Competency 2: Explain and classify the models of policing

(PRB Res. No. 05 s. 2022)

MODELS OF POLICING
a. Crime Control Model - Based on the presumption that the repression of criminal behavior is the
most important aspect of police duty and therefore should be given priority. This approach has been
rationalized in the past by the assumption that inconvenience or harassment of innocent people can
be justified by the fact that police are fighting the crime.
b. Due Process Model - In this approach, the main goal of the police is to make sure that the legal
process is followed very carefully. They believe it's better for 100 guilty people to escape
punishment than for one innocent person to be wrongly convicted. So, they focus on protecting
people's rights and ensuring a fair legal system, even if it means some guilty people might not be
caught.

Types of police in the worldUniformed police

a. Detectives e. Religious police
b. Auxiliary f. Border police
c. Special police g. Transport police
d. Military police
Decentralized law enforcement - refers to a system where police administrations and operations are
independent from one state to another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government.
Countries with decentralized policing systems:
 United States
 Germany
 United Kingdom

Centralized law enforcement - Simply means one police force operating in a country.

Two types of court system in the world

 Adversarial system - In adversarial system the accused is innocent until proven guilty.
 Inquisitorial system - The accused is guilty until proven innocent or mitigated. In this system,
lesser rights are granted to the accused and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to
little interpretation.

POLICING IN A MULTI-CULTURAL SOCIETY

Four types of societies

1. Folk Communal or Primitive Societies - It has a little codification of law. No specialization among
police and a system of punishment let things go for a while without attention until it becomes
too much and then harsh, barbaric punishment is resorted to.
- In some Indigenous communities in various parts of the world, you may find a traditional
justice system that relies more on customs and communal decision-making than written laws.
Disputes are often resolved through discussions within the community, and punishment, if
necessary, may be harsh and involve banishment or physical penalties.
2. Urban Commercial Societies - Rely on trade as the essence of their market system. It has a civil
law standards and customs are written down, specialized police forces (some for religious,
others for enforcing the king’s law), and punishment is inconsistent, sometimes harsh,
sometimes lenient. Most continental Europe developed along this path.

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 - Medieval Europe, during the Middle Ages, provides an example of urban commercial societies.
During this time, various cities and regions had their own legal codes and customs, and
specialized groups of officials enforced these laws. For instance, in medieval England, you had
local constables and sheriffs responsible for enforcing the king's law within their jurisdictions.
3. Urban Industrial Societies - Produce most of the goods and services without government
interference. It does not codified laws only but applies laws that prescribe good behavior. Police
are specialized on how to handle property crimes, and the system of punishment is run on
market principles of creating incentives and disincentives. England and U.S. followed this
positive legal path.
- The United States is often cited as an example of an urban industrial society with a focus on
property rights and market-based principles. In the U.S., there is a strong emphasis on individual
rights and property protection, and specialized law enforcement agencies like the police handle
property crimes such as theft and vandalism.
4. Bureaucratic Societies These are modern post- industrial societies where the emphasis is upon
technique or the technologizing of everything with the government. It has a system of laws
(along with armies of lawyers) police who tend to keep busy handling political crimes and
terrorism and a system of punishment characterized by over criminalization and overcrowding.
The U.S. and only eight other nations fit the bureaucratic pattern.
- Modern post-industrial societies, such as the United States, exhibit bureaucratic
characteristics. These societies have complex legal systems with extensive regulations and a
large number of lawyers. Law enforcement agencies like the FBI focus on handling political
crimes and terrorism, and the system of punishment often faces issues of overcriminalization
and prison overcrowding.

GLOBALIZATION AND LAW ENFORCEMENT

Globalization - is the package of transnational flows of people, production, investment, information,

ideas and authority. It is the growing inter- penetration of states, markets, communications and ideas. It
is one of the characteristics of the contemporary world.
- Globalization is like a big mix of different things that happen across countries and borders. It
involves people moving around, businesses making things in different countries, money being
invested globally, information and ideas spreading everywhere, and authority or power
becoming more interconnected. Basically, it's about how our world is becoming more connected
and integrated in many different ways, and this is something that's happening a lot in today's
world.
Globalization and Law Enforcement - Every nation has its own law enforcement agency called the
police. One thing is common. The police symbolize the presence of a civil body politics in everyday life;
they symbolize the capacity of the state to intervene and the concern of the state for affairs of the
citizenry. It is therefore timely to discuss the connection of globalization to policing.
- Globalization is making police from different countries work together more because crimes can
now happen across borders. This means that policing is changing to become more international
in our connected world.
Effects of globalization to law enforcement in the Philippines
a. The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.
Reason: Globalization has made it easier for criminals to operate across borders. With improved
technology and communication, criminals can coordinate illegal activities in different countries

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 more easily. This presents a challenge to Philippine law enforcement as they need to adapt to
combat these cross-border crimes effectively.
b. The cooperation of police organization in the world is vital.
Reason: Globalization means that crimes don't respect national boundaries. To combat
transnational crimes effectively, Philippine law enforcement agencies must work closely with
police organizations from around the world. Criminals can move freely between countries, so
international cooperation is crucial to track them down.
c. Development of new strategies to deal with international crime is a must.
Reason: Traditional policing methods may not be sufficient to tackle international crimes. Law
enforcement in the Philippines must develop new strategies and tactics to deal with crimes that
can span across multiple countries. This may include improving intelligence sharing and using
advanced technology for tracking criminals.
d. Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations related to modernization theory of
crime.
Reason: Globalization has brought new forms of crimes, such as cybercrimes and financial fraud,
which may not have been adequately addressed by older laws. To keep pace with modern
criminal activities, the Philippines need updated legislations that address the changing nature of
crimes in the globalized world.
e. Training instruction for incoming law enforcement officers must include advance computer to
prepare them as cyber cops so they can be better prepared to deal with cybercrimes.
Reason: With the rise of the internet, cybercrimes have become a significant threat.
Globalization means that cybercriminals can target victims anywhere in the world, including the
Philippines. To combat this, law enforcement officers in the Philippines need specialized training
in computer skills and cybersecurity to be better prepared to investigate and prevent
cybercrimes effectively.

In summary, globalization has made the world more interconnected, which has both positive
and negative effects on law enforcement in the Philippines. To address these challenges, law
enforcement agencies must adapt, cooperate internationally, develop new strategies, update legislation,
and provide specialized training to officers.

Threats to law enforcement brought about by globalization

a. Increasing volume of human rights violations evident by genocide or mass killing.
Reason: Globalization can exacerbate conflicts and tensions between different groups or
nations. As the world becomes more interconnected, conflicts and human rights abuses can
have far-reaching consequences. Genocides and mass killings can occur when these conflicts
escalate, and they pose a significant challenge to law enforcement because they often require
international cooperation to address.
b. The underprivileged gain unfair access to global mechanisms on law enforcement and
security.
Reason: Globalization can create economic disparities between countries and within societies.
The underprivileged may resort to criminal activities due to lack of opportunities or desperation.
At the same time, they can use global networks and technologies to evade law enforcement.
This poses a threat because law enforcement agencies may struggle to address the root causes
of crime and provide fair access to justice for all.
c. Conflict between nations.

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 Reason: As nations become more interdependent economically and politically, conflicts
between them can have far-reaching consequences. These conflicts can strain international
relations and require law enforcement to navigate complex diplomatic and legal issues. The
potential for cross-border conflicts poses challenges in maintaining peace and security.
d. Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism, etc.
Reason: Globalization has allowed criminal organizations to operate across borders more easily.
They can exploit differences in legal systems and evade capture by moving assets and personnel
internationally. This poses a significant threat to law enforcement because it requires
coordination among multiple countries to disrupt these transnational criminal networks
effectively. Issues like drug trafficking, money laundering, and terrorism can have global impacts
and require a coordinated response.

In summary, globalization has created new challenges for law enforcement, including increased
human rights violations, disparities in access to justice, potential conflicts between nations, and the
growth of transnational criminal networks. These threats require law enforcement agencies to adapt
and work together internationally to address the complex and interconnected nature of these issues.

Opportunities for law enforcement brought by globalization

a. Creation of international tribunals to deal with the human rights problem.
Reason: Globalization has led to increased awareness of human rights violations worldwide.
International tribunals, such as the International Criminal Court (ICC), have been established to
address these issues. This presents an opportunity for law enforcement to work with
international bodies to hold individuals accountable for human rights abuses. Such tribunals
provide a platform for justice on a global scale, promoting accountability and deterring future
violations.
b. Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to the
enforcement power of states.
Reason: Globalization has fostered a sense of interconnectedness and shared values.
Humanitarian interventions, often supported by international coalitions, can help promote
universal norms and human rights standards. Law enforcement can play a role in enforcing
these norms by participating in international efforts to address humanitarian crises and
conflicts. This reinforces the idea that certain actions are unacceptable on a global scale.
c. Transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational crimes.
Reason: Globalization has facilitated communication and collaboration across borders. Law
enforcement agencies can now form transnational professional networks to combat
transnational crimes effectively. Sharing information, expertise, and resources with counterparts
in other countries can enhance the ability to investigate and disrupt criminal networks engaged
in activities like drug trafficking, money laundering, and cybercrime.

d. Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across transnational issues.
Reason: Globalization has made it easier to monitor and respond to conflicts and crises around
the world. Law enforcement agencies can participate in global groups and coalitions that focus
on conflict prevention, peacekeeping, and humanitarian assistance. These collaborations allow
for a coordinated response to transnational issues, such as terrorism, human trafficking, and
environmental crimes, which often require collective action beyond national borders.

Effects of Globalization on Human Rights

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 The impact of globalization on human rights violations in a country depends on the type of
government it has and its history. In democratic countries with weak institutions and economies
controlled by a small group of powerful people (like Russia, Latin American countries, and Southeast
Asian nations), globalization can make things unstable. It may reduce the power of the government to
control its citizens but can lead to more crime, abusive behavior by the police, and corruption.

Global mobility and information flow generally stimulate ethnic mobilization, which may
promote self- determination in responsive states but more often produces collective abuses in defense
of dominant group hegemony. In general, analysts of globalization find that states international
integration improves security rights but increases inequality and threatens the social rights of citizens.
When people and information can move more freely across the world, it often encourages different
ethnic groups to become more active. In some countries, this can help ethnic groups seek self-
determination or more rights. But in many cases, it can lead to conflicts and abuses as dominant ethnic
groups try to maintain their power. So, while globalization can improve certain types of rights related to
security, it can also increase inequality and put social rights, like access to education and healthcare, at
risk for some people.

Challenges of globalization in the field of law enforcement

In the law enforcement and security sphere, states respond with increased repression to
fragmentation, trans nationalized civil war and uncontrolled global flows such as migrants and
trafficking. Response to Fragmentation and Global Flows: When countries face problems like divisions
within their society or the movement of people and illegal goods across borders (like migrants and
trafficking), they often respond by becoming stricter and more controlling.

Transborder ethnic differences help inspire civil conflict while the global arms trade provides its
tools. Even extreme civil conflicts where state deteriorates into warlordism are often financed if not
abetted by foreign trade. Civil Conflict and Global Factors: Sometimes, differences between different
ethnic groups can lead to conflicts within a country. These conflicts can be made worse by the global
arms trade, which provides weapons. Even very serious conflicts, where a country falls apart and
becomes controlled by local warlords, can be funded or supported by international trade.

While non- state actors like insurgents and paramilitaries pose increasing threats to human
rights, state response is a crucial multiplier for the effect on citizens. Non-State Groups and Human
Rights: Groups that aren't part of the government, like rebels and paramilitary organizations, are
becoming more of a threat to people's rights. But how the government responds to these groups can
make things even worse for regular citizens.

In simple terms, globalization can create problems for law enforcement and security. When
countries face internal divisions or problems with things crossing their borders, they often respond by
becoming stricter. This can lead to conflicts, and sometimes, outside trade can make these conflicts
worse. Also, non-government groups can threaten people's rights, and how the government deals with
these groups can affect citizens' lives.

Globalization and Terrorism

The nature of the threat, its target and impact, and the response all indicate the growing power
of globalization as a parameter of political action. The emergence of transnational civil networks capable
of state- level crimes against humanity depends upon the globalizing patterns of connection,
communication and even commodification (via financial networks).

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Nature of the Threat: Globalization has made terrorism a more significant issue. Terrorism now involves
groups that can operate across borders and can cause widespread harm. This is because of the way the
world is becoming more connected and the ease of communication and cooperation between these
groups.

Targets and Impact: Terrorist attacks can now affect many countries and have a big impact. They can
target not only specific places but also cause harm on a larger scale, like crimes against humanity.

Response: To deal with this global threat, countries and organizations have to work together more than
ever before. The way terrorists use global connections, communication, and financial networks to carry
out their activities requires a coordinated global response.

In simple terms, globalization has made terrorism more dangerous because terrorists can now
operate worldwide. To combat this, countries need to cooperate on a global scale to respond effectively
to these threats.

Effects of Globalization
 Industry - The world has become a huge market where you can buy and sell things produced in
any part of the world. There are a lot of international brands operating worldwide.
 Culture - Globalization means a decrease in the cultural diversity that used to exist in the world
earlier. You can find people in several countries dressing up like Westerners. Food is another
good example. Young people especially are eating more of American or Chinese foods then their
own cultural dishes. The way people speak is also changing. For example, teenagers in the
Middle East are much influenced by the way the black Americans speak. They think its “cool”.
 Legislation - There has been an increase in the establishment of international courts of justice
where someone accused could be dealt with in any part of the world. Interpol is another
example of international law enforcement agency.
 Language - With increased globalization, people tend to forget their mother tongue and use
English instead as there is an idea that it makes them superior in some way. This might also help
them in job searches etc.
 Information - With the wide use of Internet and other kinds of information technology, it
has become much easier and faster to share information worldwide. Live TV channels are
another good example of quick information sharing.
 Finance - Globalization has made it easier to raise finance through individuals and firms outside
the country. The International Monetary Fund is a good example of an International Institute
which lends money to countries in need for finance.
 Politics - Powerful countries and individuals nowadays have political control over the whole
world, not only their country. The United States is an example of a country that influences the
whole of the world politics. It is believed that globalization is a positive development generating
more trade and hence welfare of the whole world. Nevertheless, it also has some significant
disadvantages which should not be forgotten.

THE CHANGING ROLE AND NATURE OF THE POLICE

Police Issues, Trends and Challenges

Some critiques have said that a small percentage of law enforcement officers who are
responsible for the misdeeds of the organization that have brought public criticism upon them. This fact

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makes the indifference of police heads to the situation all the more reprehensible subject to criticism.
Generally, when the police administrators are brought to task for improper practices and misbehavior to
continue, they are quick to blame political interference, inadequate salaries, weakness of the law and
lack of public support.

Police problems in General

1. Political Interference - Political interference can be a most destructive force and often it is a serious
obstacle to effective administration of the police organization, but it cannot be corrected by passive
measures. A fundamental responsibility of a police administrator is to go and on, fighting for the
ideals to the extent that political leader will finally be convinced of political expediency of efficient
law enforcement.
2. Inadequacy of Salaries - Many believed that integrity and honesty can’t be purchased. Thus, when
the policemen are willing to accept responsibility as professionals and establish high standards of
performance, then they can accept recognition in terms of appropriate pay scale and reasonable
allowances. Careful inquiry usually discloses that those who are most deeply involved are the
leaders in the politico- criminal malpractice. If the wages are too low to attract men who are capable
of effective service, then it is the administrator duty to present the facts to the proper authorities
for correction and adjustment.
3. Laws are weak - If the laws are weak and new legislations are necessary, then the administrators
must see that the proposed solutions are properly placed before the legislature for consideration
and correction.
4. Public Apathy - Public support is the end product of faithful, honest and effective law enforcement
for the people in the community. Public support must originate with the people. It is a fundamental
responsibility of police administrators to clean their own ranks and must deal with the problems
directly, promptly and effectively. Otherwise, the impatient citizenry may take upon themselves to
do the job for them.
5. Failed to cope with increasing crime - Although the past many years of police development have
record distinctive achievements, police services have apparently failed to cope with increasing
crime. Despite of substantial addition of personnel at all levels of police service, statistics show
continuing increases in criminal offenses and anti- social acts.

SELECTED POLICE MODELS

1. JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM

a. Official Name – Keisatsu Seido (Japan Police Force)
b. Agency – Prime Minister
 National Public Safety Commission
 National Police Agency
 Regional Police Bureaus
 Metropolitan and Prefectural Public Safety Commissions, Metropolitan and Prefectural
Police Organization
Note: In every agency there’s a head.
c. Important Terms in Japan Policing System
 Keihoryo (Police Bureau) – created within the Ministry of Home Affairs
 Dual system Policing System- used by the National Rural Police and the municipal police.
 Law of 1954 – the law of re-organization of Japan Policing System.

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 d. National Public Safety Commission
 National Police Agency – considered as police organizations at the national level.
Note: The National Public Safety Commission have a control to National Police Agency
 NPSC – composed of chairman and 5 members.
 Commissioner General – Head of NPA, appointed by NPSC with the consent of Prime
Minister.
 Director General – considered as the head of Regional Police Bureau.
Note: Regional Police Bureau is under in the supervision of National Police Agency
 Superintendent General – considered as the head of the Metropolitan Police Department
 Chief – considered as head of the Prefectural Police headquarters.
Note: prefectural is different from MPD.
e. Role of Police in Japan
The duties of the police in Japan are stipulated by the Police Law as “Protecting the life,
Person and property of an individual citizen, Preventing, Suppressing and investigating crimes,
controlling traffic and also maintaining public safety and order”.
f. VIPs in Japan Policing System
 Prefectural – means of district, metropolitan, in deployment of police force in Japan.
 Parliamentary – Form of government in Japan
 Keishi-sokan -Superintendent General
 Keishi-kan- Superintendent Supervisor
 Keishi-cho -Chief Superintendent
 Keishi-sei- Senior Superintendent
 Keishi- Superintendent
 Keibu- Police Inspector
 Keibu-ho-Assistant Police Inspector
 Junsa-bucho (Police Sergeant
 Junsa- Policeman
 Junsa-cho – Senior Policeman

2. SINGAPORE POLICING SYSTEM

a. Official name – Singapore Police Force (formerly known as Republic of Singapore Police)
b. Headquarters – New Phoenix Park in Novena
c. Structures – maintaining law and order and maintaining low crime rate
d. Organization’s Structures – Line and Staff
e. Important Terms in Singapore Policing System
a) 11 man – considered as the number of origins for Singapore Police Force
b) Global Competitiveness Report – use as reference for the measuring of effectivity and
reliability of police force in Singapore.
c) 2002 – the year of which the rank of Lance Corporal was abolished.
f. Ranking System in Singapore Police Force. In Singapore there are two categories of ranking.
1) Junior Police Officers – Senior Station Inspector 2
2) Senior Police Officers – Commissioner of Police
Note: The lowest rank is Constable

3. UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM

a. Official Name – Federal Law Enforcement Officers
b. Agency – under the Department of Public Safety

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 c. Structures – considered as dynamics of planned reform in Policing System. (Paramilitary)
Note: United States Policing System is the basis of implementation of vital policing system in
the world.
d. Ranking System in United States Police Force
 Chief of police /Police Commissioner /Superintendent/Sheriff - considered as the High-
Ranking Official in United States Police Force
 Officer / Deputy / Corporal – the lowest rank in Police Force.
Note: in US Detective is equivalent of Police Corporal in PNP.

4. UNITED KINGDOM POLICE

 The Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) is the territorial police force responsible for policing
Greater London, excluding the “square mile” of the City of London which is the
responsibility of the City of London Police. The MPS also has significant national
responsibilities such as co-coordinating and leading on counter-terrorism matters and
protection of the Royal Family of the United Kingdom and senior figures of HM Government.
 Commissioner- the overall operational leader of the force, responsible and accountable to
the Metropolitan Police Authority.
 Sir Paul Stephenson- the Commissioner of LONDON Police force since January 27, 2009.
 MPS is also referred to as Scotland Yard.

Important Terms in United Kingdom Policing System

 Home Secretary – have an overall administrative power and control in Police Service in
England.
 Whitehall – a hall adjacent to the Headquarters of MPS.
 Scotland Yard – also known as MPS
 Pip – Stone or Kernel (found on the rank insignia of Chief Superintendent)
 Metropolitan Police Service is also known as “the Met”, “Met Pol”, “MP” and “the MPS”

5. SOVIET UNION POLICING SYSTEM

a. Official Name – KGB (Komitet gosudarstvennoy bezopasnosti or Committee for State
Security)
b. Agency – Council of Ministers of the USSR
Note: Ministry of internal Affairs, (Ministerstvo Vnutrennikh Del) (MVD), KGB and
Ancillary Forces having different offices.
c. Important Terms in Soviet Union Policing System
 Konsomol – called to the lowest security officers in Russia under in the office of Ancillary
Forces.
 Ancillary Forces – known as auxiliary forces
 KGB – the purpose of the office is the security of the State.
 MVD – the office function is known as field security/ Troops.

POLICE SYSTEM OF OTHER ASEAN COUNTRIES

1. POLICE SYSTEM OF HONG KONG

a. Official Name - Hong Kong Police Force; a.k.a Hong Kong Police
b. Agency - Ministry of Home Affairs under Security Bureau of HongKong
c. Structures - World’s Second in Modern Policing System and First among Asia’s Country.

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 d. Organization - professionalism, organization, attitude on law enforcement and prompt
response and efficiency.
e. Important Terms in Hong Kong Police Policing System
 Considered as ASIA’S FINEST in Policing System: Reason, because of its Significance and
consideration of being Safest Country in the World and gathered the Title of LOW CRIME
RATE COUNTRY.
f. Ranking System in Hong Kong Police Force
 Headed by COMMISSIONER OF POLICE
 Lowest Rank – Police Constable
Note: no classification of rank
 Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
 Inspector of Police (IP)
 Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
 Station Sergeant (SSGT)
 Sergeant (SGT)
 Senior Constable (SPC)
 Police Constable (PC)

2. MALAYSIA POLICING SYSTEM

a. Official Name – Royal Malaysian Police
b. Headquarters -Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur
c. Structure – Security Forces
d. Duties – Traffic control and Intelligence Gathering
Important Terms in Malaysia Policing System
 Rakan Cop is a community outreach programme launched in 9 August 2005.
 The police force is led by an Inspector-General of Police (IGP).
 Gazetted – Commissioned
 Non-gazetted – Non-Commissioned
e. Ranking System in Malaysia Police Forces
Ranking is having five Categories:
 Senior Officers – Inspector General of the Police
 Gazetted Officers – Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police II (SAC II)
 Non-gazetted Officers – Inspector
 Rank in file officers – Sub-Inspector
 Subordinate Officers – Sergeant
Note: Constable is the lowest rank in Malaysia Police Force which is equivalent to Patrolman
in PNP.

3. INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM

a. Official Name – Indonesian National Police
b. Headquarter – Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta, Indonesia.
c. Agency – under the Office of President
d. Structures – smaller than their total population

Important Terms in Indonesia Policing System

a) Markas Besar/ Mabes – term for their headquarters

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 b) Kamra – Trainees which serves as police auxiliary and rendered three weeks of basic
training each year.
c) Polri – refers to Police/ Cop
d) Bhayangakara –refers to an Officer
e) Ranking System in Indonesia Police Force
Indonesia Police Force has Six Categories of Ranking
1) High ranking officers – Police General
2) Mid rank officers – Police Grand Commissioner
3) Low rank officers – Police Commissioner Adjutant
4) Warrant officers – First Police Inspector Adjutant
5) Non-commissioned officers – Chief Police Brigadier
6) Enlisted –Second Bhayangkara
Note: Second Bhayangkara have an equivalent of Patrolman in PNP.

4. INDIA POLICING SYSTEM

a. Official Name – Indian Police Service or State Police Service
b. Agency – Director Intelligence Bureau
c. Ranking System in India Police Force
IN INDIA THERE ARE 2 RANKING SYSTEM:
1) Gazetted – headed by the COMMISSIONER OF POLICE as a Chief and Assistant
Superintendent of Police as the lowest rank in Gazetted Officers
2) Non- Gazetted – belong the Inspector of Police as the most Senior and Police Constable
as the Lowest rank in India Police Service.

5. Thailand Policing System

a. Official Name – Royal Thai Police (RTP)
b. Policeman/Constable – the lowest rank in RTP.
c. Police General – Highest rank in RTP.
Note: Policeman/Constable having an equivalent of Patrolman in PNP.
d. Important Terms in Thailand Policing System
Tamruat – Police
Waghyaian – Chief
RTP – Royal Thai Police
Note: The RTP categorized into two officers;
1) Commissioned;
2) Non- Commissioned

6. China Policing System

a. Official Name- National Police Agency
b. Agency - Ministry of the Interior, Republic of China
c. Headquarters - Taipei City
d. Structures:
 Executive Yuan
 Ministry of the Interior
 National Police Agency
 NPA Units/City and County Police Departments
 Precinct/Division/Squad
 Station

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  Beat
e. Ranking System in China Policing System
 Police Rank 4 – lowest rank in NPA in China
 Police Supervisor Rank Supreme – Highest Rank in NPA in China
Note: Police Rank 4 have an equivalent of Constable some other country and
Patrolman in PNP.

MATRIX OF COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM

A. ASEAN COUNTRIES
ASEAN
Department/Ministry Police Force Highest Rank Lowest Rank
Countries
Royal Brunei Police Inspector
Brunei Home Affairs Ministry Lance Corporal
(Polis Dihara) General
Ministry of Internal Cambodian National Brigadier Officer Cadet
Cambodia
Affairs Police General
Indonesian National
2nd Agent or
Ministry of Internal Police or Kepolisian Police General
Indonesia 2nd
Affairs Negara Republik or Kapolri
Bhayangkara
Indonesia (Polri)
Ministry of Public
Laos Laos National Police General Constable
Security
Royal Malaysian Inspector
Ministry of Home
Malaysia Police or Police Diraja General of Constable
Affairs
Malaysia Police
Ministry of Home Myanmar Police Police Major
Myanmar Private
Affairs Force General
National Police Philippine National Patrolman/
Philippines Police General
Commission Police Patrolwoman
Ministry of Home Singapore Police Commissioner Police
Singapore
Affairs Force of Police Constable
Commissioner
Thailand Ministry of Interior Royal Thai Police Constable
General
Ministry of Public Peoples Police of
Vietnam General Patrolman
Security Vietnam

B. OTHER SELECTED COUNTRIES

Other
Department/Ministry Police Force Highest Rank Lowest Rank
Countries
Ministry of the Afghanistan National
Afghanistan Police General 2nd Patrolman
Interior Police
Police of the Police Colonel Junior
Armenia Ministry of Defense
Republic of Armenia General Sergeant
Ministry of Home Australian Federal Probationary
Australia Commissioner
Affairs Police Constable
Azerbaijan Ministry of the National Police of the General Private

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 Republic of
Internal Affairs
Azerbaijan
Bahrain National Lieutenant
Bahrain Ministry of Interior Policeman
Police General
Inspector
Ministry of Home
Bangladesh Bangladesh Police General of Constable
Affairs
Police
Ministry of Home and Gagpeon (Chief Gagpa
Bhutan Royal Bhutan Police
Cultural Affairs of Police) (Constable)
Ministry of Public Peoples Armed General/Shang Private/ Lie
China
Security Police Force (PAPF) Jiang Bing
Royal Canadian
Ministry of Public
Canada Mounted Police Commissioner Constable
Safety
(RCMP)
Cyprus Ministry of Justice Cyprus Police Force Chief of Police Constable
General
Dubai Ministry of Interior National Police Force *not available
Commander
Ministry of Internal National Police of
East Timor *not available *not available
Affairs East Timor
Department of Public Georgian National Commissioner
Georgia Constable
Safety Police of Police
Greece Citizen Protection Hellenic Chief of Police *not available
Hong Kong Police Commissioner
Hong Kong Security Bureau Constable
Force of Police
Indian Police Service
Ministry of Internal Commissioner
India or Bharatiya Pulis Constable
Affairs of Police
Seva
Ministry of Interior Iranian National
Iran *not available *not available
and Justice Police
Iraq Ministry of Interior Iraqi Police Service Chief of Police Patrolman
Ministry of Internal
Israel Israeli Police Force Commissioner Constable
Security
Commissioner
National Public Safety National Police General or Police Officer
Japan
Commission Agency Keisatsu-chō or Junsa
Chōkan
Public Security
Jordan Directorate of the Public Security Force *not available *not available
Ministry of Interior
National Security
National Police of Procurator
Kazakhstan Committee of Ministry Ryadovoy
Kazakhstan General
of Internal Affairs
Kuwait Ministry of Interior Kuwait Police General Lance corporal
Kyrgyzstan Ministry of Interior Kyrgyzstan Police General Police Officer
International Security
Lebanon Ministry of Interior Director General Gendarme
Forces
Macau Ministry of Internal Macau National Superintendent Guard

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 Affairs Police Force
National Security and Maldives Police Commissioner Lance
Maldives
Defense Branch of Police Constable
Mongolia Public
Ministry of Justice and
Mongolia Security Force General Private
Home Affairs
Myanmar Police
Ministry of Home Police Major
Myanmar Force Private
Affairs General
Ministry of Home Inspector
Nepal Nepal Police Force Constable
Affairs General
Ministry of Public National Police DaeWonsu Chonsa
North Korea
Security Agency (Grand Mashall) (Private)
Lieutenant
Oman Ministry of Interior Royal Oman Police Conscript
General
Inspector
Pakistan Ministry of Interior Pakistan Police Force Constable
General
Papua New Royal Papua New Commissioner
*not available *not available
Guinea Guinea Constabulary of Police
Qatar Ministry of Interior Qatar National Police *not available Shurti
Ministry of Internal
Russia Politsiya Police Colonel Police Cadet
Affairs
Ministry of
Government Korea National Police Commissioner
South Korea Police Officer
Administration and Agency (KNPA) General
Home Affairs
Director General
Policia/
Cuerpo Nacional de de la Policia /
Spain Ministry of Interior Policeman or
Policia Director General
Policewoman
of Police
Inspector Police
Sri Lanka Police
Sri Lanka Defense Ministry General of Constable
Service
Police Class 4
Syria Public Security
Syria Ministry of Interior Director General Police Private
Police
Police
National Police
Taiwan Ministry of Interior Supervisor Police Rank 4
Agency
General
Ministry of Internal
Turkey Turkish Police Director General Police Officer
Affairs
Ministry of State Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan *not available *not available
Security National Police Force
National Police General
UAE Dubai Ministry of Interior *not available
Forces Commander
Uzbekistan Police Constable
Uzbekistan Ministry of Interior Director General
Force
Yemen Ministry of Interior Yemen National *not available *not available

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 Police Force
Note: “*Not available” means at the time of data gathering, such data were not available.

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