COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

POLICING
 the practice for the maintenance of peace and
order, law enforcement and for the security of the
community.
 the methods practice by police officers for the
maintenance of peace and order.
 THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE

1. Continental theory = is the theory of police service which

maintains that police officers are servants of higher authorities.
This theory prevails in the continental countries like France, Italy
and Spain.

2. Home Rule theory = the theory of police service which states

that police officer are servants of the community or the people.
This theory prevails in England and United States.
 CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE

1 . Old Police Service = States that the yardstick of police

efficiency relies on the number of arrest made.

2. Modern Police Service = States that the yardstick of

police efficiency relies on the absence of crime.
COMPARATIVE : degree of likeness and
unlikeness of two things
 COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM:

It is the science and art of investigating and

comparing the police system of nations. It
covers the study of police organizations,
trainings and methods of policing of various
nations.
HOW TO COMPARE?

Safari Method – it is a type of research in

comparative criminology wherein a researcher will
visit another country for comparison purposes.

Collaborative Method – one researcher will

collaborate the work to a foreign researcher.
 Why Compare?

 Crime has become a global phenomenon.

 Transnational crimes cross borders and the
need for bilateral and international
cooperation become imperative
 MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO STRUCTURE:

1. CENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM

- A system wherein there is only one police force that is
recognized and operates entire a certain country.

2. DECENTRALIZED POLICING SYSTEM

- A police system wherein police administration and
operation are independent from one state to another. It is
more applicable to countries with federal government.
 MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO APPROACH:
1. PROBLEM-ORIENTED POLICING
• A model of policing which is focused in preventing crime from happening.
• This policing model involves detectives monitoring for patterns in crime to help understand when
and how crime are being committed. Once they have a pattern, they will search for ways to prevent
crimes from happening. This model has more proactive stance than the traditional policing.
• A global movement with American origin. It embraces an analytic approach which takes community
concerns seriously while developing strategic responses that aim to deal effectively with issues
underlying police relevant community problems, the origins of this method is under the work of
Goldstein (1979).
2. INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING MODEL
• By Sir David Philips
• It originated from United Kingdom, it draws upon the notion that the police can do know a great
deal about offending patterns. The Police should actively gather information about criminals and
their organization. The core emphasis are as follows:
o The focus on crime alone;
o The means used are enforcement and disruption of criminal groups;
o The measure is aimed to reduce the problem by undermining the ability of criminals to do the
business.
 MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO APPROACH:

3. REACTIVE OR TRADITIONAL POLICING

• It is a model of policing wherein police will respond when a call
was received.
4. PREDICTIVE POLICING
• A model of policing which includes predictive and analytical
techniques in Law Enforcement to identify potential
offenders.
 MODELS OF POLICING ACCORDING TO APPROACH:

5. REASSURANCE POLICING
• It is a model of policing with the aim of identifying signals and it involves the community in solving
community-related problems. It is similar to community oriented policing system. Signal crimes are those
that shape the community’s perception of risk from a particular type of crime during a given period.
• It gives a feeling of safety that a citizen experiences when he knows that a police officer or patrol car is
nearby.
6. SCANNING, ANALYSIS, RESPONSES, ASSESSMENT (SARA)
• A type of policing which involves four steps in problem solving and decision making process.
o Scanning – it involves detection of patterns of problem activities, including victims, location and
types of crimes.
o Analysis –looking for the root causes of any problems or issues identified.

Once cause was identified, law enforcement officials will work with the community
to come up with and execute an appropriate, long term response.
 GLOBALIZATION

- Process of interaction and integration among the people, companies and

governments of different nations. A process driven by international trade and
investment and aided by information technology. The process has effects on the
environment, on culture, on political systems, on economic development and prosperity
and on human physical well-being in societies around the world

- Package of transnational flow of people, production, investment, information,

ideas and authority

- Refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world
 NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION

 environmental degradation
 in many poorer nations, foreign businesses utilizing workers in a country
take advantage of the lower wage rates
 brain drain … opportunities in richer countries drives talent away from
poorer countries, leading to brain drains.
 disease
 drug and illicit goods trade
 EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE ROLE AND FUNCTIONS
OF THE POLICE

THE POLICE POSITIVE EFFECTS

 Improvement of domestic and international police capabilities
 Enhanced international cooperation to combat transnational crimes and terrorism
 Strengthened police investigative capabilities

NEGATIVE EFFECTS
 Threats of Terrorism and Organized Crime
 Terrorists and Criminal Groups have access to sophisticated weapons enhancing
their capability to inflict damage and to commit crimes
 Terrorists and Criminals use Internet for communicating among themselves
 Terrorists can spread propaganda through the Internet
 Increase in criminality and human right violations
 SEVEN THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY:

1. ALERTNESS TO CRIME THEORY

- Explains that people’s alertness to crime is heightened so they report
more crimes to the police and also demand the police to become more
effective in solving crime problems.

2. ECONOMIC OR MIGRATION THEORY

- Crime is a result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban
areas such as ghettos and slums.
 SEVEN THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY:

3. OPPORTUNITY THEORY
- Along with higher standard of living, victims become more careless of
their belongings and opportunities for committing of crime multiply.

4. DEMOGRAPHIC THEORY
- Greater numbers of children are being born, because as these baby
booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent
identity crisis.
 SEVEN THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY:

5. DEPRIVATION THEORY
- Progress comes along with rising expectations and people at the bottom develop
unrealistic expectations while people at the top do not see themselves rising fast
enough.

6. MODENIZATION THEORY
- Sees the problem as society becoming too complex.

7. ANOMIE AND SYNOMIE THEORY

- social cohesion on values; suggest that progressive lifestyle and norms result in
the disintegration of older norms that once held people together.
What is Transnational Crime?

 Crime that takes place across national borders.

 It is defined by the United Nations (UN) offences whose
inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effects involve
in more than one country.

Examples are:
Money laundering Drug trafficking Terrorism Human
trafficking Cyber crimes
 The Philippine Centre on Transnational Crime
 Pursuant to Executive Order No. 62, the Philippine Center for Transnational Crime is created
under the Office of the President to formulate and implement a concerted program of action
of all law enforcement, intelligence and other government agencies for the prevention and
control of transnational crime.

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO 265

 Creating the OSETC for a stronger campaign against transnational crime
 OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL ENVOY ON TRANSNATIONAL CRIME is the agency concerned in
resolving over taps in systems and procedures and determines the appropriate agency
competent to address a specific transnational crime issue
WHAT IS ORGANIZED CRIME?

An organize criminal group shall mean a structured group of

three or more persons existing for a period of time and acting in
concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or
offenses in order to obtain ,directly or indirectly a financial or
other material benefit .
FOR ORGANIZED GROUP TO WORK USUALLY IT HAS AT LEAST THE
FOLLOWING :

1. An enforcer
2. A corrupter
3. A corruptee

AN ENFORCER
- The one who makes for the arrangements for killing (injuring or carrying
out the task physical economically or psychologically) the members or non-
members
 A CORRUPTER
- The one who corrupts or bribes, intimidate or threatens, negotiate or
“sweet talks” into a relationships with public officials ,law enforcement officer
or anyone who would be of help in obtaining security and immunity from
possible arrest , prosecution and punishments .

A CORRUPTEE
-A public officials, law enforcement officers or anybody who not a
member of the organization who can helps the organization.
 ATTRIBUTES OF ORGANIZED CRIME

 Has no political goals

 Is hierarchical
 Has a limited or exclusive membership
 Constitute a unique subculture
 Perpetuates itself
 Exhibits a willingness to use an illegal violence and bribery
 Demonstrates specialization / division of labor
 Is monopolistic
 Is governs by explicit rules and regulations
EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

Praetorian guards = Military bodies

who serve as guardians of peace in
ancient Rome in which the idea of
policing said to have originated.

Officer de la Paix = a French term

which claimed to be the origin of the
term Police Officer
Anglo Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England )
TUN POLICING SYSTEM

A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period whereby all male
residents were required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and protect
the lives and properties of the people.

About 700 AD, the people living in England in small rural towns used the Anglo-
Saxon System. Ten families in a town (tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing
elected a leader who was known as the Tithingman.

Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader of the 100 families was named
the reeve. Both the tithingman and reeve were lected officials. They possessed
judicial power as well as police authority.
HUE AND CRY

A village law started in Britain which provided methods of

apprehending a criminal by an act of the complainant to shout to
call all male residents to assemble and arrest the suspect.
NORMAN PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM

This system of policing existed during the time of

Norman William. The Conqueror (King of France). When
he invaded and Conquered England, a military regime of
conquers and dictators began and changed the concept
of crime being committed against the state.
 NORMAN PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM

Shire – Rieve
• Shire – Rieve was a policing system during the Norman Period
when England was divided into fifty-five (55) Military areas,
each headed by a ruler called the Rieve (head-man or
lieutenant of the army) The fifty-five (55) military divisions in
England are called shires.
NORMAN PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM
• Two “Constabull” or “The
keeper of the horse” were
appointed to each village to
aid the Rieve in his duties. It
became the source of the
word Constable.

• The term “Shire-Rieve” is said

to be the origin of the word
“Sheriff”
TRAVELLING JUDGE OR CIRCUIT JUDGE

A judge selected to hear cases which were formerly

being judged by the Shire-Rieve and tasked to travel
enough and hear criminal cases. This was the first
instance of the division of the police and judicial powers.
LEGIS HENRICI

An act that was enacted during this period with the following
features:
• Offenses were classified as against the king and individuals

• The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It
introduced the system called “citizen’s arrest.”

• Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A

system which made inquisition onto the facts of a crime and
eliminate the “Anglo-Saxon Trial or “Trial by Ordeal System.”
FRANKPLEDGE
FRANKPLEDGE SYSTEM
SYSTEM

A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring

male residents over twelve years of age were required to
guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives
and properties of the people.
WESTMINSTER PERIOD OF POLICING SYSTEM

• Statue of Westminster of 1285, a

collection of regulations aimed at
keeping the peace. Statue of 1295

• The law that marks the beginning

of the curfew hours. Which
demanded the closing of the gates
of london during sundown.
LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829

Henry Fielding = appointed as Magistrate in

1746, Introduced the first detective force,
known as the Bow Street Runners.
BOW STREET RUNNERS

• A group of men organized by Henry Fielding and named by

his brother John Fielding task to catch thieves and
robbers

• Identified by carrying = Tipstaff with the Royal Crown

• made up of eight constables who also investigated crimes

handed over to them by the volunteer constables and
watchmen.
BEGINNING OF POLICING IN THE PHILIPPINES
• A. During the Spanish Regime

• Cuadrilleros – 5% of abled bodied males are

mandated to serve for 3 years.

• Cuerpo de Carabineros de Seguridad Publica –

armed with carbines and was considered as
mounted police.

• Guardia Civil – Filipino policemen officered by the

Spanish troops and under the Alcalde Mayor.
 EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM

• B. American Period

• Organic Act no. 175 Aug. 8, 1901 – formally established a

national police force named “Insular Constabulary”

• Brig. Gen. Henry Tureman Allen became its first chief. Known
as the Father of Philippine Constabulary
 Evolution of Policing System
• December 1902 the Insular
Constabulary (IC) was renamed
“Philippine Constabulary” (PC).

• December 1917 Brigadier

General Rafael T. Crame became
the first Filipino Chief of the
Philippine Constabulary.

• The PNP National Headquarters

was named in honor of Brig. Gen.
Rafael T. Crame.
PHILIPPINE CONSTABULARY (PC)
 Brigadier General Rafael T. Crame

First Filipino Chief of the

Philippine Constabulary.
Camp Rafael Crame, EDSA Quezon City
Evolution of Policing System

• B. Post American Period

• After the war, it went back to being the national police
force using its old name (PC) but was placed under the
control and supervision of LGU’s where they are
stationed.
Evolution of Policing System

• C. Martial Law Period

• Presidential Decree 765 Aug. 8, 1975 – created the
Integrated National Police (INP) with the PC as nucleus
and local police as components or the PC-INP.
Evolution of Policing System

•Post Martial Law Period

•Republic Act no. 6975 approved Dec. 13, 1990 Department of

the Interior and Local Government (DILG) Act of 1990. (took effect
January 29, 1991)

•Reorganized the DILG and created the PNP with PDG Cesar
Nazareno as its first Chief. It also established the BFP, BJMP and
the PPSC.
Evolution of Policing System

• Republic Act no. 8551 Feb. 25, 1998 – Philippine National

Police Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998.
Professionalization of PNP.

• Republic Act no. 9708 Aug. 12, 2009 – amendatory law to

R.A. 6975 and 8551 regarding education and promotion.
SELECTED POLICE
MODELS

49
UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Law enforcement and policing in America is a

complex industry consisting of different
organizations, both private and public at all levels of
government. It is a fragmented police system.
Generally, policing is largely a local responsibility.
Aside from the local police forces, it has also
Federal and State Police Agencies.
 LOCAL POLICE

 General-Purpose Police are organized

at all levels of municipal government

 It includes Sheriff, County and

Metropolitan Police

 The largest local police agency is the

New York City Police Department
LOCAL POLICE
 NEW YORK POLICE DEPARTMENT

 The largest local police agency is the New York City Police
Department
 STATE POLICE

 There are 49 State Police Agencies in the U.S.

(Hawaii has no such agency);
 The State Police agencies were organized to
enforce State laws and protect its property and
institution;
 Most States have a Highway Patrol that is
responsible for traffic enforcement and criminal law
enforcement along major State highways, and a
Bureau of Investigation/Identification that performs
criminal investigation functions;
 Another one is the Park police or Ranger units that
provide security to parks, buildings and facilities;
 The State Police also assist local police agencies
upon request.
STATE POLICE
 Federal Police

 They are responsible in enforcing law within

the whole country of USA including outside
boarders.

 The Federal Law Enforcement Agencies were

organized to enforce federal laws and regulations, and
protect federal property and institutions
 With few exceptions, Federal agencies do not provide
general patrol and order-maintenance functions
 These agencies provide general support to State and
Local police
 Most Federal officials are not uniformed
 Federal agents are limited to enforcing federal laws;
 There are more than 32 separate federal agencies
responsible for performing law enforcement tasks.
 FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION (FBI)
 Front line force protecting the public against crime and maintaining national
security against spies, saboteurs and terrorists.
 In-charge of enforcing the more than 200 federal laws
 Chief investigating branch of the United States Department of
Justice;
 It is not a national police force, but rather an investigative body
 Selected U.S Police Agencies:

Texas Ranger= police force orginally created in response to colonization

Boston Police Department= first local modern police department established in the U.S

Pennsylvania State Police= first state police agency established

Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) = police force that hired the first Female police
officer named "Alice Stebbins Wells"
Department of Homeland Security = a federal law enforcement agency in the U.S w/cc
handles U.S Custom, Border Protection, Immigration/ Custom enforcement, U.S Secret
Service, U.S Coast Guard and Transportation Security Administration