INTRODUCTION

W
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TO C
O
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COMPARATIVE E

POLICING
by: Kristine Logan M.
1styr/BSCRIM
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Comparative
Police System
- it is the science and art of investigating and comparing the
police system.

- It covers the study of police organizations, trainings and

methods of policing of various nations.

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 2 Methods of Comparative Research

1. Safari method – a researcher visits and learns policing system of

different country.

2. Collaborative methods - the researcher communicates with a

foreign researcher to learn different policing system of the country.

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 THEORIES IN POLICING SYSTEM
HOME RULE THEORY CONTINENTAL THEORY

- Policemen are servants of the community.

- Policemen are servant of higher authority.
- Effectiveness of policemen depends on the
express wishes of the people. - They just follow the wishes of top official of
the government.

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 THEORIES IN POLICING SYSTEM
CONTINENTAL/ OLD POLICING
- The yeardstick of the efficiency of the police
is determined by the number of arrest.
- Punishment is the sole of crime control.
MODERN SYSTEM
- The yardstick of police efficiency is the
absence or lesser occurrence of crimes.
- Police omnipresence is considered as the
tool or instrument in crime prevention.
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 THREE STYLES OF POLICING
1. LEGALISTIC

- it emphasizes on helping the community, as opposed to enforcing the law.

2. WATCHMAN
- it emphasizes on informal means of resolving disputes .

3. SERVICE
- it emphasizes the use of threats or actual arrests to solve disputes .

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The legalistic style exercises little discretion and enforces the law by writing more tickets, making more
arrests 7
The watchman style distinguishes between two mandates of policing: order maintenance and law
enforcement. 8
The service style shares characteristics with the other two styles but focuses primarily on service to the community
and the citizens. 9
7 Theories of
Comparative
Policing

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1. Alertness to crime theory
- is that as a nation develops, people's alertness
to crime is heightened. They report more
crime to police and demand the police to
become more effective in solving crime
problems.

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2. Economic or migration
theory

- is that crime everywhere is the result of

under strained migration and
overpopulation in urban areas such as
ghettos and slums.

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3. Opportunity Theory

- is that long with higher standards of living,

victims become more careless of their
belongings, and opportunities for committing
crime multiply.

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4. Demographic theory

-is based on the event when a greater number of

children are being born. As these baby booms
grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of
the adolescent identity crisis.

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5. Modernization theory

- sees the problem as society becoming too

complex.

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 6. Deprivation theory

- holds that progress comes along with rising

expectations. People at the bottom develop
unrealistic expectations while people at the top
don't see themselves rising fast enough.

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7. Theory of anomie and
synomie
- (the latter being term referring to social
cohesion on values), suggest that progressive
lifestyles and norms results in the
disintegration of older norms that once held
people together.

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Types of Societies in
the World

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1. Folk- Communal Societies
(Primitive Societies)
-Has little codification of law, no specialization
among police

- System of punishment: harsh and barbaric.

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2. Urban-Commercial
Societies
- Has civil law; and Special Police Force

- System of punishment: inconsistent either

harsh or lenient

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3. Urban-Industrial
Societies
-Has codified laws; without government
interference.

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4. Bureaucratic Societies-
(Modern Post-Industrial
Societies)
- Given emphasis on technologizing of
everything with the government.

- Has a system of laws

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Types of Criminal Justice System in the World (Legal Traditions in the world)

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 Types of Criminal Justice System in the World (Legal Traditions in the world)

1. Common law systems - 2. Civil law systems - 3. Socialist systems -

(Anglo-American Justice) (Continental justice) (Marxist-Leninist
Justice)
-The Accused is innocent until
proven guilty
- Distinguished by strong -Distinguished by procedures
inquisitorial system (the designed to rehabilitate or
accused is guilty until retrain people into fulfilling
- Primarily rely upon oral
proven innocent). their responsibilities to the
system of evidence in which
state.
the public trial is a main focal
point.

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 Types of Criminal Justice System in the World (Legal Traditions in the world)

4. Islamic systems-(Muslim
or Arabic Justice)

-Derive all their procedures and

practices from interpretation of
the Koran.

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 Police System vs. Criminal Justice System
-influences of societal system, Police System and Criminal Justice Systems around the
world varies depending on the kind of legal system.

Comparative Court System

1. Inquisitorial
- is a system where the detection and prosecution of offenders are not left to the initiative of private parties, but to the
officials and agents of the law.

2. Accusatorial (Adversarial)
- is a system where the accusation is exercised by every citizen or by a member of the group to which the injured party
belongs.

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 Types of Police system

1. Decentralized Law Enforcement

- refers to a system where police administrations and operations are independent from one state to
another.

2. Centralized Policing System

- simply means one police force operating in a country.

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 T

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