COMPARATIVE

MODELS OF POLICING
Prof. Lorenzo Ramirez, RCrim, MSCJ (u), CSP
COMPARATIVE
CRIMINOLOGY
It is the study of the social occurrences of crime
among societies, in order to identify differences
and similarities in the patterns of crime. It is a
discipline in the field of behavioral sciences.
POLICING
Control and regulation of affairs
affecting the general order and
welfare and any unit or area.
COMPARATIVE
JUSTICE SYSTEM
A subfield of the study of Criminal
Justice that deals with the comparing
the similarities and dissimilarities
of justice systems worldwide.
CRIMINAL
JUSTICE SYSTEM
• Enforce
• Protect
• Maintain
Types of Criminal Justice System
in the World
Common Law System – Characterized by strong
adversarial procedure and relies upon oral
evidence which the public trial is main focal point.
Civil Law System – Characterized by strong
inquisitorial system where less right is granted to the
accused.
Islamic System – Administration justice are derived
by the interpretation of the Holy Qur’an
Types of Criminal Justice System
in the World
Crimes under Islamic System;
• Hadud – acts prohibited by God and punished by
defined mandatory penalties;
• Quesas – which have specified punishment in the
Qur'an and Sunna. Involve sanctions of retaliation or
compensation for the victim or his/her family; and
• Ta’azir – no specified penalties in the Qur’an and
Sunna, judges are given discretion in sentencing.
Types of Criminal Justice System
in the World
Socialist System – Characterized by procedure
designed to rehabilitate or retain people into
fulfilling their responsibilities to the State.
COMPARATIVE
POLICE SYSTEM
A science and art of investigating and
comparing the police system of
nations and their method of policing.
Types of Police System in the
World
Fragmented Police System – Is directly attributed to
the federal nature of the political system and local
communities asserting their right to home rule.
Combined Police System – Marked by the national
and local government cooperating and sharing in
the responsibility for establishing police service.
National Centralized Police System – Central
government creates a national police force for the
community.
Classification of Police
Operational Styes
As to law enforcement style
Legalistic – where emphasis is on violation of law and the
use of threat or actual arrest to solve dispute in the
community.
Watchmen – keeping the peace is the paramount
concern; arrest is only a last resort to resolve any kind of
disturbance of the peace
Service – where emphasis is on helping community as
opposed to enforcing the law.
Classification of Police
Operational Styes
As to degree of commitment to maintaining order
and respect for due process
Enforcers, where emphasis is on order, with little
respect for due process;
Idealist, emphasis is on both social order and due
process;
Optimist, emphasis more on due process, with little
priority given to social order; and
Classification of Police
Operational Styes
As to degree of commitment to maintaining order
and respect for due process
Realist, where little emphasis is given to due process
and social order
Classification of Police
Operational Styes
As to the way police officer use their authority and
power in street police work
Professional – where police officer have a necessary
passion and perspective to valuable police officers
Enforcers – police officer have passion in responding
to human problems but do not recognize limits on
their power to resolve them
Classification of Police
Operational Styes
As to the way police officer use their authority and
power in street police work
Reciprocators – where police officers often are to
objective in that they have perspective but virtually
no passion.
Avoiders – police officers have neither passion nor
perspective.
Q. Are those crimes which cross national
territories or national boarders not just in
the commission of the crime but include
both the effects and planning of the
crime. (CLE 20182x)
A. Transnational Crime
B. Over the sea crime
C. Conventional Crime
D. Boarderless crime
GLOBALIZATION
Refers to the process by which regional
economies, societies, and culture, as well as
information, ideas and even authority become
integrated by a global network of political
ideas through communication, transportation,
and trade.
Transnational Crime
An offense is transnational in nature if:
• It is committed in more than one State;
• It is committed in one State but the
substantial part of its preparation,
planning, direction or control takes
place in another State.
Transnational Crime
Trafficking in Person
Drug Trafficking/Illegal Drug Trade
Cybercrime
Money Laundering
Terrorism
Transnational Crime
Trafficking in Person
• Action
• Means
• Purpose
Transnational Crime
Illegal Drug Trade
A global black market activity consisting
of production, distribution, packaging of
psychoactive substance.
Transnational Crime
Illegal Drug Trade
Means of Distribution;
• Heirarichal Arrangement – The manufacturer
uses his own men to smuggle, wholesale, store
and distributes drugs.
• Hub and Spoke Layout – Taking advantage of
local gangs, and other localized criminal
organization.
Transnational Crime
Agencies involved in Drug Enforcement
Philippines Drug Enforcement System;
Transnational Crime
National Campaign Strategy against Dangerous
Drugs
• Demand and Suply Reduction
• Inter-Agency Cooperation – Activities that
promote anti drug related activities among
tasked government agencies in close
coordination with the PDEA.
Transnational Crime
National Campaign Strategy against Dangerous
Drugs
• International Cooperation – Exchange of
information and relevant technologies that could
be used in anti drug campaign are access
through the PCTC, ASEANPOL, IACAP and
INTERPOL.
Transnational Crime
Money Laundering
A crime whereby the
proceeds of an unlawful
activity are transacted,
thereby making them
appear to have
originated from legitimate
sources.
Transnational Crime
Money Laundering
Committed as follows; (RA 9160 as amended by RA 9194,
RA 10167, RA 10365)
• Transact or attempt to transact
• Facilitates into transaction
• Any person fails to report to AMLC of any
instrument or transaction report as required under
the law.
Transnational Crime
Money Laundering
The Anti-Money
Laundering Council
(AMLC)
Financial intelligence unit of
the Philippines in combating
money laundering
Transnational Crime
Money Laundering
Financial Action Task
Force (FATF)
Combat money
laundering and terrorism
financing
Transnational Crime
Cybercrime

The commission of
criminal act using the
instrument of modern
technology such as
computer and internet.
Transnational Crime
Three categories focusing on the role of the computer
in the crime (Clough, J., 2015, Principles of Cybercrime 2 Edition)
nd

• Cyber Dependent Crimes – are crimes that can only be

committed through computer, computer network, or other
form of ICT.
ICT or Information Communication Technology – refers to a
totality of electronic means employed to systematically
collect, process, store, present and share information to end-
users in support of their activities.
Transnational Crime
Three categories focusing on the role of the computer
in the crime (Clough, J., 2015, Principles of Cybercrime 2 Edition)
nd

• Cyber Enabled Crimes – are traditional crime that are

increased in their scale or reach by the use of computer,
computer network or other ICT.
• Cyber Assisted Crime – are crimes In which the use of
computer in an incidental aspect of the commission of the
crime but may afford evidence of the crime.
Transnational Crime
RA 10175 or the Anti Cybercrime Prevention Act
of 2012
• an act that constitute an offense against the
confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
computer data and system;
• computer related offenses; and
• content related offenses
Q. Sending of fraudulent e-mails or
website pop-ups, to get victims to divulge
sensitive financial information such as
credit card numbers or social security
numbers.
A. Phishing
B. Identity theft
C. Denial of service attack
D. Website defacement
Q. It is the anchor of the
investigation of all crimes
committed via the internet (CLE
2000)
A.IP Address
B. ISP
C.Static
D.Dynamic
TERRORISM
An act of sowing and creating a
condition of widespread and
extraordinary fear and panic among
the populace, in order to coerce the
government to give in to an unlawful
demand shall be guilty of the crime
of terrorism.
TERRORISM
Any act intended to cause death or serious
bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants
with the purpose of:
Intimidating a population of serious bodily harm; and
Compelling a government or an international
organization to do or abstain from doing any act. (UN
Panel – 03-17-05)
TERRORISM
Committed by any person who, within or
outside the Philippine territory, regardless of
the stage of execution.
Shall suffer the penalty of life imprisonment
without benefit of parole and RA 10592
 ORGANIZED CRIME VS. TERRORISM

Non-ideological Ideological
(purely economic (Politically
gain) motivated)
Operation is done Operation is made
discretely in public
Kinds of Terrorism
Apolitical Terrorism – employment of force in a
terroristic manner but for non-political ends.
• Psychotic Terrorism
• Criminal Terrorism
• Mystical Terrorism
Kinds of Terrorism
Revolutionary Terrorism – primary purpose is to
destabilize and topple the incumbent regime,
replacing it with a political apparatus more
acceptable to the revolutionaries.
State Terrorism – involves the employment of lethal
force by state government upon civilian population
for the express purpose of weakening or destroying
their will to resist.
International Terrorist
Al Qaeda
• founded by Osama bin
Laden in 1980
International Terrorist
Al Qaeda
Osama bin Laden
• Organized al Qaeda
• Born in city of Riyadh
• responsible for truly
heinous terrorist
incidents, including the
2001 destruction of the
World Trade Center
(WTC)
International Terrorist
Al Qaeda
9/11 Attack
FOUR AIRPLANES UTILIZED
DURING 9/11:
American Airlines 11
United Airlines 175
American Airlines 77
United Airlines 93
International Terrorist
Al Qaeda
Operation Neptune
Spear
Participating Units:
CIA
US Airborne
US Navy Seal
Seal Team 6
International Terrorist
Al Qaeda
Ayman Mohammed
Rabie al-Zawahiri
• An Egyptian physician,
Islamic theologian and
current leader of al-
Qaeda.
Domestic Terrorist
Moro National Liberation
Front (MNLF)
Founded by Nur Misuari in
1969
Aim of Egalitarianism
Also aims to achieve the
independent in
Bangsamoro Land.
Domestic Terrorist
Moro National Liberation
Front (MNLF)
• 1976 Tripoli Agreement
• Moamar Gadhafi
Domestic Terrorist
Separatist;
Moro Islamic Liberation
Front (MILF)
Two reason;
MILF believes that
Bangsamoro land should be
an independent Islamic state
The Bangsamoro freedom
fighters did not negotiate
with the Government of the
PH.
Domestic Terrorist
Separatist;
Moro Islamic Liberation
Front (MILF)
Separatist;
Bangsamoro Islamic
Freedom Fighter (BIFF)
Their goal is independent for
Bangsamoro area and they
have declared that they will
not settle for anything else.
Domestic Terrorist
Separatist;
Abu Sayyaf Group
• 2nd separatist of MNLF
Fake MNLF a.k.a15 EC
• 3rd separatist of MNLF
which splits in 2001 during
the administration of
President Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo
Q. Founder of New Peoples Army
(Bagong Hukbong Bayan)
A.Amado Guerero
B. Hashim Salamat
C.Ameril Umbra Kato
D.Bernabe Buscayno
Domestic Terrorist
New Peoples Army (NPA)
Is the armed wing of the
Communist Party of the
Philippines
Q. They considered as the “DOER”
in the organizational structure of
terrorist
A.Leader
B.Active Supporter
C.Operational Cadre
D. Passive Supporters
 Leader
They are the men of
action who carry out the
Operational order of higher
They provide the Cadre command
logistical support needed
to sustain terrorist
operation. Active
Supporter

They are relied mostly to

Passive
“spread the word”
Supporter
 Responding to Terrorism
Three-tiered Defense System;
Intelligence gathering – The activity which is
aimed at knowing the enemy and identifies their
potential targets by gathering processing
information.
Target Hardening – The activity which is aimed to
strengthening or reinforcing identifies potential
target to make it difficult for terrorist to succeed.
 Responding to Terrorism
Three-tiered Defense System;
Incident Management – Focused on effectively
managing the incident and mitigates the effects
of he blast.
Q. Covered transaction is a transaction in
cash or other equivalent monetary
instrument involving a total amount in
excess of?
A. 500,000.00 in 1 banking day
B. 1,000,000,00 in 1 banking day
C. 500,000.00 in 2 consecutive banking day
D. 1,000,000.00 in 2 consecutive banking
day
ASEAN POLICE
MODELS
Brunei
Royal Brunie Police (RBP),
one of the oldest institution
in the country.
• Entrance age is 18 years
old and retirement age is
60.
• Period of 9 months
training.
Brunei
Physical Requirement
• 5’6” height in male; not
less than 5’4” in female
• Weight is not exceed
60kgs for male and not
exceed 55kgs in female.
Academic Requirement
• Brunei Junior Certificate of
Education (BJCE)
Cambodia
National Police of
Combodia under the
Ministry of Internal Affairs.
• Entrance age is 23-36
years old and retirement
age is 65 years old.
• Their mode of selection is
family based.
Indonesia
Indonesian National Police
(Polisi Republik Indonesia)
under the office of the
President
• Entrance age is 18 years
old and retirement age is
45 years old.
• Undergo 11 months of
police training.
Indonesia
• One of the biggest unit
under POLRI is BRIMOB
(Indonesian Police Mobil
Brigade or Brigade Mobil)
• Police Volunteer, required
to have atleast sixth-grade
education. Can enter
training as NCO after 3
years for those with junior
secondary education.
Indonesia
• Recruited police serve n
their home areas; officers
above the rank of
lieutenant may not have
choice over where they
are deployed.
• Manning ratio – 1:526
Malaysia
Royal Malaysian Police is
subordinate to the Ministry
of Home Affairs
• Applicants can enter
police force in three level:
as Constable,
Probationary Inspector
and Assistant
Superintendent.
Myanmar
Peoples Police Force under
Ministry of Home Affairs
• Entrance age is 18 years
of age and undergo
training whether in
Central Training Institute,
No. 1 and No. 2 Police
Training Depot.
• Police Battalions for
securing urban areas.
Philippines
Philippine National Police
(PNP) under the
Department of the Interior
and Local Government
• Created pursuant to Art.
16 Sec. 6 of Philippine
Constitution.
Singapore
Singapore Police Force
under Ministry on Internal
Affairs
• Having a Community
Oriented Police Policing
System (COPPS) thru
establishment of
Neighborhood Police
Force (NPF)
Thailand
Royal Thai Police (Samnak
Ngan Tamruat Haeng Chat)
• Rank and File level and
Sub Inspector Level may
enter.
Vietnam
People’s Public Safety of
Vietnam a part of Armed
Forces of Vietnam.
• PPSV has 2 branches, the
Vietnam People’s Security
and People’s National
Police Force.
Japan
The National Public Safety
Commission and the
National Police Agency
(NPA) constitute Japan’s
national police
organization.
Q. It is the national law enforcement agency
which carries investigations beyond the
borders of the Philippines and coordinates all
transnational crime operations carried out by
other government agencies of the Philippines.
A. Financial Action Task Force
B. Anti-Money Laundering Council
C. Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking
D. Philippine Center on Transnational Crime
INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL Police Action
POLICE ORGANIZATION (ICPO)
• An international Police
Organization that facilitates
Worldwidecross-
Activities Peace
border police cooperation and
support to prevent and combat
international crime
Justice
• Formerly the International Criminal
Police Commission
• Founded in Vienna, Austria in 1923
• Recent located in Lyon France
• 196 members
As INTERPOL's supreme A governing body in
charge of supervising the
governing body, it meets
execution of the General
once a year and takes
Assembly’s decisions and
all the major decisions the administration and
affecting general policy, work of the General
Secretariat.
Implements decision and
recommendation adopted by
two governing bodies.

Staffed with the countries own

police officers. Its designated sing
point of contact for the General
Secretariat.
These are experts in a purely
advisory capacity, who may be
appointed by the Executive
Committee and confirmed by the
General Assembly.
Q. INTERPOL notice in which to seek the
arrest or provisional arrest of wanted
persons with a view to extradition. (CLE
2015)
A. Red Notice
B. Blue Notice
C. Green Notice
D. Black Notice
 COLOR CODE PURPOSE
To seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted persons with a view to
RED
extradition.
To collect additional information about a person’s identity or activities in
BLUE
relation to a crime.
To provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who have
GREEN committed criminal offences and are likely to repeat these crimes in other
countries.
To help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons
YELLOW
who are unable to identify themselves.
BLACK To seek information on unidentified bodies.
To warn police, public entities and other international organizations about
ORANGE potential threats from disguised weapons, parcel bombs and other
dangerous materials.
To provide information on modi operandi, procedures, objects, devices
PURPLE
and concealment methods used by criminals.
For UN WANTED: Issued for groups and individuals who are the targets of
WHITE (UN +ICPO
UN sanctions against Al Qaeda and the Taliban.
logo)
SALIENT POINTS OF RA 9372
AMENDED BY RA11479
Anti-Terrorism Council
(Sec. 45 of RA 11479)
R.A. 11479, SEC. 7. Conspiracy to Commit
Terrorism
Q. Persons who conspire to commit the
crime of terrorism shall suffer the penalty of?
A. Life Imprisonmet without benefit of Parole
and RA 10592
There is conspiracy when two or more
persons come to an agreement concerning
the commission of the crime of terrorism.
Q. Can a police officer or law
enforcement official listen or record any
communication of a terrorist
organization of group of person?
A. NO
• Written order coming from Court of
Appeals (CA)
• 60 days
• Non-extendble period of not exceed
30 days
R.A. 11479, SEC. 29. Detention
Without Judicial Warrant of Arrest
Delivery of detained person to the
proper judicial authority within a
period of 14 calendar days.
May be extend to a maximum
period of 10 calendar days.
Q. Youth wing of Communist
Party of the Philippines (CPP)
(CLE 2008)
A.National Democratic Front
B.New Peoples Army
C.Kabataang Makabayan
D.Anak Bayan
THANKYOU!
“And God said, Behold, I have given you every herb
bearing seed, which is upon the face of all the earth,
and every tree, in the which is the fruit of a tree
yielding seed; to you it shall be for meat.” –Genesis 1:29