LEA

Comparative Models on
Policing
Genzy P. Llorito, RCrim
Top 2 – October 2016
MS Criminology-On Going – Holy Trinity College-Gen. Santos City
BS Criminology-Magna Cum Laude – Sultan Kudarat State University-Tacurong City
 What is Comparative Police System?
- Denotes the degree or grade
by which a person, thing, or
other entity has a property
or quality greater or less in
extent than that of another
-Similarities and Differences
- A combination of
related elements that is
is a public force empowered
to enforce the law and to functioning as a whole
ensure public and social in order to achieve a
order through the single goal or
legitimized use of force. objective.
-“Police is the public and
the public is the police”- Sir
Robert Peels
 What is Comparative Police System?

It is the process of outlining the similarities

and differences of one police system to
another in order to discover insights in the
field of international policing.
Why Compare?
Crime has become a global phenomenon.

Transnational crimes cross borders and the need for

bilateral and international cooperation become
imperative.
What is the method of research wherein
researcher need not to visit the subject’s country
but communicates with the foreign researcher?

a. Safari Method
b. Communication Method
c. Collaborative Method
d. None
Method of Research to
Compare:

Safari

a researcher visits
another country.

Collaborative

the researcher communicates

with a foreign researcher.
Theories of Comparative Criminology

1. Alertness to Crime Theory

- As a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime is heightened, so they report more
crime to police and also demand the police to become more effective at solving crime
problems.
2. Economic or Migration Theory
- Crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban
areas such as ghettos and slums.
3. Opportunity Theory
- Along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of their belongings,
and opportunities for committing crime multiply.
4. Demographic Theory
- Based on the event of when a greater number of children are being born, because as
these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent
identity crisis.
5.Deprivation Theory
- Holds that progress comes along with rising expectations, and
people at the bottom develop unrealistic expectations while
people at the top don’t see themselves rising fast enough.

6.Modernization Theory
- Sees the problem as society becoming too complex.

7.Theory of Anomie and Synomie

- Suggests that progressive lifestyles and norms result in the
disintegration of older norms that once held people together.
The growing interpenetration of states, market,
communication, and ideas termed as - .

a. Globalization
b. Globe
c. Global
d. Modernization
What is Globalization

Is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in

order to develop the global economy. Globalization refers to the
integration of economics and societies all over the world.
Globalization involves technological, economic, political, and
cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in
communication, transportation, and infrastructure.
 Effects of Globalization
Positive effects
• Industry - international brands operating
worldwide.
• Culture – mixture – food/attire/language/practice
• Legislation – International court of
justice/international law enforcement
• Language – mother tongue plus English global
• Information – quick info sharing
• Finance
• Politics – world political influence
 Effects of Globalization
Negative Effects

• White Collar Crimes & Labor exploitation

• Job insecurity/ unstable due to increased
competition
• International crimes like human
trafficking
• World Terrorism, Cyber crimes, Drug
trafficking
• Human rights violations on global scale

• Bad effects of foreign culture to local cultures

• Deadly diseases spread on global scale

• Price increase on commodities

• Local industries taken over by foreign

multinationals
Threats of globalization on law enforcement:
1. Increasing volume of human rights violation evident by
genocide or mass killing.

2. The underprivileged gain unfair access to global

mechanisms on law enforcement and security.

3. Conflict between nations.

4. Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking,

money laundering, terrorism, etc.
THEORIES IN POLICING SYSTEM
HOMERULE THEORY
Policemen are servants of the
community
Effectiveness of policemen depends on
the express wishes of the people.
CONTINENTAL/ OLD
POLICING
The yardstick of the efficiency of the
police is determined by the number of
arrest.
Punishment is the sole instrument of
crime control.
VS CONTINENTAL THEORY
Policemen are servant of higher
authority.
They just follow the wishes of top
official of the government
VS MODERN SYSTEM
The yardstick of police efficiency
is the absence or lesser occurrence
of crimes.
Police omnipresence is considered as the
tool or instrument in crime prevention.
THREE STYLES OF POLICING

1. Legalistic - It emphasizes on helping the community, as

opposed to enforcing the law.

2. Watchman - It emphasizes on informal means of resolving

disputes.

3. Service - It emphasizes the use of threats or actual arrests to

solve disputes.
What type of society has a codified law and
system of punishment that is inconsistent,
sometimes harsh, and sometimes lenient?

a. Folk – communal
b. Urban – industrial
c. Urban – Commercial
d. Bureaucratic
 4 types of society
Folk-communal

• Primitive/ salem
•Little codification of law
•No specialization among police
•Barbaric punishment
 4 types of society
Urban-commercial

• has civil law

•Specialized police forces
•Inconsistent punishment, sometimes
harsh sometimes lenient
 4 types of society
Urban-industrial
• codified laws
•Specialized force in handling property crimes.
•System of punishment is run on market
principles of creating incentives and
disincentives.
 4 types of society
Bureaucratic

• has system of laws

•Police are busy handling political crime and
terrorism
•A system of punishment characterized by
over-criminalization and overcrowding.
Post-modern society
• where the emphasis is upon the meaning of
words and the deconstruction of
institutions.
• The study of culture involves the study of
customs and folkways of the people.
• The study of social structure involves the
study of institutions, like economic and
political systems.
Variable affecting System Comparison on Police System
Urbanization
- the process of internal migration from the countryside to the
cities. It is suspected that urbanization dissolves family ties, creates
cultures of poverty, and produces a stabilized criminal underworld
consisting of well-defined
criminal career pathways.

Colonization and Underdevelopment

- as these processes of globalization shape underdog
ideologies among exploited Third world people which come back in
the form of terrorism against the more developed countries.
What law system follows the principle
“nobody is above the law”?

a. Common
b. Socialist
c. Civil
d. Islamic
 4 types of criminal justice system

Common Law Systems – (Anglo-American Justice)

Exist in most English-speaking countries in the

world (US; England; Australia; New Zealand)
Strong Adversarial System (the accused is innocent
until proven guilty). (rights of speedy and public trial)
Primary rely upon oral system of evidence in which
the public trial is a main focal point.
Civil Law Systems – (Continental Justice or
Romano-Germanic Justice)
Exist mostly in European countries such as Sweden; Germany;
France; Japan
Distinguished by Strong Inquisitorial System (the accused is
guilty until proven innocent) (Conduct a Preliminary Investigation)
The written law is taken as gospel and subject to little
interpretation
Founded on the basis of natural law in respect in tradition and
custom
Always opposed to the common law notion that nobody is
above the law
Socialist Systems – (Marxist-Leninist Justice)

Exist mostly in Africa and Asia and other countries

Distinguished by procedures designed to
rehabilitate or retain people into fulfilling their
responsibilities to the state. (ultimate expression of
positive law)
Primarily characterized by Administrative law
Islamic – (Muslim or Arabic Justice)

Derive all their procedures and practices

from interpretation of the Koran
Characterized by the absence of positive
law
Given always an important emphasis on the
Religion (Koran)
 4 types of criminal justice system

common Adversarial

civil Inquisitorial

socialist Administrative

Islamic Koran
A court system that considered accused is
innocent until proven guilty.

a. Adversarial
b. Inquisitional
c. Both a and b
d. none
 2 types of court system

Adversarial
Inquisitorial
Types of Thesis on Society
Modernization Thesis
the developing countries are destined
to go through the same crime and
control patterns the developed nations
have gone through.
It also involves more female
emancipation, and certain problems
arise from this, not the least of which is
a backlash of male violence.
that developed countries, like the U.S.,
ought to reach out, and help developing
countries manage or regulate the
inevitable stages they will have to go
through.
Colonial Thesis
holds that it is the most advanced,
developed nations in the world which
cause crime in dependent Third World
nations.
most of the developed nations do not
VS engage in free trade.
they subsidize their farmers and
producers at home, prohibit the import of
cheap, foreign-made products, and make
their money by saturating foreign markets
with luxury goods that create a sense of
rising expectations or unreachable
aspirations in the Third World
The Philippine National Police follows what
kind of police system?

a. Centralized Police System

b. Decentralized Police System
c. National Police System
d. Country Police System
2 types of Police system

Centralized- one police agency

which has unlimited jurisdiction
throughout the country.

Eg. Chile, Indonesia, Kenya,

Malaysia, Papua New Guinea,
Thailand, Uganda
 2 types of Police system

Decentralized- police agency is the

exclusive responsibility of the
gov’t. of the state or provinces.

Eg. India, Pakistan, US

 Semi- centralized

The control of the police agency

is vested in both the federal
government as well as the
component state.

Eg. Brazil
A model of police system that if the criminals
are poor, the government would conduct a
study so they could raise the family from
poverty.

a. Ireland
b. Japan
c. Switzerland
d. Egypt
 Places with little or no crime

Switzerland "iron fist, velvet glove"

Japan "shame-based" rather than

"guilt-based"

hope and confidence

Ireland among the people

Siwa Oasis, Egypt Urrf law

The different police international
associations in the world are
• ASEAN Chiefs of Police
• Europol
• IACP
• Interpol
• UN policing
 ASEAN Chiefs of Police(ASEANAPOL)
-established in 1981(Manila)

Members: • Brunei Darussalam

• Indonesia • Vietnam
• Malaysia • Lao People Democratic
• Philippines Republic
• Singapore • Myanmar
• Thailand • Cambodia
Objectives of ASEANAPOL:

1. Enhancing Police Professionalism

2. Forging strong regional cooperation in police

work .

3. Promoting long lasting friendship amongst the

police officer of ASEAN countries
 EUROPOL
- European Police Office
- became operational on July 1, 1999.

Objective:
*Facilitates Exchange of Information against Illicit
Drug Trafficking, illegal immigration, terrorism,
Forgery of Money, Human Trafficking, Vehicle
Trafficking, and Money Laundering.
IACP(International Association of Chiefs of Police)
- world’s largest nonprofit membership
organization of police executives.

Missions:
1. Advance Professional police services
2. Promote enhanced administrative, technical and
operational police practices
3. Foster Cooperation and exchange of information
 INTERPOL: Policing the world
INTERPOL is the world’s largest international police
organization, with 200 member countries.
-The largest international police organization in the world,
located in Lyon France, with National Central Bureaus in 190
member countries. (188 in 2010.
Created in 1923, it facilitates cross-border police co-
operation, and supports and assists all organizations,
authorities and services whose mission is to prevent or
combat international crime.
 Interpol distinctive signs
Official Name:
ICPO – International Criminal Police
Organization

Official Emblem:
• GLOBE (worldwide activities)
• OLIVE BRANCHES (Peace)
• 'INTERPOL' (telegraphic address)
• VERTICAL SWORD (police action)
• SCALE (justice) The INTERPOL Flag
(final modification was in 1973)
 INTERPOL: FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS
1. Secure Global Police Communication
Services

Interpol’s global police communications

system, known as I-24/7, enables police in all
member countries to request, submit and
access vital data instantly in a secure
environment.
2. Operational Data Services & Databases for Police

Member countries have direct and immediate

access to a wide range of databases including
information on known criminals, fingerprints, DNA
profiles and stolen or lost travel documents. INTERPOL
also disseminates critical crime-related data through a
system of INTERNATIONAL Notice.
"

INTERPOL-United Nations Special Notice

Issued for groups and individuals who are the
targets of UN sanctions against Al Qaeda and the
Taliban
5 TYPES OF NOTICES OF INTERPOL

1. Red Notice – to seek the provisional arrest of a wanted person with a view
to extradition based on an arrest warrant or court decision.
2. Blue Notice – to collect additional information about a person’s identity,
location, or illegal activities in relation to a criminal matter.
3. Green Notice – to provide warnings or criminal intelligence about persons
who have committed criminal offense and are likely to repeat these crimes in
other countries.
4. Yellow Notice – to help locate missing persons, especially minors, or to help
identify persons who are not able to identify themselves.
5. Black Notice – to seek information about dead bodies.
6. Orange Notice – to warn police, public entities and other international
Organizations about threats from disguised weapons, parcel bombs and other
dangerous materials.
3. Operational Police Support Services
INTERPOL provides law enforcement officials in the
field with emergency support and operational
activities, especially in its priority crime areas.

A command and coordination center operates 24

hours a day, seven days a week and can deploy an
Incident Response Team to the scene of a serious
crime or disaster.
4. Police Training and Development
INTERPOL provides focused police training
initiatives with the aim of enhancing the capacity
of member countries to effectively combat
transnational crime and terrorism. This includes
sharing knowledge, skills and best practices in
policing and establishing global standards.
INTERPOL’s Structure
THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Compose of delegates appointed by the governments of
member countries.

It is the supreme governing body. Meets once a year and

takes all the major decisions affecting general policy, the
resources needed for international co-operation, working
methods, finances and program of activities. It also elects
the Executive Committee.
THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
❑ Supervise the execution of the decisions of the General Assembly
❑ Prepare the agenda for sessions of the General Assembly
❑ Submit to the General Assembly any program of work or project which it
considers useful
❑ Supervise the administration and work of the Secretary General

Meets every 3 times a year

Composition: President, VPs & Delegates
How long is the tenure of duty of the executive committee?
President - 4 years
Vice- Presidents - 3 years
They are not immediately eligible for re-election either to
the same posts, or as delegates to the Executive Committee.

*** The former Filipino President of INTERPOL in 1980 – 1984 - JOLLY R. BUGARIN (Philippines)
GENERAL SECRETARIAT

Location: Lyon, France

Operation: 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
Langauges: SAFE
Spanish Arabic French English

Regional Offices: Seven (7) – Argentina, Thailand,

Zimbabwe, Cameroon,
Côte d’Ivoire,El Salvador, Kenya

** The SECRETARY GENERAL is appointed by the GA for a period of 5

yrs (maybe reelected)
NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS

❑Each member country (200 members) has its own

National Central Bureaus (NCB)
❑Role: Contact point of the Secretariat, Assistance on
overseas law enforcement, investigation, and or
apprehension of fugitives.
❑NCB Philippines (Manila)
Director General Philippine National Police/Chairman

Members:
• Director, National Bureau of Investigation
• Commissioner, Bureau of Customs
• Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue
• Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration
• Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
• Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board
• Commissioner, EIIB
ADVISERS

These are experts in a purely advisory

capacity, who may be appointed by the
Executive Committee and confirmed by the
General Assembly.
COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF
INTERPOL’S FILES (CCF)
To ensure that the processing of personal information
by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's
regulations,
To advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of
rules or other matter involving the processing of personal
information and
To process requests concerning the information
contained in INTERPOL’s files
 INTERPOL MISSION
Transnational crimes
Interpol – is the central repository for professional
and technical expertise, clearinghouse for the
collection, collation, analysis and dissemination of
information on transnational crimes
United Nations
• An international organization whose stated aims are facilitating
cooperation in international law, international security, economic
development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of
world peace.
• It was founded in October 24, 1945 after World War II to
replace the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries,
and to provide a platform for dialogue.
• The United Nations Headquarters resides in international
territory in New York City, with further main offices at Geneva,
Nairobi, and Vienna.
• Composed of 193 member states.
Official Languages of UNITED NATIONS
1. Arabic
2. English
3. French
4. Spanish
5. Chinese
6. Russian
Principal Organs of the UNITED NATIONS:
1. General Assembly
◼ May resolve non-compulsory recommendations to states, or
suggestions to the UNSC (not a Parliament)
◼ Decides on the admission of new members, on proposal of the
UNSC
◼ Adopts the budget
◼ Elects the non-permanent members of the UNSC, all members
of ECOSOC, on the proposal of the UNSC the UN Secretary
General, and the 15 judges of the ICJ (When the General Assembly
votes on important questions, a two-thirds majority of those present
and voting is required).
2. Secretariat
◼ Located in New York City
◼ Headed by the Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of
international civil servants worldwide.
◼ It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United
Nations bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed
by the UN Security Council, the UN General Assembly, the UN
Economic and Social
Council, and other UN bodies.
◼ Secretary-General , who acts as the de facto spokesperson and
leader of the UN. The current Secretary-General is Ban Ki-moon,
who took over from Kofi Annan in 2007 and has been elected for a
second term to conclude at the end of 2016
3. International Court Justice
◼ Hague Netherlands
◼ The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the
primary judicial organ of the United Nations.
Established in 1945 by the United Nations Charter,
the Court began work in 1946 as the successor to the
Permanent Court of International Justice.
4. Economic Social Council

◼ The Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) assists the

General Assembly in promoting international economic and
social cooperation and development.
◼ ECOSOC has 54 members, all of which are elected by the
General Assembly for a three-year term
◼ The president is elected for a one-year term and chosen
amongst the small or middle powers represented on
ECOSOC. ECOSOC meets once a year in July for a four-
week session.
5. Trusteeship Council
◼ Trusteeship Council is authorized to examine
and discuss reports from the Administering
Authority on the political, economic, social and
educational advancement of the peoples of Trust
Territories and, in consultation with the
Administering Authority, to examine petitions from
and undertake periodic and other special missions to
Trust Territories.
Qualifications of UN Peacekeepers:
Professional Category
• High degree of analytical skills
• Communication skills
• Substantive expertise and/or managerial leadership ability
• Applicants are required to have a first level university degree from
an accredited university or institution
• An advanced degree may be required for some functions, as
specified in the Vacancy Announcement.
• A combination of relevant academic qualifications and extensive
experience may be accepted in lieu of the advanced university
degree.
Field Service Category
Applicants are required to have a high school diploma or
equivalent, some positions may require a technical or
vocational certificate.

Language Knowledge
English and French are the working languages of the
United Nations Secretariat. Fluency in English or French is
required, knowledge of additional official UN languages
(Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish) is an
advantage.
Participation of PNP Personnel in UN Peacekeeping Mission
* Secondment
The movement of an employee from department or agency to another
which is temporary in nature and which may or may not require
issuance of an appointment which may either involve reduction or
increase in compensation.

A secondment is where an employee temporarily transfers to another

job for a defined period of time for a specific purpose, to the mutual
benefit of all parties. A secondment job can be full-time, part-time or
job share.
* To be eligible for deployment into the UN peace-
keeping missions, the police commissioned officer of
the PNP should have the rank of SENIOR
INSPECTOR.

* To be eligible for deployment into the UN

peacekeeping missions, what should be the age range
of the applicants?
- 25-53 yrs old
* Two special skills of PNP applicants qualifying him
for deployment to the UN peacekeeping missions:
- Computer literacy and driving
* When the tour of duty in the UN mission is for a
period of 1 year, the approving authority should be
Chief PNP.
* Under the priority list, PNP personnel who passed the
UNSAT Examination but without previous UN Mission
deployment shall be 1st Priority.
 UN Special Action Team
(UNSAT)
❑ AGE REQUIREMENT
Must not be less than 25 years old or more than 53 years old upon
actual
deployment.
❑ RANK REQUIREMENT
• For Police Commissioned Officers (PCOs):
- PSINSP
• For Police Non-commissioned Officers (PNCOs):
- PO3
All applicants must have been appointed in permanent status in their
respective present ranks.
❑ SERVICE REQUIREMENT
Minimum of 5 years of active police service (excluding
cadetship, officer orientation/trainee course, and police
basic course)

❑ PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT
Passed the latest Physical Fitness Test (PFT) conducted
by the PNP DHRDD, as well as medical, dental, and
neuropsychiatry examinations.
❑ SPECIAL SKILLS NEEDED
– Computer Literacy Requirement
– Driving Proficiency Requirement

❑ UNIT RECOMMENDATION REQUIREMENT

Must be recommended by Unit Commanders (Command
Group or Directors of their respective Directorial Staff,
National Support Units, or Police Regional
Offices).
OTHER REQUIREMENTS:

1. Must hold a Performance Evaluation Rating (PER) with a

minimum Very Satisfactory evaluation for two (2) consecutive
rating semesters.
2. Must not have been repatriated from any previous UN
mission for disciplinary reasons.
3. Must not have been convicted of any administrative or
criminal offense; have no pending administrative/criminal cases
in any body/tribunal/court.
4. No applicant should be a witness to any
administrative/criminal case, especially those covered
by Republic Act 9165, or a summary hearing officer
with unresolved cases.

TERM OF DEPLOYMENT
- All PNP personnel who are deployed as part of the
UN Peacekeeping Mission
shall have one (1) year tenure, extendable to 6
months.
What is Transnational Crime?

- a continuing illegal activity of group of person which

is primarily concerned with the generation of profits,
irrespective of national boundaries as a result of
globalization.

CONCEPT OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIME

The concept of transnational crime was coined by the
United Nations (UN) Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
Branch to identify certain criminal phenomena transcending
international borders, transgressing the laws of several
states or having impact on another country.
Historical Types of Transnational Crime

Slavery

Piracy

Opium Smuggling
SLAVERY

Slavery- the submission to a dominating influence or

the state of a person who is a chattel of another.

Slave- a person held in servitude as the chattel of

another.
PIRACY

Piracy is typically an act of robbery

or criminal violence at sea.
Opium Smuggling

Smuggling- the act of conveying or introducing

surreptitiously or to import export secretly
contrary to law and especially without paying
duties imposed by law.
Modern Types of Transnational Crime

1. Terrorism

- unlawful use of force or violence against person or

property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian
population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or
social objectives. (FBI, 1997)

- Comes from the French “terrorime”, from Latin “terror”

which means “great fear”, “dread”, related to the Latin verb
“terrere”, which means “to frighten.” The use of the word first
appeared in January 1975.
 Politically
motivated

Premeditated Aimed at
or planned Terrorism civilians

Carried out by sub-

national groups
(lawless element
of the
government)
1. International terrorism

-Politically-oriented extreme violence of one or

more countries against another country or by
members of a violent foreign politically directed
organization not affiliated with the country being
attacked for the purpose of forcing a change in
government or in how society functions.
 Al Qaeda

-The Base(Arabic “qā’idah”- “Foundation”)

-founded by Osama bin Laden in 1980

Osama bin Laden

-Organized al Qaeda
-born in 1955 or 1957 in the city of Riyadh
-responsible for truly heinous terrorist incidents, including the 2001
destruction of the World Trade Center
-died killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011 (Operation Neptune Spear)

Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri

-Born June 19, 1951
-An Egyptian physician, Islamic theologian and current leader of al-Qaeda.
2. Domestic Terrorism

- politically oriented extreme violence that is

perpetrated by residents of a country within that
country in order to force a change in government or
how in society functions.
 TERRORIST IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Rajah Solaiman Movement

-aka “Balik Islam” or “Back To Islam”

-founder Hilarion del Rosario Santos III aka Hannah Santos, aka
Ahmed Santos, aka Hilarion del Rosario, converted to Islam in
1993 and married into the top ranks of the leadership of the Abu
Sayyaf Group (ASG)

-one of the latest groups affiliated with ASG, MILF and JI

2. ABU SAYYAF GROUP (ASG)

Aliases:

- Al-Harakat Al-Islamiyyah, Bearer of the Sword, Father of the

Swordsman

Founding Philosophy

-The Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) was formed in 1991 during the peace
process between the Philippine government and the nationalist/separatist
terrorist group, the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF). Angered by
the movement toward a peaceful resolution, certain MNLF members
formed Abu Sayyaf .
3. ISIL or Islamic state of Iraq and Levant
Or ISIS/ Islamic state of Iraq and Syria

4.Maute Group
- Islamic State of Lanao (IS Ranao)
-Butig, Lanao del Sur
-Founded in 2012 by Maute Brothers
• Abdullah Maute
• Omar Maute

-Battle of Marawi(May 2017)/ Davao Bombing 2016

5. BIFF or Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
- Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Movement
-Mamasapano Clash in 2015 /Fallen SAF 44
Leaders

• Ameril Umbra Kato

• Ismael Abubakar (Imam Bongos)
• Ustadz Karialan (Imam Minimbang)
• Esmael Abdulmalik (Abu Toraife)
TERRORIST TACTICS

• Bombings
• Assassinations and Assaults
• Kidnapping
• Hostage-taking/skyjacking
• Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)
R.A. 9372
-Human Security Act of 2007

-Approved on March 6, 2007

-Effective on May 15, 2007

RA 11479—(ATA-Anti-Terrorsim Act of 2020)

Signed into law—July 3, 2020
Effectivity--------July 18, 2020
Modern Types of Transnational Crime

2. DRUG TRAFFICKING

- The illegal cultivation, culture, delivery, administration,

dispensation, manufacture, sale, trading, transportation,
distribution, importation, exportation and possession of
any dangerous drug and or controlled precursor and
essential chemicals.

- The illegal production and distribution of controlled

substances.
 Modern Types of Transnational Crime

3. MONEY LAUNDERING

- The method by which criminals disguise the illegal origins

of their wealth and protect their asset bases.

- A crime whereby the proceeds of an unlawful activity as

herein defined are transacted, thereby making them appear
to have originated from legitimate sources.
Money laundering is not a single act but is in fact
a process that is accomplished in three basic
steps or stages:

a. Placement
b. Layering
c. Integration
 Process of Money Laundering
Souirces of Income LAYERING
•Tax Crimes Goal
•Fraud Conceasl the Criminal Origin
of Proceeds
•Embezzlement INTEGRATION
•Drugs
PLACEMENT
•Wire Transfers Goal
•Theft Goal
•Withdrawals in Cash Create an Apparent Legal Origin
•Bribery Corruption Deposit Criminal Proceeds
•Cash Deposits in other for Criminal Proceeds
Into Financial System
Bank Accounts
•Split and Merge Between •Creating Fictitious Loans,
•Change of Currency Bank Accounts
•Change of Denominations Turnover/Sales, Capital Gains,
•“Heavy Soaping” Deeds, Contracts, Financial
•Transportation of Cash Statement
•Cash Deposits •Disguise Ownership of Assets
•“SMurfing:” •Criminal Funds Used in Third
Party Transactions
•“Spin Dry”
 The Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC) is the
financial intelligence unit of the Philippines and is
composed of the following officials :
The Governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
The Chairperson of the Securities and Exchange
Commission
The Commissioner of the Insurance Commission

A COVERED TRANSACTION is a transaction in cash or

other equivalent monetary instrument involving a total
amount in excess of PHP500,000.00 within one (1)
banking day.
Republic Act No. 9160
- approved on September 29, 2001
- this Act shall be known as the "Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001.“

RA 9194
- approved on March 7, 2003
- An Act Amending Republic Act No. 9160, otherwise known as the Anti-
Money Laundering Act of 2001
RA 10365
-Furthering Anti-Money Laundering Act of 2001(Feb 13, 2013)
 Modern Types of Transnational Crime

4. HUMAN TRAFFICKING

- Involves an act of recruiting, transporting,

transferring, harboring or receiving a person
through the use of force, coercion or other means,
for the purpose of exploiting them.
Elements of Human Trafficking
1. The Act (What is done?) – recruitment, transportation,
transfer, harboring or receipt of persons.
2. The Means (How it is done?) – threat or use of force,
coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or
vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in
control of the victim.
3. The Purpose (Why it is done?) – for the purpose of
exploitation, which includes exploiting the prostitution of
others, sexual exploitation, forced labor, slavery or similar
practices and the removal of organs.
PHILIPPINE DOMESTIC LAWS
• Republic Act No. 9208-“Anti-trafficking in Persons Act of 2003”.
• Republic Act No. 7610-“Special Protection of Children Against
Abuse, Exploitation and Discrimination Act”.
• Republic Act No. 8042-“Migrant Workers and Overseas Filipino
Act”
• Republic Act No. 6955-“An Act to Declare Unlawful the Practice
of Matching Filipino Women for Marriage to Foreign Nationals on a
Mail-Order Basis and Other similar Practices…
• Republic Act No. 8239- “Philippine Passport Act of 1996”
• RA 10364 – Expanded Anti- Trafficking in Persons act of 2012
Modern Types of Transnational Crime

5. CYBER CRIMES

- Refers to all activities done with criminal intent in

the cyberspace.

- Crimes committed with the use of Information

Technology, where computer, network, internet is the
target and where the internet is the place of activity.
Cybercrime
COMPUTER CRIME
-Any crime accomplished through special knowledge of
computer technology.
any crime where computer is used as a tool or as a target or
incidental to the commission of a crime.
-Also known as Cybercrime.
-Any illegal act in which knowledge of computer
technology is used to commit the offense. (L. E. Quaratiello)
-All illegal activities that are committed by or with the
aid of computer or information technology or in which the
computers are the target of the criminal enterprise. (Martin L.
Forst)
THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE CATEGORIZES
COMPUTER CRIME IN THREE WAYS:

• The computer as a target - attacking the computers of

others (spreading viruses is an example).
• The computer as a weapon - using a computer to commit
"traditional crime" that we see in the physical world (such as
fraud or illegal gambling).

• The computer as an accessory - using a computer as a

"fancy filing cabinet" to store illegal or stolen information.
CYBER CRIME IN THE PHILIPPINES

The LOVE BUG

By far the most popular incidence of cyber crime in the

Philippines is the “ILOVEYOU Virus” or the LOVE BUG. The
suspect in the case, a 23-year old student from a popular
computer university in the Philippines drafted the virus with the
vision of creating a program that is capable of stealing passwords
in computers, ultimately to have free access to the internet.

-initiated the enactment of Republic Act 8792 otherwise

known as the Electronic Commerce Act of 2000 (Approved June
14, 2000).
WHAT ARE COMMON METHODS AND STANDARD TERMS
USED TO DESCRIBE CYBER CRIME?

Hacking
- is the act of illegally accessing the computer
system/network of an individual, group or business enterprise
without the consent or approval of the owner of the system

Cracking
- is a higher form of hacking in which the unauthorized
access culminates with the process of defeating the security
system for the purpose of acquiring money or information
and/or availing of free services
Internet Pornography
- The trafficking, distribution, posting, and
dissemination of obscene material including children’s
nude pictures, indecent exposure, and child sex
slavery posted into the internet, live streaming videos
aired through the internet
Launching of Harmful Computer Virus
• Virus
• Worm
• Trojan Horse

A computer virus
- is a computer program that can copy itself and
infect a computer without permission or knowledge of
the user
Worm
- spread itself to other computers without needing to be
transferred as part of a host

Trojan horse
- is a file that appears harmless until executed. Trojan
horses do not insert their code into other computer files

Logic bomb
- a set of instructions secretly inserted into a program
that is designed to execute if a particular program is satisfied
- the bomb lies dormant until a particular date is reached
or command entered
Phishing
- sending fraudulent e-mails or website pop-ups,
to get victims to divulge sensitive financial
information such as credit card numbers or social
security numbers
Technical Terms:
 ISP – Internet Service Provider
 IP Address – Series of numbers assigned by an Internet Service Provider
To an Internet user when it connects to the internet. It is considered as the
anchor of investigation of all internet crimes.

Famous Viruses and Worms:

• I love You Virus – Onel De Guzman (May 4, 2000) Filipino Science Student
• Internet Worm - Robert Morris
– The world famous worm
– It almost brought development of internet to a complete halt
• Melissa Virus - David Smith
– He was sentenced to 20 months of imprisonment.
• Ms Blaster Worm/W32- Jeffrey Lee Parson
– attacks the Microsoft Windows
 POLICE MODELS
• Country - Canada
• Name: Royal Canadian Mounted Police
• Role - Federal, National & Paramilitary Police
Force
• Size 15 divisions
• Nickname The Mounties
• Motto Maintiens le droit (Defend the law)
• Highest Rank – Commissioner
• Lowest Rank – Gendarme (Constable)
• Country – JAPAN
• Name – NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY (NPA)
• Oversight Agency – NATIONAL PUBLIC SAFETY
COMMISSION (NPSC)
• Local Police – KOBAN SYSTEM – Police box
(Koban)
• Police Rank – 9 divisions
• Highest Rank – Superintendent General
• Lowest Rank – Police Officer
• Military Police - Kempeitai
• Country – United Kingdom (England & Wales,
Ireland, Scotland)
• Historic Police Mandate – Metropolitan Police Act of
1829 - England
• Robert Peel – Father of Modern Policing
• Lowest Rank- Constable
• Highest Rank – Commissioner
• Four Types of Law Enforcement
1.Territorial Police Forces - regulars
2.Special Police Forces – selected duties
3.Non-Police Law Enforcement Agencies –
auxiliaries
4.Miscellaneous Police Forces – for local activities
 WORLDWIDE POLICE RANKS
• Australia
• Commissioned Ranks
• Deputy Commissioner (two crossed batons below a pip)
• Assistant Commissioner (two crossed batons)
• Commander (three pips in a triangular pattern below a crown)
• Superintendent (one pip below a crown)
• Inspector (three pips)
• Senior Non-Commissioned Ranks
• Senior Sergeant (three chevrons and laurel wreath)
• Sergeant (three chevrons)
• Non-Commissioned Ranks
• Senior Constable (two chevrons)
• Constable (one chevron)
• Probationary Constable (blank epaulette)
• Recruit
• Belgium
• Highest commissioned rank
• Hoofdcommissaris / commisaire divisionnaire (Chief Commissioner)
• Commissioned rank
• Commissaris / Commisaire (Commissioner)
• Senior non commissioned rank
• Hoofdinspecteur / Inspecteur principal (Chief
Inspector/Superintendent)
• Non commissioned rank
• Inspecteur / Inspecteur (Inspector, equivalent to Constable or Officer)
• Auxiliary rank
• Agent van Politie / Agent de Police (Auxiliary Officer)ba
• CANADA
• Ranks of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police:
• Commissioner
• Deputy Commissioner
• Assistant Commissioner
• Chief Superintendent
• Superintendent
• Inspector
• Corps Sergeant Major
• Sergeant Major
• Staff Sergeant Major
• Staff Sergeant
• Sergeant
• Corporal
• Police Constable 1st Class (Gendarme)
• Police Constable 2nd Class (Gendarme)
• Police Constable 3rd Class (Gendarme)
• Police Constable 4th Class (Gendarme)
• Cadet
• China
• Commissioner General
• Deputy Commissioner General
• Commissioner 1st Class
• Commissioner 2nd Class
• Commissioner 3rd Class
• Supervisor 1st Class
• Supervisor 2nd Class
• Supervisor 3rd Class
• Superintendent 1st Class
• Superintendent 2nd Class
• Superintendent 3rd Class
• Constable 1st Class
• Constable 2nd Class
• Hong Kong
• Commissioner of Police (CP)
• Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
• Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police (SACP)
• Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
• Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
• Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
• Superintendent of Police (SP)
• Chief Inspector of Police (CIP) (insignia of a Captain)
• Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
• Inspector of Police (IP)
• Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
• Station Sergeant (SSGT)
• Sergeant (SGT)
• Senior Constable (SPC)
• Police Constable (PC)
• Iceland
• National Commissioner
• Vice National Commissioner, Police chief, Headmaster of the
National Police School
• Vice Police Chief of Reykjavík, Deputy Police Chief
• Chief Constable
• Vice Chief Constable
• Chief Sergeant, Assistance Chief Constable
• Sergeant, Inquisitor
• Policeman
• Police Intern, Temporary Replacement Officer, District Police
Officer
• India
• Ranks of Gazetted Officers
• Director Intelligence Bureau (post held by senior most Indian Police Service officer; not a rank)
• Commissioner of Police (State) or Director General of Police
• Special Commissioner of Police or Additional Director General of Police
• Joint Commissioner of Police or Inspector General of Police
• Additional Commissioner of Police or Deputy Inspector General of Police
• Deputy Commissioner of Police or Senior Superintendent of Police
• Deputy Commissioner of Police or Superintendent of Police
• Additional Deputy Commissioner of Police or Additional Superintendent of Police
• Assistant Commissioner of Police or Deputy Superintendent of Police
• Assistant Superintendent of Police (IPS Probationary Rank: 2 years of service)
• Assistant Superintendent of Police (IPS Probationary Rank: 1 year of service)
• Ranks of Non-Gazetted Officers
• Inspector of Police
• Sub-Inspector of Police
• Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police
• Police Head Constable
• Senior Police Constable
• Police Constable
• Indonesia
• High rank officers
• Police General / Jenderal Polisi (Jend. Pol.) - equivalent General in the army
• Police Commissioner General / Komisaris Jenderal Polisi (Komjen Pol.) - equivalent Lieutenant General
• Police Inspector General / Inspektur Jenderal Polisi (Irjen Pol.) - equivalent Major General
• Police Brigadier General / Brigadir Jenderal Polisi (Brigjen Pol.) - equivalent Brigadier General
• Mid rank officers
• Police Great Commissioner / Komisaris Besar Polisi (Kombespol) - equivalent Colonel
• Police Great Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Besar Polisi (AKBP) - equivalent Lieutenant Colonel
• Police Commissioner / Komisaris Polisi (Kompol) - equivalent Major
• Low rank officers
• Police Commissioner Adjutant / Ajun Komisaris Polisi (AKP) - equivalent Captain
• First Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Satu (Iptu) - equivalent First Lieutenant
• Second Police Inspector / Inspektur Polisi Dua (Ipda) - equivalent Second Lieutenant
• Warrant officers
• First Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Satu (Aiptu) - equivalent Chief Warrant Officer
• Second Police Inspector Adjutant / Ajun Inspektur Polisi Dua (Aipda) - equivalent Warrant Officer
• Non-commissioned officers
• Chief Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Kepala (Bripka) - equivalent Sergeant Major
• Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi (Brigadir) - equivalent Chief Sergeant
• First Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Satu (Briptu) - equivalent First Sergeant
• Second Police Brigadier / Brigadir Polisi Dua (Bripda) - equivalent Second Sergeant
• Enlisted
• Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi (Abrip) - equivalent Chief Corporal
• First Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Satu (Abriptu) - equivalent First Corporal
• Second Police Brigadier Adjutant / Ajun Brigadir Polisi Dua (Abripda) - equivalent Second Corporal
• Chief Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Kepala (Bharaka) - equivalent Chief Private
• First Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Satu (Bharatu) - equivalent Private First Class
• Second Bhayangkara / Bhayangkara Dua (Bharada) - equivalent Private
• Iraq
• Chief of Police (single bar, Crossed wreath & Star)
• Chief Superintendent (Crossed wreath & Star)
• Superintendent (Three stars)
• Chief Inspector (Bar, and two stars)
• Inspector (Bar, and one star)
• Captain (Two stars)
• Lieutenant (One star)
• Sergeant (Four bars)
• Patrolman (One bar)
• Ireland
• Commissioner
• Deputy Commissioner
• Assistant Commissioner
• Chief Superintendent
• Superintendent
• Inspector
• Sergeant
• Garda (equivalent to constable or police officer)
• Student Garda (a trainee who is not yet sworn)
• Reserve Garda (a sworn volunteer reservist with limited powers)
• Japan
• Commissioner General (Japanese: Keisatsu-chō Chōkan?): The Chief of National
Police Agency. The rank outside. 1 capacity.
• Superintendent General (Keishi-sōkan?): The Chief of Metropolitan Police
Department. 1 capacity.
• Superintendent Supervisor (Keishi-kan?): Deputy Commissioner General, Deputy
Superintendent General, The Chief of Regional Police Bureau, The Chief of
Prefectural Police Headquarters, others. 38 capacity.
• Chief Superintendent (Keishi-chō?): The Chief of Prefectural Police Headquarters.
• Senior Superintendent (Keishi-sei?): The Chief of Police Station.
• Superintendent (Keishi?): The Chief of Police Station.
• Police Inspector or Captain (Keibu?)
• Assistant Police Inspector or Lieutenant (Keibu-ho?)
• Police Sergeant (Junsa-buchō?)
• Senior Police Officer or Corporal (Junsa-chō?): Honorary rank.
• Police officer, old Patrolman (Junsa?)
• South Korea
• Commissioner General : 1 capacity
• Chief Superintendent General : 5 capacity
• Senior Superintendent General
• Superintendent General
• Senior Superintendent
• Superintendent
• Senior Inspector
• Inspector
• Assistant Inspector
• Senior Police Officer
• Police Officer
• Newly commissioned officer is appointed as Policeman Assistant for two years in
probationship. The uniform and insignia of an assistant is identical to those of
Policeman.
• Macau
• Supterintendent General
• Supterintendent
• Intendent
• Sub-Intendent
• Commissioner
• Sub-Commissioner
• Chief
• Sub-Chief
• 1st Class Guard
• 2nd Class Guard
• Guard
• Malaysia (Royal Malaysian Police)
• Inspector General Grade
• Inspector General of Police [IGP]: National Chief Police.
• Deputy Inspector General of Police [DIG]: Deputy National Chief Police.
• Commissioner of Police [CP] Department Chief Police
• Deputy Commissioner of Police [DCP] : State Chief Police Officer [CPO]
• Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police I [SAC I]
• Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police II [SAC II]: State Division Chief
• Assistant Commissioner of Police [ACP]: District Chief Police.
• Superintendent Grade
• Superintendent of Police [SUPT]
• Deputy Superintendent of Police [DSP]: District Division Chief
• Assistant Superintendent of Police [ASP]: Station Chief Police.
• Inspector Grade
• Chief Inspector [C/INSP]
• Inspector [INSP]
• Probationary Inspector [P/INSP]
• Enlisted Grade
• Sub-Inspector [S/INSP]
• Sergeant Major [SM]
• Sergeant [SGT]
• Corporal [CPL]
• Lance Corporal [L/CPL]
• Constable
• Bukit Aman - HQ
• Netherlands
• Chief Constable (Hoofdcommissaris)
• Commissioner (Commissaris)
• Superintendent (Hoofdinspecteur)
• Inspector (Inspecteur)
• Sergeant (Brigadier)
• Constable First Class (Hoofdagent)
• Constable (Agent)
• Police Patrol Officer (Surveillant)
• Police Trainee (Aspirant)
• Philippines
• Commissioned officers
• Director General (DGen.) - General
• Deputy Director General (DDG) - Lieutenant General
• Director (Dir.) - Major General
• Chief Superintendent (C/Supt.) - Brigadier General
• Senior Superintendent (S/Supt.) - Colonel
• Superintendent (Supt.) - Lieutenant Colonel
• Chief Inspector (C/Insp.) - Major
• Senior Inspector (S/Insp.) - Captain
• Inspector (Insp.) - Lieutenant
• Note: Rank in Italics is the Army equivalent. There is no Second Lieutenant rank-equivalent in the PNP.
• Non-commissioned officers
• Senior Police Officer IV (SPO4) - Senior Master Sergeant / Chief Master Sergeant
• Senior Police Officer III (SPO3) - Master Sergeant
• Senior Police Officer II (SPO2) - Technical Sergeant
• Senior Police Officer I (SPO1) - Staff Sergeant
• Police Officer III (PO3) - Sergeant
• Police Officer II (PO2) - Corporal
• Police Officer I (PO1) - Private First Class
• Note: Rank in Italics is the Army equivalent. There is no Private rank-equivalent in the PNP.
• Romania
• Commissioned ranks (Corpul ofiţerilor de poliţie, Police Officers Corps)
• General-Commissioner (Chestor-general, Quaestor-General)
• Chief-Commissioner (Chestor-şef, Chief-Quaestor)
• Principal Commissioner (Chestor principal, Principal Quaestor)
• Commissioner (Chestor, Quaestor)
• Chief Superintendent (Comisar-şef, Chief Commissioner)
• Superintendent (Comisar, Commissioner)
• Assistant Superintendent (Subcomisar, Sub-Commissioner)
• Chief Inspector (Inspector principal, Principal Inspector)
• Inspector (Inspector)
• Sub-Inspector (Subinspector)
• Non-commissioned ranks (Corpul agenţilor de poliţie, Police Agents Corps)
• Senior Sergeant (Agent-şef principal, Principal Chief Agent)
• Senior Sergeant (Agent-şef, Chief Agent)
• Sergeant (Agent-şef adjunct, Deputy Chief Agent)
• Senior Constable (Agent principal, Principal Agent)
• Constable (Agent)
• Singapore
• Senior police officers
• Commissioner of Police [CP]
• Deputy Commissioner of Police [DCP]
• Senior Assistant Commissioner [SAC]
• Assistant Commissioner [AC]
• Deputy Assistant Commissioner [DAC]
• Superintendent of Police [SUPT]
• Deputy Superintendent of Police [DSP]
• Assistant Superintendent of Police [ASP]
• Inspector of Police [INSP]
• Police officers
• Senior Station Inspector (2) of Police [SSI2]
• Senior Station Inspector of Police [SSI]
• Station Inspector of Police [SI]
• Senior Staff Sergeant [SSSGT]
• Staff Sergeant [SSGT]
• Sergeant [SGT]
• Corporal [CPL]
• Lance Corporal [LC]: Gurkha rank
• Special constable [SC]: non regulars
• Police Constable [PC]: obsolete regular rank
• Sri Lanka
• Gazetted Officers
• Inspector General of Police (IGP)
• Senior Deputy Inspector General of police (SDIG)
• Deputy Inspector General of police (DIG)
• Senior Superintendent of police (SSP)
• Superintendent of police (SP)
• Assistant Superintendent of police (ASP)
• Chief Inspector of police (CIP)
• Inspector of police (IP)
• Sub Inspector of police (SI)
• Non-Gazetted Officers
• Police Sergeant Major (PSM)
• Police Sergeant Class 1 (PS)
• Police Sergeant Class 2 (PS)
• Police Constable Class 1 (PC)
• Police Constable Class 2 (PC)
• Police Constable Class 3 (PC)
• South Africa (South African Police Service - SAPS)
• National Commissioner
• Deputy National Commissioner
• Divisional Commissioner or Provincial Commissioner
• Assistant Commissioner
• Director
• Senior Superintendent
• Superintendent
• Captain
• Inspector
• Sergeant
• Constable
• Student
• Spain

• Cuerpo Nacional de Policía

• Chief Superintendent (Spanish: Comisario Principal)

• Superintendent (Comisario)

• Chief Inspector (Inspector Jefe)

• Inspector

• Sergeant (Subinspector)

• Corporal (Official)

• Constable (Agente)

• Guardia Civil - Civil Guard

• Lieutenant General (Teniente General)

• Division General (General de División)

• Brigade General (General de Brigada)

• Colonel (Coronel)

• Lieutenant Colonel (Teniente Coronel)

• Major (Comandante)

• Captain (Capitán)

• Lieutenant (Teniente)

• Second Lieutenant (Alférez)

• Senior Warrant Officer (Suboficial Mayor)

• Junior Warrant Officer (Subteniente)

• Sergeant first class (Brigada)

• Staff Sergeant (Sargento Primero)

• Sergeant (Sargento)

• Master Corporal (Cabo Mayor)

• Corporal (Cabo Primero)

• Lance Corporal (Cabo)

• Constable first class (Agente de 1ª)

• Constable (Agente)
• Taiwan (The Republic of China)
• Police Supervisor General
• Police Supervisor Rank One
• Police Supervisor Rank Two
• Police Supervisor Rank Three
• Police Supervisor Rank Four
• Police Officer Rank One
• Police Officer Rank Two
• Police Officer Rank Three
• Police Officer Rank Four
• Police Rank One
• Police Rank Two
• Police Rank Three
• Police Rank Four
• Thailand (Royal Thai Police)
• Commissioned officers
• Police General (phon tamruat ek)
• Police Lieutenant General (phon tamruat tho)
• Police Major General (phon tamruat tri)
• Police Brigadier General (not in use now) (phon tamruat jattawa)
• Police Senior Colonel (equivalent to Police Brigadier General) (phan tamruat ek phiset)
• Police Colonel (phan tamruat ek)
• Police Lieutenant Colonel (phan tamruat tho)
• Police Major (phan tamruat tri)
• Police Captain (roi tamruat ek)
• Police Lieutenant (roi tamruat tho)
• Police Sub-Lieutenant (roi tamruat tri)
• Non-commissioned officers
• Police Senior Sergeant Major (dap tamruat)
• Police Sergeant Major (ja sip tamruat)
• Police Sergeant (sip tamruat ek)
• Police Corporal (sip tamruat tho)
• Police Lance Corporal (sip tamruat tri)
• Policeman/Constable (phon tamruat)
• Turkey (Emniyet Genel Müdürlüğü - Turkish Police)
• Director General (Emniyet Genel Muduru)
• 1st Degree Police Chief (1. Sinif Emniyet Muduru)
• 2nd Degree Police Chief (2. Sinif Emniyet Muduru)
• 3rd Degree Police Chief (3. Sinif Emniyet Muduru)
• 4th Degree Police Chief (4. Sinif Emniyet Muduru)
• Superintendent (Emniyet Amiri)
• Chief Inspector (Baskomiser)
• Inspector (Komiser)
• Sub-Inspector (Komiser Yardimcisi)
• Police Officer (Turkish: Polis Memuru)
• United Kingdom

• United Kingdom police ranks (up to Chief Superintendent)

• Rank

• Police
Constable

• Sergeant

• Inspector

• Chief
Inspector

• Superintendent

• Chief
Superintendent

• United Kingdom police ranks (chief officers)

• County police
force rank

• Assistant
Chief Constable

• Deputy
Chief Constable

• Chief Constable

• City of London
Police rank

• Commander

• Assistant
Commissioner

• Commissioner

• Metropolitan
Police rank

• Commander

• Deputy
Assistant
Commissioner

• Assistant
Commissioner

• Deputy
Commissioner

• Commissioner
• United States
• Chief of police/police commissioner/superintendent/sheriff
• Deputy Chief of police/Deputy Commissioner/Deputy
Superintendent/undersheriff
• Inspector/commander/colonel
• Major/deputy inspector
• Captain
• Lieutenant
• Sergeant
• Detective/Inspector/Investigator
• Officer/Deputy Sheriff/corporal
• Columbia
• Chief of Police (4 Star General)
• Executive Assistant Chief 3 star
• Assistant Chief
• Commander
• Inspector
• Captain
• Lieutenant
• Sergeant
• Master Patrol Officer
• Patrol Officer First Class
• Patrol Officer / Detective
• Cambodia – HQ – Phnom Phen
• Brazil – Meaning of “Provost” – Military Police