Theories of Comparative Policing
Comparative Models in Policing - It is the
science and art of investigating and comparing
the police system of nations. It covers the study
of police organizations, training, and methods
of policing of various nations.
International Criminal Justice - It involves the
study and description of one country’s law,
criminal procedure, or justice process.
Comparative Criminal Justice - It is a subfield of
the study of criminal justice that compares
systems worldwide. Such study can take a
descriptive, historical, or political approach. It
studies the difference and similarities in the
structures, goals, punishment, and emphasis on
rights as well as the history and political
structure of different system.
Transnational Policing - It pertains to all forms
of policing that transgress national borders.
International Policing - It indicates to those
types of policing that are formally directed by
institutions usually responsible for international
affairs.
Global Policing - It indicates those forms of
policing that are fully global in scope.
Globalization - A process of interaction and
integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process
driven by international trade and investment
and aided by information technology.
What is Policing?
- The activities carried out by police
officers in order to preserve law and
order the policing of public places.
- The actions of a person or group in
authority in order to ensure fairness
and legality in an area of public life.
THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING
Alertness to crime theory - As a nation
develops, people's alertness to crime is
heightened, so they report more crimes to the
police and demand the police become more
effective at solving crime problems.
Economic or Migration Theory says that crime
everywhere is the result of unrestrained
migration and overpopulation in urban areas
such as ghettos and slums.
Opportunity theory says that along with higher
standards of living, victims become more
careless of their belongings, and opportunities
for committing crime multiply.
Demographic theory is based on the event of
when a greater number of children are born.
Because these baby booms grow up, delinquent
subcultures develop out of the adolescent
identity crisis.
Deprivation theory holds that progress comes
along with rising expectations, and people at
the bottom develop unrealistic expectations,
while people at the top don’t see themselves
rising fast enough.
Modernization theory sees the problem as a
society becoming too complex.
The theory of anomie and synomie (the latter
refers to social cohesion on values) suggests
that progressive lifestyles and norms
disintegrate older norms that once held people
together.
The Basic Goals of Policing
Police officer help ensure that people follow
the laws. They also perform goals. Police
typically are responsible for maintaining
public order and safety. This function is also
known as Policing.
 Enforcing Laws – the central
importance of this long-accepted goals.
Prime goal of policing activities.
Why do we need to enforce laws?
- Respond to detect and prevent crime,
within its perspective it is recognize that
police officer. Enforcing laws also
known as discovering, punishing,
rehabilitating. Wala nahuman ang
trabaho sa usa ka police nan aka arresto
siya og criminal as a police officer it is
also your task na tabangan ang
prosecution na ma hatagan og
evidences. As a police mo tabang para
ma prosecute ang criminals.
Preserving the peace and order
How can you preserve peace in our society?
- Police community relation. Identify
issues. Also, mag start sa atoang
kaugalingon.
- Police Patrolling.
Preventing Crimes
- If the peace has been keeping the crime
has in effect. It attempts to eliminate a
potentially dangerous situation.
3 ways
1st Reducing the means. Reducing the
number of crimes to reduce kay mag
patrol and checkpoints and police
officers focus sa higher crime na lugar.
Removing the items that may have
committed offense
It is impossible to eliminate crime, that
is why atong word na gamiton is crime
reduction kay ang crime is already part
in our society
2nd way is surveillance – monitoring of
behaviour. This can include observation
by means such as cctv. It can also
include the surveillance such as the
human intelligence
3rd access control – enables the
organization, secure the access control
uses the polices. Control access level
are granted to users.
Access control system – protecting a
building and protect occupants. If a
building access management system are
also managed. As what we observe
advance na ang technologies na gi
gamit that is why ang law enforcement
gi adopt pd nila ang change na gi hatag
sa atong technology karon.
Protecting rights and liberties
- ARTICLE 3. Protecting the rights and
freedom of the people.
- You must follow and protect the rights
of the individual bahala pag unsa na
siya na klase sa criminal entitled
gihapon na sila sa human rights and the
constitutional rights.
Providing other legitimate services
- As society has become more complex so
are the types of services are requested.
Rendering emergency or rescue services
and controlling crowds and among
others. Dapat flexible and nay balon
Permanente na ability and skills.
LAW ENFORCEMENT STYLE
3 policing styles
1. Legalistic – focuses on law enforcement
and arrest. It supports the theory that
says the more the arrest the safer the
community will be. This style will often
find in an urban area. The legalistic style
is popular in state police and state
highway patrol agencies, too. In all
legalistic departments, officers are
expected to make a lot of arrests and
write a lot of citations. These officers
 initiate more contact with the public
than those in other types of
departments.
2. Watchman – focuses on an order
maintenance style. Meaning keeping
the peace. Arrest is use only as a last
result to resolve any kind as
resemblance of the peace. Applicable in
rural and suburban. Best example is as a
police officer you witness a traffic
accident in that situation there should
be a damage of property in other party
as a police officer you make a
negotiation maybe you will pay this
particular amount ana nga damages tas
ang pikas if mo agrees tas okay na
dayun you don’t need to file in that
matter you already fix the problem.
3. Service- searches the alternativeness to
arrest and the uses of formal sanctions.
In this style referrals. Helping the
community like service the people. This
style is most likely found in a wealthy
community. Both suburban and rural
area.
DUE PROCESS AND ITS FUNCTION
Enforcer – emphasizes is on the order with
little respect of due process. It is emphasis is on
order the law order with little respect for due
process. Mas nag focus sila to implement the
law to keep orders to a community to follow the
certain rules or laws approved by our president.
Naay imbalance in terms of due process
because there are some instances na dili nato
ma follow whil performing the duty that is why
likayan jd dili jd siya dapat mahitabo na maka
violate og human rights or any person related to
your operation. Encouraging by example they
become enforcers by authority, certain rules to
certain laws.
Idealist – they pursue high or nobles’ principles
goals, vision in their organization. Ambitious
goals that is challenging to achieve. Emphasis
on both the social order and the due process.
He or she emphasis the both social order and
follow due process while performing his/her
job. See things of ideal in perfect matter. Focus
on What could be.
Optimist – person to be incline to be hopeful.
You expect things to work out for the best. You
feel that the future looks bright. You see
challenges and obstacles as opportunities to
learn and you always looking for ways. Tend to
view hardship as a learning experience and as a
temporary setback. They make sure that due
process is followed by any member of the police
organization. Dili kaysha ingon ana ng ana
properly na implement sa social order sa
community.
Realist – they are the person who accept
situation, it is given that we must face this
problem because we are law enforcer. A perfect
manner. Tends to work in the actual view of
situation. Focus on what actually is. Causes one
to assist a situation on what it is they also
perceive things and carry out test and also in
making decision si realist kay more goal
oriented. Its emphasis is given to due process to
social order it depends on the situation for
example it is a must to implement due process
kay lage realist is focus on what is given to him.
Due process in social order it depends on the
situation.
Community and service-oriented policing
THE POLICE OPEARATIONAL STYLE
Different ways that out police officer use their
power and authority to the community:
Professional – it is where the police officer has
the necessary passion and perspective when
they do their job, they work extra work in their
job. There’s a feeling na gaan if you love what
you are doing kay imoa nang passion. As a
police officer maski holiday or out of duty ka it
is your duty to atain the needs of the
community as a police officer. They are
possessing both the passion to lead the
community and also the perspective.

Enforcers – it is where a police officer in passion

in responding to human problems but do not
recognize power in solving it there are times
that they do not consider. Example you saw
someone na gubaon njd ang motor instead of
saying nga e inform lang unta nimo na
prohibited na pero imong gi hatagan sa tanan
violations and without consideration maski
makita nimo jd na looy shag kahimtang. We
need to also consider people na in needs jd. As
a person kabalo ka mo judge and how to
differentiate kung unsa ang pobre jd. As an
enforcer you are inforceing the law what is
written in the law you are obligned to sunod.

Reciprocators – as a police officer you have that

perspective and objective that imo nang byaan
na community. You have this objective,
perspective of having a crime free community
but you don’t have the passion to lead the
community to that particular program.

Avoiders – people’s problem they don’t have no

reaction to resolve those problems. They want
title but they don’t have that passion to lead the
community. Even in their self they are not a
good example in their community they are the
one who’s breaking the law. They just wait for
their salary they are not passionate sa ilang
work.