – Prosecution and Law Divisions
  D6 – Technical Assistance Division
  D7 – Gambling / Vice / Secret Societies
  D8 – Investigation Division / Planning
  D9 – Special Investigation Division
  D10 – Forensic Laboratory Division
  D11 – Sexual Investigation Division
  D12 – National Centre Bureau-Interpol Division
 4. Narcotics Criminal Investigation Division = this department's function
is to fight against dangerous drugs by enforcing the law to stop and reduce
the demand and supply of dangerous drugs.
 5. Internal Security and Public Order Department = responsible for traffic
control and Search & Rescue (SAR) operations
 6. The Police Field Force (PFF) = organized in battalions and was a
para-military units of the Royal Malaysia Police. Also known as the Jungle
Squad
= established in 1948
 7. Police Counter-Terrorism Unit = an elite unit of RMP responsible in
counter-terrorism operations
 8. UNGERIN = Unit Gempur Marin (UNGERIN) ( Marine Combat Unit)
was established in 2006 and it was fully operational by the end of 2007
 = first name was Unit Selam Tempur due to the pressing need to
suppress the pirate attacks alongside the coastal area of Malacca Straits
and open sea area of South China Sea which were continuously
widespread from time to time despite various efforts done to overcome the
problem
 = members received training from U.S
 9. Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) = (Malay: Pasukan Simpanan
Persekutuan)
 = its role is riot suppression, crowd control, disaster relief & rescue, as
well as special operations assistance = organized in 1955
 10. C4-i Implementations System = (abbreviation for Command, Control,
Communications, Computer-Integrated) = based at Police Control Centre in
all police contingents in Malaysia.
 = this unit is assigned to patrol the city and the suburbs.
 11. The Marine Operations Force or (Malay: Pasukan Gerakan Marin) =
tasked with maintaining law and order and coordinating search and rescue
operations in the Malaysian Maritime Zone and on the high seas
 12. Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing Unit or Unit Udara PDRM (UUP) =
is a special unit of Royal Malaysia Police with a vital role in maintaining
national security with thorough surveillance and patrol from the air
 13. Special Branch = This department is responsible for collecting
intelligence for national security
 14. Traffic Unit = responsible in maintaining the flow of traffic
 15. Commercial Crimes Investigation Department = this department's
main function is to investigate, arrest, and prosecute offenders committing
white collar crimes such as fraud, breach of trust, cyber-crimes, forgery,
counterfeiting etc
 16. Mounted Police = police who patrol on horseback (equestrians) or
camelback. They continue to serve in remote areas and in metropolitan
areas where their day-to-day function may be picturesque or ceremonial,
but they are also employed in crowd control because of their mobile mass
and height advantage
RANKS OF RMP
INSPECTOR-GENERAL OF POLICE = equivalent of director general (Philippines) POLICE CONSTABLE = equivalent of police
officer 1 (Philippines)
Singapore
Francis James Bernard = formed the skeleton force as the heritage of
Singapore Police Force in 1819.
  Singapore Police Force (SPF) is the main agency task with the
maintaining law and order in the city-state. It is formerly known as Republic
of Singapore Police. Organized with split staff (15) and line functions (13)
roughly modeled after the military. Headquarters at New Poenix Park in
Novena. The highest rank is Commissioner of Police and the lowest is
Police Constable.
  Section 7 of Police Force Act of 1857 = constitution of the SPF
 Recruitment/training
  High school graduates who were interested in law enforcement as a
career can be recruited and those who are selected for officers had to be
approved by the Public Service Commission.
  Career development course were encouraged for officer and senior
officers are required to travel oversees for training such as in Police Staff
College in Britain, FBI Nat’l Academy in US and Police Academy in Japan.
  Nine (9) months training. Newly appointed officer will be placed on a
one year probation period.
RANKS OF SPF
Commissioner of Police = equivalent of director general in the Philippines Constable = equivalent of Police Officer 1 in the PNP
JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM
  Keihoryo (Police Bureau within the Ministry of Home affairs to 1945)
  Japanese Colonial Government = the one which organized the first
formal policing in China.
  Japanese Yakuza = considered as the center of Asian organized
crime action.
ORGANIZATION OF NPA
 1. National Public Safety Commission = a government body responsible
for the administrative supervision of the police. Under the jurisdiction of the
Prime Minister
 2. Japan National Police Agency (NPA) = a totally gunless police force,
except for its special attack team.
Organizations Attached to the NPA
 a. National Police Agency = provides training to police officers and
conduct academic research
 b. National Research Institute of Police Science = conducts research in
police science
 c. Imperial Guards = provides escort to the Emperor, Empress, Crown
Prince and other Imperial family.
 = responsible for the security of Imperial Palace
 3. Regional Police Bureau = exercise control and supervision over
regional police offices and provides support with the prefectural police.
 Director General = heads each Regional Bureau acting upon orders
from the Commission General of the NPA.
 Regional Police Bureau = the local organizations to carry out part of the
NPA’s functions. There are about 7 Bureaus in the major cities except for
Tokyo and Hokkaido where in Tokyo, Metropolitan Police department
(headed by Superintendent General) has long been established and shares
the same location with the NPA. Prefectural Police has the whole of
Hokkaido under its jurisdiction.
 4. Prefectural Public Safety Commission (PPSC) = administrative
commission functioning under the representative system which supervise
the prefectural police. Under the Jurisdiction of the Governor. Though not
empowered to give order to the Commission.
 5. Koban = a system of policing adopted in Japan, a substation near
major transportation hubs and shopping areas and in residential districts
which forms the first line of police response to the public.
 = Koban usually staffed by 3-5 officers and about 7000 residential police
boxes (Chuzaisho-staffed by a single officer). About 20 % of police is
assigned to Koban.
CHINA POLICE SYSTEM
  Ministry of National Defense = is the top of the hierarchy with judicial
and public security agencies such as Ministry of Public safety and the
Ministry of State Security.
  Ministry of Public Security= is the principal police authority of the
mainland of the People’s Republic of China which oversee the day to day
law enforcement. (It is the equivalent of the National Police Agency in
Japan).
  Ministry of State Security = the Chinese government’s largest and
most active foreign intelligence agency, though it is also involved in
domestic security matters.
Kinds of police
 1. People’s Armed Police (PAP), 1980’s deals with domestic
disturbances, acts as riot police and guard’s government compounds and
foreign embassies. Usually handles border defense but is called sometimes
to back up local police.
 2. State Security Police = (1983) safeguards state security, prevent
foreign espionage, sabotage and conspiracies. Under the Ministry of State
Security and directly accountable to the State council.
 3. Prison Police = a part of the correctional arm of the overall police
system stationed in prisons and correction units. This is under the
leadership of the Ministry of Justice.
 4. Judicial Police = responsible for maintaining the security and order in
courts and serving instruments and some also executing death sentences.
 5. Quasi parapolice (“Cheng guan”) = operate in many places and hired
by officials to help carry out some unpopular actions such as collecting
taxes and fines and ousting peasants from seized land.
Special Police College = conducts nationwide recruitment once a year. Central Military Commission = appoints police in
China People’s Liberation Army = Chinese Armed forces. Civil Service Promotion Examinations = basis for regulation of the Rank
promotion Examination for police officer.
RANK SYSTEM IN CHINA
Commissioner General = equivalent of Director General in the PNP nd Constable 2Class = equivalent of Police Officer 1 in the
PNP
THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM
 Royal Thai Police = formerly known as THAILAND NATIONAL POLICE
DEPARTMENT (TNPD)
 = In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of Thailand
to be directly under the Office of the Prime Minister using the name Royal
Thai Police. The position of its supreme head was changed from that of the
Director-General of the TNPD to the Commissioner-General of the Royal
Thai Police
Royal Thai Police Headquarters = based in Bangkok Police-General = highest rank of the Royal Thai Police Policeman /
Constable = lowest rank
BRUNEI POLICE SYSTEM
  Royal Brunei Police Force (Polis Diraja Brunei – PDRB) = created in
1921 which is responsible for keeping law and order and providing law
enforcement services throughout Brunei
  Inspector-General of Police = highest rank
  Lance Corporal = lowest rank
Philippine Police System
  During the Spanish Regime
 Maintenance of law and order is a part of the military system for the
defense of the colony;
 Locally organized police forces although performing civil duties is a
direct adjunct of the colonial military establishments; (policemen in
appearance yet colonial soldiers in the ultimate sense.
 Police functions consisted mainly of (1) suppression of brigandage by
patrolling unsettled areas; (2) detection of local or petty uprising by spying
upon the work and movements of the people and; (3) the enforcement of
tax collection including church revenues.
  Cuardilleros = a body of rural police organized in each town
established by Royal decree of Jan. 8, 1836. It mandates that 5% of the
able bodied male inhabitants of each province where to be enlisted in this
police organization for 3 years. There services are originally not paid or
gratuitous subject to some privileges although in some province they
received a proportionate pay ranging from 4.00 to 8.00 depending on the
revenue collection.
  Carabineros De Seguridad Publica = Organized in 1712 for the
purpose of carrying the regulations of the Department of State. This was
armed and considered as the mounted police who later discharged the
duties of a port, harbor and river police. It was later given special
commission by Royal Decree of December 20, 1842 and it was called –
Cuerco De Seguridad Publica ( Corps of Crabbiness for Public Security).
  Gurdia Civil = Created by Royal decree on February 12, 1852, to
partially relieve the Spanish peninsula troops of their works in policing
towns. It is consisted of a body of Filipino policemen organized originally in
each of the provincial capital of the province of Luzon under the Alcalde
Mayor.)
  Philippine Commission Act No. of 175 = (July 18, 1901) an act
providing for the organization and government of an Insular Constabulary.
  Sec. 1, Act 255 of October 3, 1901 = renamed the Insular
Constabulary to Philippine Constabulary (a national police institution for
preserving peace, keeping order and enforcing the law.
  Henry Allen = the first Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.
  Rafael Crame = the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary.
  Act No 70 = (On January 9, 1901) The Metropolitan Police Force of
Manila was organized
  E.O. 389 = Ordered that the PC be one of the four services of the
AFP, dated December 23, 1940.
  P.D. 765 = Integration Act of 1975, dated August 8, 1975, established
the Integrated National Police (INP) composed of the PC as the nucleus
and the Integrated local police forces as components, under the Ministry of
National Defense.
  E.O. 1012 =transferred to the city and municipal government the
operational supervision and direction over the INP units assigned within
their locality.
  R.A. 4864 =It created the POLCOM (Police Commission) as a
supervisory agency to oversee the training and professionalization of the
local police under the Officer of the President. Otherwise known as the
Police Professionalization act of 1966, dated September 8, 1966. It was
later renamed as the National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM).
  E.O. 1040 = Transferred the Admin. Control and Supervision of the
INP from the ministry of National Defense to the National Police
Commission
  R.A. 6975 = It is otherwise known as the Department of Interior and
Local Government Act of 1990, enacted on December 13, 1990.
Established the PNP, BFP, BJMP and the PPSC.
  R.A. 8551 Philippine National Police Reform and Reorganization Act
of 1998, enacted 1998, amending the provision of R.A. 6975
  Act No. 181 = created the Division of Investigation (DI) of the
Department of Justice dated November 1938.
  R.A. 157 = created the National Bureau of Investigation, enacted June
19, 1947 and later reorganized by R,A. 2678
  Line and Staff = the organizational structure of the P.N.P. which is
also adopted by many police organization in the world.
  P.N.P. = headed by Chief with a rank of Director General with two (2)
Deputy Director General (1) for Administration and (2) for Operation.
Although there are three (3) Deputy Director General ranks.
  SOP No. 7 = prescribed PNP guidelines in the conduct of operations
against terrorists and other lawless elements involved in terrorist activities.
United Nations = officially came into existence on October 24, 1945
 = Coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the
declaration by United Nation. This declaration was made to officially state
the Cooperation of the allies (Great Britain, the United States, and the
Union of soviet Socialist Republics)
Branches of UN
 1. UN general Assembly = This is the main decision-making and
representative assembly in the UN through its policies and
recommendations. It is composed of all member states , is headed by a
president elected from the member states, and meets from September to
December
 Functions of General Assembly
 a. Deliberative = initiating studies and making recommendations for the
development of international law
 b. Supervisory = receiving and considering annual and special reports
from another organs
 c. Financial = approval and apportionment of budget
 d. Elective = election of non-permanent members of the security council
 e. Constituent = admissions of members and the amendments of charter
 2. UN Security Council = is another branch in the organization of the UN
and is the most powerful of all the branches.
FUNCTIONS
 a. Preventive Action = consist of provisional measures to prevent a
conflict from worsening, and may involve the deployment of
PEACEKEEPING AND OBSERVER missions
 b. Enforcement Action = consist of deployment of air, sea and land
forces
 Five Permanent Members of Security Council
 1. China
 2. France
 3. Russia
 4. United Kingdom
 5. United States
 *The other 10 members are rotating or elective members for a period of
two years by the General Assembly
 3. International Court of Justice = Located in the Hague, Netherlands.
This branch is responsible for the judicial matters of the UN.
 4.Secretariat = Its main responsibility is providing studies, information,
and other data needed
 5. Economic and Social Council = consists of 45 members elected by
the General Assembly for a 3 year term.
Efforts are Towards the Following:
 a. Higher standards of living
 b. Condition of economic and social progress and development
 c. Solutions of international economic, social, health and related
problems
 d. Universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
 6. Trusteeship Council = assists the security council and the general
assembly in the administration of the International Trusteeship System
UN CHARTER = it is closest to a constitution that basically governs the
relations of international persons. Technically, it is a Treaty.
TREATY = an international agreement concluded between states in written
form and sworn by international law, whether embodied in a single
instrument or in two or more instruments and whatever its particular
designation.
INTERPOL
  Interpol (1923) = (International Criminal Police Organization) is the
police forces organization that primarily manifest global or international
cooperation in addressing transnational crime. Its headquarters was initially
located in Vienna Austria (it is where Interpol was founded) but at present it
is transferred to Lyon France.
  INTERPOL = is the world’s largest international police organization,
with 190 member countries. It exists to help create a safer world by
supporting law enforcement agencies worldwide to combat crime.
  It aims to facilitate international police co-operation, and supports and
assists all organizations, authorities and services whose mission is to
prevent or combat internal crime.
  = the organization of law enforcement agencies worldwide that serves
as transmission or communication line for the exchange of information,
data and request for assistance between and among the member
countries.
  It focuses on: (1) Combat crimes and transnational crimes; (2) protect
minorities against the dominant groups; and (3) Maintain law enforcement
regardless of race or religion.
INTERPOL’ s Structure
  General Assembly
  Executive Committee
  General Secretariat
  National Central Bureaus
  Advisers
  The Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’s Files.
General Assembly = is the supreme governing body of the Interpol, it meets
annually and comprises delegates appointed by each member country. The
assembly takes all important decisions related to policy, resources, working
methods, finances, activities and programmes.
Executive Committee = consisting of 13 members elected by the General
Assembly and comprises the president, three vice –presidents and nine
delegates covering the four regions.
It is the INTERPOL’s select deliberate organ which meets three times a
year, usually in March, July and immediately before the General Assembly.
Current Members of the EC as of 2012
  KHOO Boon Hui (Singapore) – Current President and Singapore’s
Senior Deputy Secretary of the Ministry of Home Affairs and former
Commissioner of Police.
 3 Vice Presidents
Adamu Abubakar MOHAMMED (Nigeria) Mireille BALLESTRAZZI (France) Oscar Adolfo NARANJO TRUJILLO (Colombia)
 9 Delegates
  Pieter Jaap AALBERSBERG (The Netherlands)
  Fath ELRAHMAN Osman (Sudan)
  Emmanuel GASANA (Rwanda)
  Francisco GIL MONTERO (Spain)
  Nobuyuki KAWAI (Japan)
  Tariq KHOSA (Pakistan)
  Sanna PALO (Finland)
  Marcos VASQUEZ MEZA (Chile)
  Timothy A. WILLIAMS (United States)
General Secretariat = (Lyon, France) operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a
year and is run by the Secretary General. It Works with Officials of more
than 80 countries side-by-side using four official languages: Arabic,
English, French and Spanish. It consists of seven (7) regional offices
across the world namely:
  Argentina,
  Cameron,
  Cote D’Ivoire,
  Kenya,
  El Salvador,
  Thailand, and
  Zimbabwe.
National Central Bureaus (NCB) = Each INTERPOL member country
maintains a National Central Bureau staffed by National law enforcement
officers. The NCB is the designated contact point for the General
Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring
assistance with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension
of fugitives.
Advisers = these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be
appointed by the Executive Committee and confirmed by the General
Assembly.
Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’ File (CCF) = this is an
independent body whose mandate is threefold:
 (1) to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL
complies with the Organization’s regulations,
 (2) to advice INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other
matter concerning the information contained in INTERPOL’S files.
INTERPOL’s Governance = comprises the General Assembly and the
Executive Committee, which is headed by the President.
The President of the Organization is elected by the General Assembly for a
period of four (4) years. His role is to chair the General Assembly and
Executive Committee and ensure that INTERPOL’S activities conform with
decisions made at these meetings.
  Oskar Dressler = the first secretary general of the Interpol.
  Johann Schober = the first president of the Interpol.
INTERPOL’S NOTICE
 1. Red Notice – a notice which is issued to seek the arrest or provisional
arrest of wanted persons with a view to extradition.
 2. Blue Notice – this type of notice is issued in order to locate, identify or
obtain information on a person of interest in a criminal investigation.
 3. Green Notice – to warn about a person's criminal activities if that
person is considered to be a possible threat to public safety.
 4. Yellow Notice – to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to
help identify persons who are unable to identify themselves.
 5. Black Notice – a notice issued to seek information on unidentified
bodies.
 6. Orange Notice – to warn of an event, a person, an object or a process
representing an imminent threat and danger to persons or property.
 7. Purple Notice – issued to provide information on modus operandi,
objects, devices and concealment methods used by criminals.
 8. INTERPOL–United Nations Security Council Special Notice – is
issued for individuals and entities that are subject to UN sanctions.
The following are channels of global bilateral and multilateral international
cooperation against transnational crime:
  Global multi-lateral cooperation via Interpol;
  Bilateral police cooperation agreements with individual states;
  European multilateral cooperation via Europol.
*System of policing that serves as a grass root approach to bring the
people and the police together in cooperative manners:
  Problem Oriented Policing
  Community Oriented Policing
  Cooperative Policing
  Team Policing
INTERPOL’s FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS
1. Secure Global Police Communications Services
INTERPOL developed the I-24/7 global police communications system to
exchange crucial data quickly and securely is a cornerstone of effective
international law enforcement.
2. Operational Data Services and Databases for Police
INTERPOL provides operational data services and databases for police to
fight international crime, police need access to information which can assist
investigations or help prevent crime. INTERPOL manages several
databases, accessible to the INTERPOL bureaus in all member countries
through its I-24/7.
3. Operational Police Support Services
a. 24-Hour Support
 The Command and Co-ordination Centre(CCC) operates round the
clock in all of INTERPOL’s four official languages (English, French,
Spanish and Arabic) and serves as the first point of contact for any member
country faced with a crisis situation.
b. Crisis Response and Major Events
 In the event of a disaster or major crime, INTERPOL Response Teams
or Disaster Victim Identification teams composed of officers from the
General Secretariat and member countries can be dispatched to the scene
within hours of an event.
c. International Alert System
 An important component of INTERPOL’s operational police support is
the notice system, of which the Red Notice for wanted persons is the most
well known. In addition to the six color-coded notices (Red, Blue, Green,
Yellow, Black and Orange), is the INTERPOL-United Nations Special
Notice issued for groups or individuals who are the targets of UN sanctions
against Al Qaeda and the Taliban.
d. Analyzing Crime Data
Criminal intelligence analysis is recognized by the law enforcement
community as a valuable tool, helping to provide timely warning of threats
and operational police activities. INTERPOL contributes to investigations
by assisting officers working at the General Secretariat and in member
countries with research and analysis on crime trends and with training
courses in criminal analysis techniques.
Divisions of Criminal Intelligence Analysis
 a. Operational Analysis = aims to achieve a specific law enforcement
outcome. Usually, it has immediate benefit
 b. Strategic Analysis = provides early warning signals of threats and to
support decision making in setting priorities to deal with criminal issues
4. Police Training and Development
As one of the 4 INTERPOL core functions, Police Training and
Development continues to evolve as a priority for INTERPOL and member
countries.
ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE (ASEANAPOL)
 1981 (Manila) = The first formal meeting of The Chiefs of ASEAN Police
 = Attended by 5 original member countries (Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippines, Singapore and Thailand)
FIVE OTHER MEMBERS
 1. Brunei
 2. Cambodia
 3. Lao
 4. Myanmar
 5. Vietnam
IMPORTANT DATES
  1983 (Jakarta) = Endorsement of the model & design of ASEANAPOL
logo
  1984 (Kuala Lumpur) = Royal Brunei Police became a member and
joined the annual conference
  1996 (Kuala Lumpur) = Vietnam joined as a new member
  1998 (Brunei) = Laos joined ASEANAPOL
  2000 (Myanmar) = Myanmar became the 10th country to joined as a
new member
  2005 (Bali) = The setting up of a working group to consider the
viability of establishing a permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat
 = Silver Jubilee Commemoration of ASEANAPOL
  2008 (Brunei) = The Royal Malaysia Police was chosen as a host of
permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat
  2009 (Vietnam) = Adoption of Terms of Reference (TOR)
  2010 = On 1st January 2010 commencement of ASEANAPOL
Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
ORANIZATION
 1. ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE = comprise of deputy heads
of delegation attending the annual ASEANAPOL conference. It provides a
summary reports of the activities of the Secretariat to the Head of the
Delegation
 2. ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT = is on rotational basis
with member countries taking turn to host the ASEANAPOL conference
and automatically assume the role of the secretariat for the current year.
 = headed by executive director and assisted by 2 directors
Tenure of Services
 a. Executive Director -2 years
 b. Directors -3 years (one for Police Services and one for Plans and
Programs
 *During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009,
the Terms of Reference on the establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat
was finally endorsed. Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent seat.
 *The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation fully on January 1,
201
CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION – is an art which deals with the identity and
location of the offender and provides evidence of guilt through criminal
proceedings.
INVESTIGATION DEFINED: The collection of facts to accomplish a three-
fold aim:
 a. to identify the guilty party;

 b. to locate the guilty party; and

 c. to provide evidence of his guilt.

PRIMARY JOB OF AN INVESTIGATOR

The primary job of the investigator is to discover whether or not an offense
has been committed under the law, after determining what specific offense
has been committed, he must discover how it was committed, by whom,
where it was committed, when and why it was committed (Cardinal points
of Investigation 5W’s and 1H).
SIX CARDINAL POINTS OF INVESTIGATION

specific offense has been

WHAT Nature of crime
committed?

WHERE crime was committed? Place or location

WHEN it was committed? Time and date

WHOM it was committed? Persons/s involved

Reason or motive of Committing

WHY it was committed?
the crime

Manner, method or modus

HOW it was committed?
operandi

QUALITIES OF A GOOD INVESTIGATOR

 1. Perseverance

 2. Intelligence
 3. Honest

 4. Understanding of the people and environment

 5. Keen power of observation

TRAINING
Training, as one of the foundations of investigation, is concededly a vital
ingredient in the creation of a total investigator. Experience alone does not
make one good investigator. Many who had been hostage to this notion
often ended in jeopardy. The ideal conjugal partnership is training and
experience. The fusion of the best training and vast experience is a
formidable force that can threat even the most sophisticated technology
and syndicated crimes. The necessity of training as a purveyor of change
builds the investigator’s confidence. It widens his vision for professional
growth and strengthens his will to survive and prevail over crises.
The National Forensic Science Training Institute (NFSTI) under the
Philippine Public Safety College is the institution that trains uniformed
personnel of the Philippine National Police to become a certified
investigator.
THREE TOOLS OF INVESTIGATION
1. INFORMATION
It is the knowledge/data which an investigator acquired from other persons
and records.
Classes of Information
 a. Regular Sources – records, files from government and non-
government agencies, news items.

 b. Cultivated Sources – information gathered upon initiative of the

investigator from informants, vendors, taxicab driver, GRO, and others.

 c. Grapevine Sources – these are information coming from the

underworld characters such as prisoners and ex-convicts.

2. INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION

INTERVIEW – Is a conversation with a purpose, motivated by a desire to
obtain certain information from the person being interviewed as to what
was done, seen, felt, heard, tasted, smell or known.
This is the questioning of a person believed to possess knowledge that is in
official interest to the investigator.
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS
Nobody has to talk to law enforcers. No law compels a person to talk to the
police if he does not want to. Therefore, people will have to be persuaded,
always within legal and ethical limits, to talk to law enforcers. This makes
interviewing an art.
I.R.O.N.I.C. FORMAT
The interview of a witness can be described by its acronym ‘IRONIC’ which
stands for Identity, Rapport, Opening Statement, Narration, Inquiry, and
conclusion.
Identity – prior to the commencement of an interview, the investigator
should identify himself to the subject by name, rank and agency. Except,
when there is no need to know the officer’s identity.
Rapport – it is good to get the positive feeling of the subject towards the
investigators, such friendly atmosphere is a vital for both the subject and
the investigator t have a better interaction.
Opening Statement – the investigator must have to indicate why the subject
is being contracted.
Narration – the witness should be allowed to tell all he knows with little
interruptions from the investigator.
Inquiry – after all information have been given by the subject, that is the
time for the investigator to as question to clarify him about the case under
investigation.
Conclusions – after the interview, it is but proper to close the interview with
outmost courtesy and thanking the subject for his cooperation.
RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN QUESTIONING
 a. One question at a time

 b. Avoiding implied answer

 c. Simplicity of the questions

 d. Saving faces

 e. Avoid close ended questions (yes or no)

INTERROGATION –is a questioning of a person suspected of having
committed an offense or a person who is reluctant to make full disclosure of
information in his possession which is pertinent to the investigation.
What are the purposes of Interrogation?
 a. To obtain confession to the crime

 b. To induce the suspect to make admission

 c. To learn the facts of the crime

 d. To learn the identity of the accomplice

 e. To develop information which will lead to the recovery of the fruits of
the crime

 f. To discover the details of other crimes participated by the suspect

INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES
Emotional Appeal
Place the subject in the proper frame of mind. The investigator should
provide emotional stimuli that will prompt the subject to unburden himself
by confiding. Analyze the subject’s personality and decide what motivation
would prompt him to tell the truth, and then provide those motives through
appropriate emotional appeals.
Sympathetic appeal
The suspect may feel the need for sympathy or friendship when he is
apparently in trouble. Gestures of friendship may win his cooperation.
Kindness
The simplest technique is to assume that the suspect will confess if he is
treated in a kind and friendly manner.
Extenuation
The investigator indicates he does not consider his subject’s indiscretion a
grave offense.
Shifting the blame
The interrogator makes clear his belief that the subject is obviously not the
sort of person who usually gets mixed up in a crime like this. The
interrogator could tell from the start that he was not dealing with a fellow
who is a criminal by nature and choice.
Mutt and Jeff
Two (2) Agents are employed.
 -Mutt, the relentless investigator, who is not going to waste any time
because he knows that the subject is guilty.

 -Jeff, on the other hand, is obviously a kind-hearted man.

Bluff on a Split Pair

This is applicable when there is more than one suspect. The suspects are
separated and one is informed that other has talked.
Pretense of Physical Evidence
The investigator may pretend that certain physical evidence has found by
laboratory experts against him.
Jolting
May be applied to calm and nervous subjects by constantly observing the
suspects, the investigator chooses a propitious moment to shout a
pertinent question and appear as though he is beside himself with rage.
The subject may be unnerved to the extent of confessing:
CUSTODIAL INTERROGATION/INVESTIGATION – is the questioning of a
law enforcement officer on a person under custody and otherwise deprived
of his freedom or liberty. This is the stage in investigation where there is
strict observance of the Miranda Doctrine.
MIRANDA DOCTRINE – this case which entitled Miranda vs. Arizona, is a
US Supreme Court Jurisprudence which laid down the constitutional rights
of the accused during custodial investigation. It was incorporated in our
1973 Constitution and later in the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines.
3. INSTRUMENTATION
It is the application of instruments and methods of physical science to the
detection of crimes. In cases where there are no significant physical
evidence to be found, then the use of instrumentation is relatively
unimportant.
PHASES/STAGES OF CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION
 1. Identification of criminals
 2. Tracing and locating the criminal

 3. Gathering of evidence to prove the guilt of the criminal

IDENTIFICATION OF CRIMINALS 1.
METHODS OF IDENTIFYING CRIMINALS
 a. By confession or admission of the criminal himself

 b. Identification by accounts or testimonies of eyewitnesses

 c. Identification by circumstantial evidence

 d. Identification by associative evidence

 e. Identification by the Method of Operation (Modus Operandi)

CONFESSION– is the direct acknowledgement of guilt arising from the

commission of a crime.
Types of Confession
 a. Extra-Judicial Confession – those made by the suspect during
custodial investigation.

 b. Judicial Confession– those made by the accused in open court. The

plea of guilt may be during arraignment or in any stage of the proceedings
where the accused changes his plea of not guilty to guilty.

ADMISSION– is a self-incriminatory statement by the subject falling short

of an acknowledgement of guilt. It is an acknowledgement of a fact or
circumstances from which guilt maybe inferred. It implicates but does not
incriminate. It is also an acknowledgement that a fact, action or
circumstances are true which strongly infer or directly admit guilt but lacks
the detail of the elements of the crime.
RULES TO BE OBSERVED IN TAKING CONFESSION OR ADMISSION
 1. Confession or admission must be taken preferably in writing and
under oath

 2. It must be written in the language known and understood by the

accused, if not it must be clearly translated

 3. It must be freely and voluntary given by the accused

 4. Under the New Constitution, it must be taken in the presence of
competent and independent counsel chosen by the accused

KINDS OF CRIMINALS IDENTIFIED BY WITNESSES

 a. Known criminals

 b. Unknown criminals

Methods of Identification by witness

 a. Verbal description

 b. Photographic files (Rogues Gallery)

 c. General Photograph

 d. Artist sketch (Composite Criminal Illustration)

The value of identification by eyewitness depends on:

 a. The ability to observe and remember distinct appearance of suspect;

 b. Prevailing condition of visibility;

 c. The lapse of time.

What are the procedures of identification by eyewitness?

 a. Physical line-up – is a means of selecting a suspect from a group of
innocent persons usually composed of seven to ten persons. The purpose
of line-up is to eliminate the power of suggestion.

 b. Physical show-up – only one person is shown to the witness usually

at the scene of the crime and made immediately after the arrest of the
suspect.

CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE -facts or circumstances from which, either

alone or in connection with other facts, the identity of the person can be
inferred.
What must be inferred to prove identity by circumstantial evidence?
 a. Motive – is what induces the criminal to act

 b. Intent –is the result or accomplishment of the act

 c. Opportunity –is the physical possibility that the suspect could have
committed the crime.

It could be inferred from the following:

 a. The suspect could have been in the vicinity of the crime scene at the
time it was committed.

 b. Knowledge of the criminal objective.

 c. Absence of an alibi on the part of the criminal.

PHYSICAL EVIDENCE TO IDENTIFY CRIMINALS

 1. CORPUS DELICTI– is the body of the crime or fact of specific loss or
injury sustained. It constitutes the essential parts or elements in the
commission of the crime.

 2. ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE – these are the pieces of evidence that

will link the suspect to the crime scene. The suspect may leave some clues
at the scene such as weapons, tools, garments or prints.

 3. TRACING EVIDENCE – articles which assist the investigator in

locating the criminal. Stolen goods in the possession of the suspect in an
example of tracing evidence.

MODUS OPERANDI – is the method of operation by a specific criminal or

criminal syndicate. It is a distinct pattern of how a crime is committed and is
established by a series of crimes under one classification. The modus
operandi of one criminal is distinct and different from the other. It is a
criminal trademark, logo or brandname.
2. TRACING AND LOCATING THE CRIMINALS
INFORMANT – is a person who gives information to the police relevant to a
criminal case about the activities of criminals or syndicates.
TYPES OF INFORMANTS
 a. Anonymous informant – do not wish to be identified.

 b. Rival elimination informant – to eliminate competition.

 c. False informant – reveals information of no consequence or value.

 d. Frightened informant – motivated by anxiety.

 e. Self-aggrandizing – hangs about the fringes of the criminals.

 f. Mercenary informant – gives information for a price.

 g. Double crosser informant – to get more information from the police.

 h. Woman informant – female associate of the criminals.

 i. Legitimate informant – operators of legitimate business

establishments.

MOTIVES OF INFORMANTS
 a. Vanity

 b. Civic-mindedness

 c. Fear

 d. Repentance

 e. Avoidance of punishment

 f. Competition

 g. Revenge

 h. Jealousy

 i. Remuneration

SURVEILLANCE – is the secret observation of persons, places,and

vehicles for the purpose of obtaining information concerning the identities
or activities of the subject.
 a. Surveillance of Place (fixed/ stake-out)

 b. Shadowing

 c. Roping

SURVEILLANT – is the person who maintains the surveillance or performs

the observation.
SUBJECT – the person or place being watched or surveyed.
KINDS OF SURVEILLANCE
 1. Surveillance of places

 2. Tailing or shadowing

 3. Undercover investigation or roping

How to conduct surveillance of place?

A careful survey of the surrounding area should be made. The character of
the neighborhood, residents and transient should be noted. The
observation point should be selected properly. When observation is
conducted from a ‘plant’, surveillance agents must be extremely careful not
to reveal their true activity. Observation maybe made through a window or
other aperture so as to be unnoticed from the outside. Venetian blinds
afford the best coverage, but may appear to be out of place of some
buildings. An alternative is to lower the roller of draw shades another inch
from the window. Binoculars are generally essentially equipment of
the plants, as they facilitate positive identification of person entering or
leaving the place under and observation. A still or video camera with
telephoto lens can also be used effectively. Agents should take careful
notes of what they observe and should record detailed descriptions of all
individuals entering the target. A chronological log is usually the best of
recording pertinent occurrences.
TAILING OR SHADOWING – is the act of following a person, depends on
the number of surveillant available, volume of pedestrian traffic and
importance of concealing the surveillance.
METHODS OF SHADOWING
 a. One man –extremely difficult and should be avoided, if unavoidable
keep subject in view at all times.

 b. Two man – two agents are employed to follow the subject.

 c. ABC method – reduces the risk of losing the subject, affords greater
security agents detection.

 d. Progressive/Leap from method – poor chances of obtaining good

results, agents are stations at a fixed point assuming that subject followed
the same general route each day.
 e. Combined foot-auto surveillance – employment of surveillants on foot
and agents in an automobile.

What are the things that should be avoided during shadowing?

 a. Don’t meet the eye of the subject

 b. Don’t adopt a slinking, sleuthing, creeping manner

 c. Don’t wear story book disguises

 d. Don’t carry noticeable items

 e. Don’t greet fellow agents

 f. Don’t make notations ostensibly

How to detect foot surveillance?

A subject who is suspicious of being under surveillance may resort to
trickery in order to verify his suspicion. When a subject resort to such
trickery, it is good policy to change agents, for the suspect may have
‘spotted’ one or more of his surveillants.
 a. stopping abruptly and look back

 b. casually looking around

 c. reversing course/retracing steps

 d. boarding bus and alighting just before they start

 e. riding short distance on bus

 f. circling the block on a taxi

 g. entering a building and leaving immediately via another exit

 h. stopping abruptly after turning a corner

 i. using convoys

 j. watching reflection in shop windows

 k. walking slowly and rapidly at alternate intervals

 l. dropping a piece of papers to see if anyone retrieves it

 m. stopping to tie a shoe string, meanwhile looking around for

surveillants

 n. arranging with a friend in a shop, stores or other places to watch for

surveillants.

How to elude foot surveillance?

Common method to elude foot surveillance in which surveillants must be
prepared and guard against are the following:
 a. jumping off a bus, trains just as the doors are about to close

 b. leaving a building through the rear or side exits

 c. losing one self in crowds

 d. entering theaters and leaving immediately through an exit

 e. pointing out one surveillant to a police to a generally require the agent

to explain his action

 f. using decoys

 g. taking the last taxi at a stand

 h. changing clothing

AUTOMOBILE SURVEILLANCE
The methods of auto surveillance to be used depends upon the numbers
and type of surveillance vehicles available, the volume of vehicular traffic in
the area, the importance of concealing the surveillance from the subject,
and the subject’s estimated ability to detect and elude surveillance. At all
times each vehicle should be occupied by at least two agents; one to
concentrate on driving, and the other to observe, take notes, operate radio
equipment, or to dismount and continue the surveillance on foot.
How to detect automobile surveillance
As in the case of foot surveillance, a subject who believes he is being
followed may resort to trickery in order to verify his suspicions. Some of the
common tricks employed:
 a. Alternate fast and slow driving

 b. Driving into dead-end streets

 c. Frequency parking

 d. Committing flagrant traffic on one way streets, and running through

red lights

 e. Stopping suddenly around curves or corners

 f. Pulling into driveways

 g. Speeding up a hill, then coasting slowly down

How to elude automobile surveillance

 a. Committing traffic violations

 b. Using double entrances to driveways; in one and out the other

 c. Curbing through parking lots

 d. Driving through congested areas

 e. Deserting the vehicle behind curves or corners, but permitting the

drivers to drive on as a decoy.

UNDERCOVER INVESTIGATION – is a form of investigation in which the

investigator assumes a different and unofficial identity in order to obtain
information.
DEFINITIONS
 a. Undercover-an investigative technique in which the
Agent’s/Investigator’s official identity is concealed to accomplish an
investigative mission.

 b. Natural cover-using the individual’s true identity, occupation or

profession.

 c. Artificial cover-the manufacture of documents, false documents,

passports, or forged documents.
3. GATHERING EVIDENCE
CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION
It is the conduct of processes, more particularly, the recognition, search,
collection, handling, preservation and documentation of physical evidence
to include the identification and interview of witnesses and the arrest of
suspect/s at the crime scene.
SOCO (Scene of the Crime Operation) – Republic Act6975 as Amended by
Republic Act 8551 (PNP Law). The former law placed the Philippine
National Police Crime Laboratory as an Operational Support Unit. The
Crime Laboratory established the so-called Scene of the Crime Operation
(SOCO) which is field operation. This is now an innovation because the
SOCO now gathers all evidence at the crime scene and takes custody of
them, marking and tagging them which otherwise the duty of the criminal
investigator before.
What Constitute a Crime Scene?
 a. Crime scene can be understood to include all areas in which the
criminal, any possible victim and any eyewitness move during the time the
crime was committed.

 b. The boundaries must be established so that the entire crime scene

can be effectively preserved.

 c. In some crimes, however, the crime scene may actually comprise
several different sites.

GOLDEN RULE AT CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION

Never touch, move, or alter any object at the crime scene unless it has
been photographed, measured, and sketched from any conceivable angle.
UPON RECEIPT OF THE CRIME INCIDENT
1. The Desk Officer shall:
 a. Record the date and time the report/complaint was made, the identity
of the person who made the report, place of the incident and a synopsis of
the incident.

 b. Inform his superior officer or the duty officer regarding the report.
2. The First Responder shall:
 a. Cordon off the crime scene with whatever available materials like
ropes, straws, human barricade, police line, etc.;

 b. Evacuate injured persons to the nearest hospital;

 c. Prepare to take the “dying declaration” of severely injured person, if

any;

 d. Prevent entry/exit of persons within the cordoned area; and

 e. Prepare to brief the investigator of the situation upon their arrival.

CRIME SCENE INVESTIGATION PROPER

A. Receipt of Briefing and Designation of Command Post
Command Post – an area which, is ideally located adjacent to the Crime
Scene where the CSI Evidence Custodian stays and receives the pieces of
evidence turned over to him for safekeeping by the other evidence
collectors.
B. Initiation of Preliminary Survey (Team Leader of CSI or SOCO)
 a. Makes a general assessment of the scene;

 b. Takes a cautious walk-through of the crime scene;

 c. Takes down extensive note to document important factors;

 d. Establishes the evidence most likely to be encountered;

 e. Defines the extent of the search area;

 f. Determines the personnel and equipment needed and makes specific

assignments; and

 g. From his assessments, he develops a general theory of the crime

scene.

C. Preparation of Narrative Report

The Team leader uses the systematic approach in making a narrative
report.
D. Documentation of the Crime Scene
The photographer begins taking photographs as soon as possible. The
evidence collectors do not touch or moved any evidence once it is located
until it has been identified, measured and recorded.
PHOTOGRAPHING THE CRIME SCENE
The main objective crime scene photography is to create an accurate
objective visual record of the crime scene before any item ismoved as
possible physical evidence.
MAJOR TYPES OF PICTORIAL VIEWS
 1. General View or Long-Range – photograph of the over-all scene.

 Distance: From the doorway to the room and other corners of the room

 2. Mid-Range View

 Distance: Eight or ten feet from the victim

 3. Close-up View – every physical evidence must be photographed in

close-up view and for different angles.

CRIME SCENE SKETCHES

A rough sketch is prepared indicating the actual measurement of things
with scale and proportion observed and oriented to the North Pole. All
necessary information is placed in the sketch.
ELEMENTS OF SKETCH
 a. Measurement

 b. Compass direction

 c. Essential items

 d. Scale and proportion

 e. Legend

 f. Title

SPECIFIC KINDS OF SKETCHES

 a. Sketch of Locality-give picture of the scene, the crime and its
environs, including neighboring buildings, roads, etc.
 b. Sketch of the Ground-picture of the scene of the crime with its nearest
physical surrounding.

 c. Sketch in Details – the immediate scene only.

 d. Exploded/ cross projection – gives the clear impression of the scene

in cases where blood stains or bullet holes are found.

SKETCHING METHODS
 a. Neighborhood sketch

 b. Elevation Sketch

 c. Floor Plan Sketch

 d. Detailed Sketch

TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS
 1. Rectangular coordinates method – a sketching method that involves
measuring the distance of an object from two fixed lines at right angles to
each other.

 2. Triangulation method – a sketching method that requires measuring

the distance of an object along a straight line from two widely separated
fixed reference points.

 3. Baseline method– a sketching method that makes measurements

along from a single reference line, called a baseline, which can be
established by using a length of string, chalk line, or some other convenient
means.

 4. Compass point method– a sketching method that requires a protractor

or some method of measuring angles between two lines. One point is
selected as the origin and a line extending from the origin becomes an axis
from which the angles can be measured.

 5. Cross projection method – a sketching method in which the ceiling

appears to open up like a lid of a hinged box, with the four walls opening
outward. Measurements are then indicated from a point on the floor to the
wall.
CRIME SCENE SEARCH
A crime scene search could only be started after it has been photograph
and sketched to systematically look for physical evidence that may prove
useful in establishing that a crime has been committed and to determine
what method of operation the perpetrator may have used.
METHODS OF SEARCH
 a. Strip or Line Search Method – the searchers will proceed at the same
pace along the path parallel to one side of the rectangle.

 b. Double Strip or Grid Method – is a combination of the strip search and

is useful for large crime scene.

 c. Spiral or Circular Method – the searchers will follow each other in the
path of a spiral, beginning in the outside and spiraling towards the center or
vice versa in a clockwise or counter clock-wise direction.

 d. Quadrant of Zone Method – the area to be searched is divided into

four quadrants and each searcher is assigned to one quadrant.

 e. Wheel, Radial or Spoke Method – is applicable for area which is

considered to be approximately circular or oval. The area is then divided
into six quadrants in a pie-like fashion.

E. Notes Taking
Note taking must be a constant activity throughout the processing of the
crime scene.Notes must include:
 a. Detailed written description of the Crime Scene with locations of
recovered physical evidence;

 b. The time when the physical evidence was discovered;

 c. The person who discovered and collected the physical evidence;

 d. The time when evidence was packaged and marked; and

 e. The disposition of the item when it was collected.

F. Collection of Physical Evidence
The competence to recognize and properly collect physical evidence is
critical to both solving and prosecuting crimes.
The team leader is always informed of significant evidence located. The
evidence collectors shall put his initial, location and date of collection on the
item and turn it over to the evidence custodian for documentation and
safekeeping.
PHYSICAL EVIDENCE – these are the articles and materials which are
found in connection with the investigation and which aid in establishing the
identity of the perpetrator or the circumstances under which the crime was
committed or which, in general assist in the prosecution of criminal. It
embraces any object, living or inanimate, solid, liquid, or gas state.
What are the procedures needed for the care of physical evidence?
In order to introduce physical evidence in court, three important factors
must be considered:
 a. The article must be properly identified

 b. Chain of custody must be proved

 c. The evidence must be material and relevant

CHAIN OF CUSTODY
It is the number of persons who handled and possessed the pieces of
evidence the moment they were collected, marked and tagged, up to the
time of the final disposition of the case.
G. Conduct of Final Survey
The team leader makes a final review on the crime scene to determine
whether or not the processing has been completed.
H. Release of the Crime Scene
The release of the crime scene is done if the investigator is satisfied that all
pieces of evidence have been recovered. Thus, the investigator must
evaluate the items recovered from the results of the interrogations of the
suspect/s and the interview of the witnesses. He must bear in mind that
upon the formal release of the crime scene to the proper authority, the
warrant is already required for his re-entry to the crime scene.