Course Description

This study covers the concept of globalization, different transnational crimes, it nature and effects as well
as the organization of the law enforcement set-up in the Philippines and its comparison of selected police
models and their relation with Interpol and UN bodies in the campaign against transnational crimes and in
the promotion of world peace.

Introduction to Comparative Policing

Comparative

- denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater
or less in extent than that of another.

Police
- a police service is a public force empowered to enforce the law and to ensure public and social order
through the legitimized use of force.

- the word comes via French Policier, from Latin politia ("civil administration"), from ancient Greek
TÓXIC
"Police is the public and the public is the police" - Sir Robert Peel.

System
- combination of parts in a whole; orderly arrangement according to some common law: collection of
rules and principles in science or art; method of transacting business (Webster).

- a combination of related elements that is functioning as a whole in order to achieve a single goal or
objective.

Comparative Police System

- process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in order to discover
insights in the field of international policing.

- it is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations.

-it covers the study of police organizations, trainings and method of policing of various nations.

Why we compare?

A. Crime has become a global phenomenon.

B. Transnational crimes cross borders and the need for bilateral international cooperation become
imperative.
Types of Comparative Research

a. Safari Method - researcher visits another method.

b. Collaborative Method - researcher communicates with foreign researcher.

Theories in Policing System

Home Rule Theory Continental Theory

Policemen are servants of the community. Policemen are servant of higher authority.

Effectiveness of policemen depends on the express They just follow the wishes of top official of the
wishes of the people. government.

Continental/ Old Policing Modern system

The yardstick of the efficiency of the police is The yardstick of police efficiency is the absence or
determined by the number of arrest. lesser occurrence of crimes.

Punishment is the sole instrument of crime control. Police omnipresence is considered as the tool or
instrument in crime prevention.

Three Styles of Policing

1. Legalistic
- it emphasizes on helping the community, as opposed to enforcing the law.

2. Watchman
-it emphasizes on informal means of resolving disputes.

3. Service - it emphasizes the use of threats or actual arrests to solve disputes.

Theories of Comparative Policing

1. Alertness to crime theory

- is that as a nation develops, people's alertness to crime is heightened. They report more crime to police and
demand the police to become more
effective in solving crime problems.

2. Economic or migration theory

- is that crime everywhere is the result of under strained migration and overpopulation in urban areas such as
ghettos and slums.

3. Opportunity theory
- is that long with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their belongings, and
opportunities for committing crime multiply.

4. Demographic theory
- is based on the event when a greater number of children are being born. As these baby booms grow up,
delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent identity crisis.

5. Modernization theory
-sees the problem as society becoming too complex.

6. Deprivation theory
- Holds that progress comes along with rising expectations. People at the Bottom develop unrealistic
expectations while people at the top don’t see Themselves rising fast enough.

7. Theory of anomie and synomie

-(the latter being term referring to social cohesion on values), suggest that Progressive lifestyles and norms
results in the disintegration of older norms that Once held people together.

Types of Societies in the World

1.Folk - Communal Societies – (Primitive Societies)

- Has little codification of law, no specialization among police.

- System of punishment: harsh and barbaric.
- Examples: Roman Gentiles: African; and Middle Eastern Tribes.

2. Urban - Commercial Societies

- Has civil law; and Special Police Force

- System of punishment: inconsistent either harsh or lenient.
- Example: Continental Europe.

3. Urban-Industrial Societies
- Has codified laws; without government interference.
- Specialized Police forces
- England and the U.S
4. Bureaucratic Societies – (Modern Post-Industrial Societies)

- Given emphasis on technologizing of everything with the government.

- Has a system of laws.
- Police tend to keep busy in handling political crime and terrorism and a system of punishment
characterized by over criminalization and Overcrowding.
- U.S and other Nations.

Types of Criminal Justice System in the World (Legal Traditions in the World)

1. Common law systems – (Anglo-American Justice)

- Exist in most English-speaking countries in the world (U.S.; England; Australia; and New Zealand.
- Strong Adversarial System (the accused is innocent until proven guilty)
- Primarily rely upon oral system of evidence in which the public trial is a main focal point.

(Anglo-American – An American who was born in Britain or one whose Ancestors were British)

2. Civil law systems – (Continental justice or Romano-Germanic justice)

- Exist mostly in European countries such as Sweden; Germany; France; and Japan.
- Distinguished by strong inquisitorial system (the accused is guilty until proven innocent).
- The written is law is taken as gospel and subject to little interpretation.
- Founded on the basis of natural law in respect for tradition and custom.
- Always opposed to the common law notion that nobody is above the law.

3. Socialist systems – (Marxist-Leninist Justice)

- Exist mostly in Africa and Asia and other Countries.
- Distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate or retrain people Into fulfilling their
responsibilities to the state, (ultimate expression of positive law).
- Primarily characterized by administrative law.

4. Islamic systems – (Muslim or Arabic Justice)

- Derive all their procedures and practices from interpretation of the Koran.
- Characterized by the absence of positive law.
- Given always an important emphasis on the Religion.

Police System vs. Criminal Justice System

- With theses influences of societal system, Police System and Criminal Justice Systems around the world
varies depending on the kind of legal system. With the exceptions of Japan and the Common law
notions, few countries hold their police officers accountable for violations of civil rights.
- In Socialist and Islamic countries, the police hold enormous political and religious powers. In fact, in
such places, crime is always seen as political crime or Co-occurring religious problem.
Comparative Court System

1. Inquisitorial

- Is a system where the detection and prosecution of offenders are not left to the initiative of private
parties, but to the officials and agents of the law. Resort to use of secret inquiry to discover the culprit;
violence and torture are often employed to extract confessions. The judge is not limited to the
evidence brought before him, but could proceed with his own inquiry, which was not confrontative.
- the accused is guilty until proven innocent.

2. Accusatorial (Adversarial)

- Is a system where the accusation is exercised by every citizen or by a member of the group to which the
injured party belongs. As the action is a combat between the parties, the supposed offender has the
right to be confronted by his accuser. A magistrate who renders a verdict is judges, the battle in the
form of public trial. The essence of the accusatorial system is the right to be presumed innocent. To
defeat this presumption, the prosecution must establish proof of guilt beyond reasonable doubt (moral
certainty).
- the accused is innocent until proven guilty.

Note:
The judicial set up in the Philippines is accusatorial or adversarial in nature. It contemplates two
contending parties before the court, which hears them impartially and renders judgment only after trial.

Types of Police system

1. Decentralized Law Enforcement

- Refers to a system where police administrations and operations are Independent from one state to
another. It is more applicable to countries with federal government
- Police agency is the exclusive responsibility of the gov’t. of the state or provinces.
- e.g. India, Pakistan, US.

2. Centralized Policing System

- Simply means one police force operating in a country. – one police agency which has unlimited
jurisdiction throughout the Country.

- e.g. Chile, Indonesia, Kenya, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Uganda
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION TO POLICE SERVICE

Globalization
- It is the growing interpenetration of states, markets, communications and Ideas.
- It is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and governments of
different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by information
technology.
- This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic
development and prosperity, and on human physical well- being in societies around the world.
- It is a package of transnational flow of people, production, investment, Information, ideas, and identity
(Garcia, M.).
- Is a term used to describe the changes in societies and the world economy that are the result of
dramatically increased trade and cultural exchange. In specifically economic contexts, it refers almost
exclusively to the effects of trade, particularly trade liberalization or “free trade”.

Globalization in the Philippines

1. The country is taking part in the process of globalization ever since the country signed agreements with
World Trade Organization in 1995. 2. Now, globalization is very effective in the Philippines, it has
allowed major changes in the nation like more labor, and more Filipino and foreign companies has
emerged in the nation in order to help the country’s developing economy.

Advantages of Globalization

1. Peaceful Relations
- Most of the countries have resorted to trade relations with each other in order to boost their economy,
leaving behind any bitter part experiences if any.

2. Employment
- Considered as one of the most crucial advantages, globalization has led to the generation of numerous
employment opportunities. Companies are moving toward the developing countries to acquire labor
force.

3. Employment
- A very critical advantage that has aided the population is the spread of education. With numerous
educational institutions around the globe, one can move out from the home country for better
opportunities elsewhere.

4. Product Quality
- The product quality has been enhanced so as to retain the customers. Today the customers may
compromise with the price range but not with the quality of the product. Low or poor quality can
adversely affect consumer satisfaction.
 5. Cheaper Prices
- Globalization has brought in fierce competition in the market.

6. Communication
- Every single information is easily accessible from almost every corner the world. Circulation of
information is no longer a tedious (lack of interest) task, and can happen in seconds. The internet has
significantly affected the global of Economy, thereby providing direct access to information and
products.

7. Transportation
- Considered as the wheel of every business organization, connectivity to various parts of the world is no
more a serious problem. Today with various Modes of transportation available, one can conveniently
deliver the products to a customer located at any part of the world.

8. GDP Increase (GDP - The measure of an economy adopted by the United States in 1991; the total
market values of goods and services produced by workers and capital within a nation’s borders during a given
period (usually 1 year))

- Gross Domestic Product, commonly known as GDP, is the money value of the final goods and services
produced within the domestic territory of the country during an accounting year.

9. Free Trade
- Is a policy in which a country does not levy taxes, duties, subsidies or quota on the import/export of
goods or services from other countries. There are Countries which have resolved to free trade in
specific regions. This allows consumers to buy goods and services, comparatively at lower cost.

10. Travel and Tourism

- Globalization has promoted tourism to great heights. International trade among different countries
also helps in increasing the number of tourist that visit different places around the world.

11. External Borrowing

- With the help of globalization, there is opportunity for corporate, national, and sub-national borrowers
to have better access to extemal commercial borrowing and syndicated loans.

Disadvantages of Globalization

1. Health Issues
- Globalization has given rise to more health risks and presents new threats and challenges for
epidemics.
- The dawn of HIV/AIDS. Having its origin in the wilderness of Africa, the virus has spread like wildfire
throughout the globe in no time.
- Food items are also transported to various countries, and this is a matter Of concern, especially in case
of perishable items.
 2. Loss of Culture
- With large number of people moving into and out of a country, the culture takes a backseat. People
may adapt to the culture of the resident country. They tend to follow the foreign culture more,
forgetting their own roots. This can give rise to cultural conflicts.

3. Uneven Wealth Distribution

- It is said that the rich are getting richer while the poor are getting poorer. In the real sense,
globalization has not been able to reduce poverty.

4. Environment Degradation
- The industrial revolution has changed the outlook of the economy.
Industries are using natural resources by means of mining drilling, etc, which puts a burden on the
environment.

5. Disparity (Inequality)
- Though globalization has opened new avenues like wider markets and employment, there still exist a
disparity in the development of the economies. Structural unemployment owes to the disparity
created. Developed countries are moving their factories to foreign countries where labor is cheaply
available.

6. Conflicts
- It has given rise to terrorism and other forms of violence. Only cause loss of human life but also huge
economic losses.

7. Cut-throat Competition
- Opening the doors of international trade has given birth to intense competition. This has affected the
local markets dramatically. The local players thereby suffer huge losses as they lack the potential to
advertise or export their products on a large scale. Therefore, the domestic markets shrink.

Effects of Globalization to Law Enforcement

1. The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.

2. There is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation among police organizations in the world is
vital.
3. Training instructions for incoming law enforcement officers must include advance computer to prepare
them as cyber cops so they can be better prepared to deal with cyber-crimes.
4. Development of new strategies to deal with international organized crimes is a must.
5. Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislation related to modernization theories of crime.

Threats of Globalization on Law Enforcement

1. Increasing volume of human rights violation evident by genocide or mass killing.
2. The underprivileged gain unfair access to global mechanisms on law enforcement and security.
3. Conflict between nations.
4. Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering. Terrorism, etc.
Effects of Globalization on Human Rights

1. The effect of globalization on the state-based human rights violations will depend on the type of state
and its history.
2. In general, analysts of globalization find that states international integration improves security rights,
but increases inequality and threatens the social rights and citizens.
3. Findings on the effectiveness of the international pressure on state human rights policy suggests that
target must be structurally accessible, internationally sensitive, and contain local human rights activists
for linkage.

Opportunities for Law Enforcement

- While globalization brings the threats and many other threats to law Enforcement, opportunities like
the following are carried:
1. Creation of International tribunals to deal with human rights problems.
2. Humanitarian interventions that can promote universal norms and link them to the enforcement power
of states.
3. Transnational professional network and cooperation against transnational Crimes.
4. Global groups for conflict monitoring and coalitions across transnational issues.

TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES

Transnational Crimes
- Are crimes that have actual or potential effect across national borders and crimes which are intra-State
but which offend fundamental values of the International.
- The word “transnational” describes crimes that are not only international (that is, crimes that cross
borders between countries), but crimes that by their nature involve cross-border transference as an
essential part of the criminal activity.
- transnational crimes also include crimes that take place in one country, but their consequences
significantly affect another country and transit countries may also be involved.
- A crime perpetuated by organized criminal groups which the aim of committing one or more serious
crimes of offenses in order to obtain directly or Indirectly, a financial or other material benefits
committed through crossing of orders or jurisdictions.

A working definition of transnational crime.

- Crime that impacts on more than one jurisdiction. E.i. one country to another.

Adopted from the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime.

- Committed by Organized criminal groups that have a home base in one state, but cooperated in one or
more host states where there are favorable market opportunities.

Well known types:

- Drugs, economic, people smuggling, money laundering, Environmental.
What about:
- People trafficking, sea piracy, arms trafficking, precursor chemicals, terrorism and the crimes that
underpin or facilitated terrorism.

Crossing of borders by:

- People - criminals, fugitives and victims
- Things - commodities
- Intent - traffic, defraud, circumvent, etc.

With international recognition of the crime:

- conventions, treaties and laws

Transnational Organized Crime

- involves the planning and execution of illicit business ventures by groups or networks of individuals
working in more than one country.
- these criminal groups use a systematic violence and corruption to achieve their goals…

Organized crime
- Is a combination of two or more person for the purpose of establishing by terror, threat, intimidation or
conception in the city or municipality or any community of either monopoly or criminal activities in
field that provides continuing financial support.

Criminal Syndicate
- An organized and relatively stable business which uses violence and threat against competitors.

Criminal World
- Refers to the social organization of criminals with its own social classes and norms.

Historical Types of Transnational Crime

1. Slavery
- the submission to a dominating influence or the state of a person who is a chattel of another.

Slave – a person held in servitude as the chattel of another.

2. Piracy
- Is typically an act of robbery or criminal violence at sea. The term can Include acts committed on land,
in the air, or in other major bodies of water or on A shore.
- It does not normally include crimes committed against persons traveling On the same vessel as the
perpetrator (e.g. one passenger stealing from others on the same vessel).
- (Presidential Decree No. 532 (The Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974).

3. Opium Smuggling
Smuggling - the act of conveying or introducing surreptitiously or to import Export secretly contrary to
law and especially without paying duties imposed by law.
Modern Types of Transnational Crime

1. TERRORISM
- Define as the unlawful use of force or violence against person or property to intimidate or coerce a
government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social
objectives. (FBI, 1997)
- the term terrorism comes from French “terrorisme”, from Latin: “terror” Which means “great fear”,
“dread”, related to the Latin verb “terrere”, which means “to frighten”.

- the use of the word first appeared in January 1975.

- the systematic use of terror, especially as a means of coercion. It refers Only to those acts which are:
1. Intended to create fear
2. Are perpetrated for ideological goal
3. Deliberately target non-combatants.

In November 2004, a United Nations Secretary General report described Terrorism

-As any act intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of
intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from
doing any act.

Characteristics of Terrorism:
1. Premeditated or Planned
2. Politically motivated
3. Aimed at civilians
4. Carried out by sub-national groups

Organized Crime Group (OCG) vs. Terrorism

- OCG are motivated by money
- Terrorists are motivated by ideology
a. Terrorist may use:
1. Weapons of mass destruction
2. Threats to create fear
3. Traditional weapons

Typology of Terrorism

1. Nationalist Terrorism
- Seek to form a separate state of their own and frequently depict their activities as a fight for liberation.
- the loyalty and devotion to a nation, and the national consciousness derived from placing one nation’s
culture and interest above those of other nations or groups.
2. Religious Terrorism
- pursue their own vision of the divine will and use violence intended to Bring about social and cultural
changes.
- religiously inspired terrorism is on the rise, with a forty-three percent Increase of total international
terror groups espousing religious motivation between 1980 and 1995. Religiously motivated terrorists
see their objectives as holy writ, and therefore infallible and non-negotiable.

3. State-Sponsored Terrorism
- Deliberately used by radical states as foreign policy tools.

4. Left-Wing Terrorism
- seek to destroy economies based on free enterprise and to replace them with socialist or communist
economic system.
- these group seek to overthrow capitalist democracies and establish socialist or communist
govemments in their place. They want to attack the established system in order to do away with class
distinction.

5. Right-Wing Terrorism
- motivated by fascist ideals and work toward the dissolution of democratic Governments.
- This type of terrorism aims to combat liberal governments and preserve traditional social orders. Right
wing terrorism is commonly characterized by militias and gangs; many time these groups are racially
motivated and aim to marginalize minorities within a state.

6. Anarchist (Revolutionary) Terrorism

- are revolutionaries who seek to overthrow all established forms of Government.
- dedicated to the overthrow of an established order and replacing it with a new political or social
structure. Although often associated with communist political ideologies, this is not always the case,
and other political movements can Advocate revolutionary methods to achieve their goals.

7. Domestic Terrorism
- refers to the unlawful use of force or violence by a group or an individual Who is based and operates
within a state.
- These terrorist are “home grown and operate within and against their home country. They are
frequently tied to extreme social or political factions within a particular society, and focus their efforts
specifically on their nation’s socio-political arena.

8. International Terrorism
- is the unlawful use of force or violence by a group or an individual who Has connection to a foreign
power or whose activities transcend national boundaries against person or property to intimidate or
coerce a government.
- International groups typically operate in multiple countries, but retain a Geographic focus for their
activities. That makes use of highly technology especially
9. Cyber Terrorism
- Is a form of terrorism computers, the internet and the World Wide Web, in the planning and carrying
out of terrorist attacks.

10. Pathological Terrorism

- This describes the use of terrorism by individuals who utilize such strategies for the sheer joy of
terrorizing others. Pathological terrorist oftenoperate alone rather in groups like the others on the list
and often are not true terrorist as they lack any well-defined political motive.

11. Issue Oriented Terrorism

- This type of terrorism is carries out for the purpose of advancing a specific issue. Commonly these
issues are social in nature or deal with the environment. Here this definition is used to include
environmental terrorism.

12. Separatist Terrorism

- Separatists seek to cause fragmentation within a country and established a new state. This type of
terrorism is typical of minorities within a nation-state that Desire their own, commonly due to
discrimination from the majority group.

13. Narco-Terrorism
- This term originally refers to organizations that gain funds through the sale of drugs. It can also deal
with the use of violence by those groups or gangs designed to make the sale of their drugs easier.

Human Security Act of 2007 (RA 9372)

- Policy (Sec. 2) – protect, liberty and property from acts of terrorism; - Condemn terrorism as inimical
and dangerous to the national security of the country and to the welfare of the people: -Make
terrorism a crime against the Filipino people, against humanity and against the law of nations.
- Signed into law by Pres. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and effective on July 2007, officially aimed at tackling
militants in the Southern Philippines, including Abu Sayyaf Group, which has link to Al-Qaeda and has
been blamed for bombings and kidnappings.
- The law took effect on 15 July 2007.

Terrorism (Sec. 3, RA 9372) three-part definition:

1. Predicate act
a. Piracy and mutiny on high seas (Art. 122)
b. Rebellion or insurrection (Art. 134)
c. Coup d’état (Art. 134-A)
d. Murder (Art. 248)
e. Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention (Art. 267)
f. Arson (Art. 324”; PD 1613)
h. RA No. 6235 (Anti-Hijacking Law)
i. PD No. 532 (Anti-Piracy and Anti-Highway Robbery Law of 1974)
j. PD No. 1866 as amended by RA 8294 & 10592 (Illegal Possession of Firearms and Ammunition)
2. Results/Consequences
- Thereby sowing and creating a condition of widespread and Extraordinary fear and panic among the
populace.

3. Objectives
- In order to coerce the government to give in to an unlawful Demand.
Penalty – 40 years of imprisonment

Counterterrorism
- Refers to the practices, tactics and strategies that governments, militaries And other groups adopt in
order to fight terrorism..
- that include the offensive measures taken to prevent, deter, preempt, and respond to terrorism (NATO
and US Military Operations).

Types of Counterterrorism:

1. Strategic Counterterrorism – deny resources, such as finances or base

Areas to the terrorist. It will capture, kill, or convert terrorist leaders. 2. Tactical and Operational
Counterterrorism – creation of elite units or forces, whose role is to directly engage terrorists and prevent
terrorist attacks. They Perform both in preventive actions, hostage rescue and responding to on-going attacks.

Counter-Terrorist Groups
1. Australia – Tactical Regiment (SASR) Assault Group (TAG) and Special Air Service
2. Germany – Grenzschutzgruppe-9 (GSG)
3. Israel – SayeretMat’kal (General Staff Reconnaissance Unit 269)
4. Netherlands – BijzonderdreBijstandEenheid (BBE)
5. Norway – ForsvaretsSpecial Kommando (FSK) – (Special Commando of the Defense)
6. Oman – Sultan’s Special Forces “Cobras”
7. United Kingdom (UK) – Special Air Service (SAS)
8. United States of America – Delta Force and Seal Team Six
9. Philippines – Special Action Force (PNP-SAF) and Special Operations Group (PASCOM-SOG)

United Nation’s Counter-Terrorism Committee

- The CTC was established by Security Control resolution 1373, which was adopted unanimously on Sept.
28, 2001 in the wake of the Sept. 11 terrorist attack in the United States.
- The Committee, comprising all 15 Security Council Members.

United States of America’s National Counterterrorism Center (NCTC)

- Established by President Executive Order 133354 in August 2004 and codified by the Intelligence
Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004.
Philippine Center on Transnational Crime (PCTC)

- Created on January 15, 1999 by Executive Order No. 62 under the Office of the President to formulate
and implement a concerted of action of all law enforcement, intelligence and other government
agencies for the prevention and control of transnational crime.

Terrorist Organization in the World

1. Al-Qaeda

- founded by Osama Bin Laden in 1988 in Saudi Arabia.

- An Islamic Jihadist Movement to replace Western-controlled or dominated Muslim countries with
Islamic fundamentalist regimes.

⚫ Osama Bin Laden born on March 10, 1957 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; the only son of his father’s 10 wife. At
th

the age of17, Osama married his first wife. Osama married four women and fathered roughly 26 children.

⚫ the September 11, 2001 attack – Al Qaeda’s well known attack; 19 men hijacked 4 commercial passenger
jet airliners, crashing 2 of them into the World Trade Center, 1 in Pentagon and the other in Pennyslvania. 2,
973 died and the 19 hijackers.

2. Islamic State

- Also known in the Arab world as Daesh and by the acronyms ISIS and ISIL, Islamic State has been the
deadliest terrorist group in the world for the past Three years.

- it has been largely defeated in its home territory of Syria and Iraq but it remains capable of launching
attacks in those countries and has also inspired Individuals and affiliated groups to stage attacks in
other parts of the Middle East As well as Europe and Asia.

- ISIS tends to prefer bombings or explosions – these accounted for 69% of its attacks last year. However,
it also carries out hostage takings and Assassinations.

- however, Islamic State’s powers now look to be on the wane. Last year it carried out 22% fewer attacks
than the year before, with the number of deaths dropping from 9,150 in 2016 to 4,350 in 2017. The
number of deaths per attack also dropped from eight in 2016 to 4.9 in 2017.

Note:
Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) network in Philippines aim(s): replace the Philippine Government
with an Islamic state and implement ISIS’s strict interpretation of sharia
area(s) of operation: Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago region (April 2018)
3. The Taliban

- The Afghan group has been waging a war of attrition with the U.S.-backed coalition since 2001 and has
proven remarkably resilient. As of mid-2017, it controlled an estimated 11% of the country and was
contesting a further 29% of Afghanistan’s 398 districts. It is active in 70% of Afghanistan’s provinces.

- in 2017. Taliban forces were responsible for 699 attacks, causing 3,571 deaths, with armed assaults and
bombings the most common form of attack. In addition, its affiliate in neighboring Pakistan,
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan, was responsible for a further 56 attacks and 233 deaths.

- the Taliban’s actions have become more deadly in the past year, killing an average of 5.1 people per
attack in 2017 (up from 4.2 people the year before).The group has adjusted its tactics in recent years,
switching its focus away from attacks on civilian targets and towards police and military personnel.

- the Taliban killed 2.419 police and military personnel in 2017, up from 1,782 the year before. The
number of attacks on such targets also increased from 369 in 2016 to 386 in 2017. At the same time,
the number of civilian deaths caused by the Taliban fell to 548 in 2017, compared to 1,223 in 2016.

4. Al-Shabaab

- the extremist militant group Al-Shabaab emerged in 2006. It is an affiliate of Al-Qaeda and while its
main area of operations is Somalia, it has also carried Out attacks in Ethiopia, Kenya and Uganda.

- Al-Shabaab was the deadliest terror group in sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, being responsible for 1,457
deaths, a rise of 93% on the year before. Two-thirds of the deaths were in the Somali capital
Mogadishu. The worst incident was in October 2017, when 588 people were killed and 316 injured in
an explosion outside the Safari Hotel in the Hodan area of the city.

- Many of the countries worst affected by terrorism have seen a decline in the number of deaths over
recent years, including Afghanistan, Iraq, Syria, Nigeria and Pakistan. Somalia, however, has been an
unfortunate exception to that trend, due to the actions of Al-Shabaab. There have been almost 6,000
deaths from terrorism in the country since 2001.

5. Boko Haram

- The Nigerian terrorist group Boko Haram (also known by the far longer Name Jama’tuAhlis Sunna
Lidda’awatiwal-Jihad) was once the world’s deadliest Terror group but it has been in decline since 2014
and has recently started to Splinter into different factions, the largest of which is the Islamic State West
African Province (ISWAP).
Since it emerged in the northeast of the country in 2002 it has spread out to other Nearby countries
including Chad, Cameroon and Niger and the group has sworn Allegiance to Islamic State.

- the fall in terrorist deaths in Nigeria in recent years – the number of deaths is down 83% from the 2014
peak indicates that the region’s security forces, assisted by international allies, are having an impact on
 groups such as Boko Haram. The battle is far from won, though. Boko Haram carried out 40% more
attacks and was responsible for 15% more deaths in 2017 than in the year Before.

- most of the group’s attacks last year were carried out in Nigeria – particularly in Borno State – with
smaller numbers in Cameroon and Niger. The group has gained notoriety for mass hostage takings and
the extensive use of Children and women as suicide bombers.

Terrorism in the Philippines

A. Islamic Terrorist Group:

1. Bangsa Moro “the MORO people” – is the generic name for the 13 ethno linguistic Muslim tribes in
the Philippines which constitute a quarter of the population in Mindanao Southern Philippines.

- Three Major Groups: Maguindanaons, Maranaos, Tausogs. – established in 1971 to fight for an
independent Moro (Islamic) state in Mindanao, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was the first
Islamic extremist group in the Philippines. Filipino Muslims refer to themselves as Moro, which is a
derivation of the word ‘Moor,’ a derogatory term used by Spanish colonialists to refer to Islamic North
Africans. The term was then adopted by the Christian majority of the Philippines to describe their
Muslim neighbors in the southern islands of the country. After over a decade of fighting and
negotiations between the Philippine government and MNLF leaders, then-President Corazon Aquino
signed a law in 1989 that established the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM), allowing
for self-rule of predominately Muslim areas. Nonetheless, violent conflict continued until 1996, when
the MNLF and the Philippine government ultimately reached a final peace agreement, effectively
ending the group’s armed struggle. (Sources: BBC News, CNN Philippines)

- The Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) split from the MNLF in 1978 over leadership and strategic
conflicts. SalamatHashim, a member of the MNLF, was unhappy with the group’s agreement with the
Philippine government, which allowed for an autonomous but not independent region in Mindanao.
Hashim rallied more radical elements to breakaway and form the MILF. The MILF has been in
negotiations with the Philippine government for over 18 years and has since denounced violence and
terrorist acts. In March 2014, the MILF and the government of then-President Benigno Aquino III signed
a peace agreement, known as the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro (CAB). The CAB laid a
foundation for a legislative framework that would replace the ARMM and grant greater autonomy.
(Sources: BBC News, The Economist, Reuters, The Diplomat)

- On July 26, 2018, Duterte signed the Bangsamoro Organic Law (BOL), which would create a new
autonomous region, to be called the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).
The BOL adds more territories to the pre-existing autonomous region, subject to a plebiscite wherein
locals voted on inclusion. The law allows for the BARMM to have a parliament and more autonomy
over issues such as budgeting, the judicial system, indigenous rights, and natural resources. Both MNLF
and MILF support the law, which has received praise from the United Nations and countries with ties to
the peace efforts in Mindanao. Both separatist groups pledged to fight violent extremism and promised
to work with the government for peace. On January 21, 2019, a majority of voters in the ARMM
approved the BOL and it was officially deemed ratified on January 25. (Sources: The Diplomat, Rappler)
2. Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)

- Aliases: Al-Hakarat – “Bearer of the Sword” and Al-Islamiyah – Father of the Swordsman.

- Founding Philosophy: The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) was formed in 1991 during the peace process
between the Philippine government and the nationalist/separatist terrorist group, the Moro National
Liberation Front (MNLF)

- ASG was led by AbdujarakJanjalani, who was recruited for training in Afghanistan.

- The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) is the smallest, though most radical of the separatist groups in Mindanao.
ASG split from the MNLF in 1991, like the MILF,Amidst criticism that the parent organization was
weakening due to its willingness to enter into peace talks with the Philippine government. ASG is the
most violent of the groups and is of most concern to Australia and United States, due to its historical
ties to al-Qaeda and Jemaah Islamiyah. The group is divided into two main factions: the Sulu-based
faction led by RadulanSahiron, one of the United States’ most-wanted terrorists; and the Basilan-based
faction, which was led by IsnilonTotoniHiplon until his death in October 2017. In a video posted on
January 2016, a band of ASG members, using the group’s alternative name Harakatul Islamiyah (Islamic
Movement), pledged allegiance to ISIS and named Hapilon their new leader. Hapilon was on the FBI’s
list of Most Wanted Terrorists for his involvement with ASG. (Sources: Stanford University, BBC News,
Manila Time).

Note:
Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG):
Aim(s): establish an Islamic State in the Philippines Mindanao Island and the Sulu Archipelago, and
ultimately, an Islamic caliphate across Southeast Asia.
Area(s) of operation: southern Philippines in Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago region (April 2018).

3. Rajah Solaiman Movement

- Aliases: “Balik Islam” or “Back to Islam”.

- Founded by Hilariondel Rosario Holy III, a.k.a. Hannah Holy, Ahmed Santos, Hilarion of the Rosary. –
Converted to Islam in 1993 and married into the top ranks of the Leadership of the Abu Sayyaf Group
(ASG).

4. Jimaah Islamiyah (JI) -Aliases: Islamic Community and Islamic Group.

- The Philippine cell is the smallest of the JI cells in Southeast Asia.

- Considered as the major logistics cell, responsible for acquiring Explosives, guns and other equipment.
Communist Influence
1. New People’s Army (NPA)

- Formed in 1969 with support from China,

- Created as the armed wing of the Communist Party of the Philippines.
- the Philippines’ longest-running extremist conflict is with the Communist People’s Party (CPP) and its
military wing the New People’s Army (NPA). Jose Maria Sison, a student activist in Manila, established
the CPP in 1968 after being expelled from the existing Communist party, the PartidoKomunista ng
Pilipinas (PKP).
- the CPP’s ideology is based heavily on Maoist thought and singled out U.S. imperialism, capitalism, and
feudalism as issues to be confronted via revolution or a “protracted people’s war,” rooted in the
peasantry. Unlike Islamist groups that are located primarily in the southern Philippines, the CPP has a
presence in Manila and is active throughout the country. On August 9, 2002, the U.S. Department of
State designated the Communist Party of the Philippines/New People’s Army (CPP/NPA)” as a Foreign
Terrorist Organization At the request of then-President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. (Sources: CTC
Sentinel, International Crisis Group, U.S. Department of State)
Note:
Communist Party of the Philippines/New People’s Army (CPP/NPA) aim(s): destabilize the Philippines’
economy to inspire the populace to revolt against the government and, ultimately, overthrow the Philippine
Government y operates throughout most of the country, primarily in rural regions, with its strongest
presence in the Sierra Madre Mountains, rural Luzon, Visayas, and parts of northern and eastern Mindanao;
maintains cells in Manila, Davao City. And other metropolitan areas (April 2018)

2. DRUG TRAFFICKING

- Is also known as illegal drug trade or drug distribution, is the crime of Selling, transporting, or illegally
importing unlawful controlled substances, such as heroin, cocaine, marijuana, or other illegal drugs.
- it is a global black market activity consisting of production, distribution, packaging and sale of illegal
psychoactive substances.
- it simply involves smuggling across borders, and distribution within the demand country.
- Is a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of substances which
are subject to drug prohibition laws.

Techniques used by drug traders when crossing borders:

1. Avoiding border checks, such as by small ships, small aircraft, and through overland smuggling routes.
2. Carrying to border checks with the drugs hidden in a vehicle, between other merchandise, in luggage,
in or under clothes, inside the body etc.
3. Buying off diplomats to smuggle drugs in diplomatic mail/luggage, to avoid Border checks.

Mule - is a lower-echelon criminal recruited by a smuggling organization to cross A border carrying

drugs, or sometimes an unknowing person in whose bag vehicles the drugs are planted, for the
purpose of retrieving them elsewhere.
Illicit Drug Routes
A. 1st Important Drug Traffic Route
Middle East (discovery, plantation, cultivation, harvest)
Turkey (preparation for distribution)
Europe (manufacture, synthesis, refine)
U.S. (marketing, distribution)

B. 2nd Major Drug Traffic Route

a. Drugs that originates from the Golden Triangle
(Burma/Myanmar – Laos – Thailand)