COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

POLICE
Refers to a body of civil authority, which is tasked to maintain peace and order, enforce
the law, protect lives and properties and ensure public safety. The word comes via French word
Policier, from Latin politia ("civil administration"), from ancient Greek polis ("city").

Comparative - is the degree of likeness and unlikeness of two police models.

System
Is a complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose operations are directed
towards goals which are influenced by the environment within which they function.

Comparative Police System

Process of outlining the similarities and differences of one police system to another in
order to discover insights in the field of international policing.
Police Systems around the world varied in terms of approach and practices in achieving
police goals due to diversity of culture however similarities are placed on the purpose of their
existence – law enforcement, peace and order, crime prevention

There are three practical reasons we should compare systems of an issue in criminal
justice.
• To benefit from experience of others
• To broaden our understanding of different cultures and approaches to problems and
• To help us deal with the many transnational crime problems that plague our world
today.

THE NEED FOR INNOVATIVE POLICING

Theories and practices in law enforcement have been compared in several studies under
various circumstances, the goal is to test whether the theory and practice in policing needs
modernization to meet the demands of the present trends in crime fighting. Comparative
research is usually carried out by the “safari” method (a researcher visits another country) or
“collaborative” method (the researcher communicates with a foreign researcher).

Globalization – is a package of transnational flows of people, production, investment,

information, ideas, and authority.
− Is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the
global economy. Globalization refers to the integration of economics and societies all
over the world. Globalization involves technological, economic, political, and cultural
exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation, and
infrastructure.

“Effects of Globalization to Law Enforcement”

Law enforcers are expected to be the protector of the people… unaccountable flow of
migration and open markets present new threats to state-based human rights regimes- great
challenge to law enforcement.

Threats to Law Enforcement

✓ Increasing volume of human rights violations as evidence by genocide and mass killing
✓ Conflict between nations
✓ Transnational criminal network for drug trafficking, money laundering, terrorism

THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE POLICING (Scheiner, 2001)

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COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

1. Alertness to crime theory- as a nation develops, people’s alertness to crime heightened.

They report a crime to police and demand the police to become more effective in solving crime
problems.

2. Economic or migration theory- crime everywhere is the result of unrestrained migration

and overpopulation in urban areas such as ghettos and slums.

3. Opportunity theory- along with higher standards of living, victims become more careless of
their belongings, and opportunities for committing crime multiply.

4. Demographic Theory- is based on the event when a greater number of children are being
born. As these baby booms grow up, delinquent subcultures develop out of the adolescent
identity crisis.

5. Deprivation theory- holds that progress comes along with rising expectations. People at the
bottom develop unrealistic expectations while people at the top don’t see themselves rising fast
enough.

6. Modernization theory- sees the problem as the society becoming too complex.

7. Theory of anomie and synomie, (the latter being referred to as social cohesion)- suggest
that progressive lifestyle and norms result in the disintegration of older norms that once held
people together(anomie).

TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM

1. Common Law Systems- usually exists in English speaking countries of the world.
There is a strong adversarial system and rely upon oral system of evidence in which
the public trial is a focal point. Also known as “Anglo-American Justice”
2. Civil Law Systems – distinguished by strong inquisitorial system where less right is
granted to the accused and the written law is taken as gospel and subject to little
interpretation. Also known as “Continental Justice or Romano-Germanic Justice”
3. Socialist System- distinguished by procedures designed to rehabilitate the offender.
Known as “Marxist-Leninist Justice” and exist in places such as Africa and Asia.
4. Islamic System- based more on a concept of a natural justice or customary law or
tribal traditions.

THEORIES IN POLICE SERVICE

Continental – is the theory of police service which maintains that police officers are servants of
higher authorities. This theory prevails in the continental countries like France, Italy and
Spain.
Home rule – the theory of police service which states that police officers are servants of the
community or the people. This theory prevails in England and United States

CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE

1. Old Police Service- states that the yardstick of police efficiency relies on the number of
arrest made.
2. Modern Police Service- states that the yardstick of police efficiency relies on the
absence of crime.

EVOLUTON OF POLICING SYSTEM

*Praetorian Guards – military bodies who serve as guardians of peace in ancient Rome in
which the idea of policing said to have been originated.

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COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

*Officer de la Paix- a French term which claimed to be the origin of the term “Police Officer”.

1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System (Ancient England)

A. Tun Policing System- A system of policing emerged during the Anglo-Saxon period
whereby all male residents were required to guard the town (tun) to preserve peace and
protect the lives and properties of the people.
Ten families= tithing, leader= tithing man, 10 tithings-100 Families, reeve (leader of 100
families) .
A. Hue and Cry – A village law started in Britain which provided methods of apprehending
a criminal by an act of the complainant to shout to call all male residents to assemble
and arrest the suspect.
B. Trial by Ordeal- A judicial practice wherein the guilt or innocence is determined by
subjecting him into an unpleasant, usually dangerous, experience. The word “ordeal”
was derived from the Medieval Latin word “Dei Indicum” which means a “miraculous
decision.”
2. Norman Period of Policing System
This system of policing existed during the time of Norman William, The Conqueror (King
of France). When he invaded and conquered England, a military regime of conquers and
dictators begun and changed the concept of crime being committed against the state.
A. Shire-Rieve
Shire-rieve was a policing system during the Norman period when England was divided
into fifty-five (55) military areas, each headed by a ruler called the Rieve (head or
lieutenant of the army). The 55 military divisions in England are called Shires. The Shire-
rieve had absolute powers that no one could question his or her actions. Two Constabuli
or “Keeper of the Horse” were appointed to each village to aid the reeve in his duty. It
became the source of the word Constable.
The term “Shire-reeve is said to be the origin of the word Sherriff.

B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge

A judge was selected to hear cases which were formely being judged by the Shire-Rieve
and tasked to travel through and hear criminal cases. This was the first instance of the
division of the police and judicial powers.

C. Legis Henrici – An act that was enacted during this period with the ff. features:
✓ Offenses were classified as against the king and individuals
✓ Policeman becomes public servant
✓ The police and the citizens have the broad power to arrest. It introduced the
system called “citizen’s arrest”.
✓ Grand Jury was created to inquire on the facts of the law. A system which made
inquisition onto the facts of the crime and eliminate the “Anglo-Saxon Trial or
“Trial by Ordeal”
D. Frankpledge System
A system of policing whereby a group of ten neighboring male residents over twelve
years of age were required to guard the town to preserve peace and protect the lives
and properties of the people.

3. WESTMINSTER PERIOD OF POLICING

It is called by this name because the laws governing policing came out of the capital of
England which at the time was Westminster. This period has the ff. features:
Guards were appointed and the duties of the constables at night (watch) and in daytime (ward)
were defined.

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“MODELS OF POLICING”

UNITED STATES POLICE SYSTEM

Types of US Police
1. Municipal Police- includes village, township, city and country police departments, sheriff
departments.
Types of Local Police
A. Country Sheriff- in charged with the operation of country jail, civil function such as
service of eviction notices and other court orders and police responsibility.
B. City Police- most common local police organization. It has jurisdiction in matters that
occurs in an incorporated municipality.

2. State Police- includes special investigative agencies that concentrate on statewide law
enforcement. Also tasked of regulating traffic and maintaining order and safety on state and
federal highways.

3. Federal Police – agencies operated by federal government at the national level

Some Federal Agencies Having Police Functions:
A. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement of Penal Statutes
1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department of Justice)- investigates all violations of
federal law except when the enforcement authority was given to other specific federal agency.
2. United States Secret Service (Department of Treasury) – concerned with investigation of
counterfeiting, forging, altering, of any of the money or other securities of the US. It is also in
charge of the protection of the president and his family and of the executive mansion grounds.
3. Bureau of Narcotics ( Department of Treasury) –investigates all violations of federal law
relating to prohibited drugs.
4. Immigration and Naturalization Service (Department of Justice)- investigates all violations
of immigration and naturalization laws, patrol borders to prevent surreptitious entry of aliens.

B. Protection of National Revenue

1. Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue- investigation of violations of income
tax laws.
2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of Internal Revenue- investigation of violations of internal
revenue laws
3. Division of Investigation and Patrol, Bureau of Customs- investigates smuggling activities
and enforces customs and navigation laws.
4. Private Police- additional police protection made by employing sworn officers trough
contract when they are officially on duty. Two basic forms of private police:
a) Proprietary Police- when a person wish to receive service, he hires and security
personnel directly.
b) Contract Security- services of an independent security company.

Selected U.S Police Agencies

▪ New York City-it is where the first full time police force was organized in the US.
▪ New York Police Department-the largest police force in the US.
▪ Texas Ranger- police force originally created in response to colonization
▪ Boston Police Department- first local modern police department established kin US.
▪ Pennsylvania State Police- the first state police agency established
▪ Los Angeles Police Department- police force that hired the first female police officer
named Alice Stebbins Wells.
▪ Department of Homeland Security- a federal law enforcement agency in US which
handles US Customs and Border Protection, Immigration and Customs Enforcement,
United States Coast Guard, and Transportation Security Administration.

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CANADA POLICE SYSTEM

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)- colloquially known as Mounties and internally as
Mounties and internally as “The Force” – is the national police force of Canada and one of the
most recognized of its kind in the world being a national, federal, provincial and municipal
policing body. It is founded in 1920 by the Merger of Royal Northwest Mounted Police (1873)
with the Dominion Police (1868).

AUSTRALIAN POLICE SYSTEM – a progressive and multi-faceted law enforcement

organization, taking strong lead in the fight against 21 st century crimes.

-adapt the adversarial court system. It 8 separate police force which have hierarchical
organization
• Police force for each of the six states-Divided into districts and divisions
• Police force in northern territory- are divided into geographical districts which are
themselves divided into divisions.
• Australian federal police- provides services for the Australian capital territory
• Technology- availability of police automobiles. This include sedans, station wagons,
panel vans, motorcycles, four wheel drive vehicles, prison vans, trucks, buses and utility
vehicles.
• All Australian police forces have access to computer records, radio communications and
radar.
• All rank and file police officers are issued .38 caliber revolver. Special squads are issued
semi-automatic weapons. Bullet proof vest are available in each police force.

JAPAN POLICE SYSTEM – Adapt the inquisitorial court system .It is composed of National and
Local organization
National level:
• Police administration bureau-in charge for police personnel, education, welfare, training
and unit inspection
• Criminal investigation bureau-responsible for investigation and crime prevention
• Traffic bureau
• Security bureau- responsible for suppressing riots, enforcer of entry and exit control
• Regional public safety bureau-responsible for the number of prefectures
The National Police Agency has seven regional police bureaus
• Police communication divisions-This is responsible maintain communication with Tokyo
and Hokkaido.
Tokyo and Hokkaido are excluded from the regional jurisdiction because of its geography
and urban situation.
Local organization:
• Prefectural police force-contains administrative divisions corresponding to those of the
bureaus of the national police agency. Headquarters are staffed by specialist in basic police
functions.
• Metropolitan police force in Tokyo
• Koban or police boxes-substations near major transportation hubs and shopping areas
and residential districts- form the first line of police response to the public. Staffed by three
or more officers working in hour shifts
• Riot police or kidotai- special riot units to respond quickly and effectively to large public
disturbance.
Each prefectural level police department and the Tokyo police maintain kidotai
• Special police- they are responsible for such matters as railroad security, forest
preservation, narcotics control, fishery inspection and enforcement of regulation on
maritime, labor, and mine safety

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MALAYSIA POLICE SYSTEM

Royal Malaysian Police (RMP)
Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia
-police force in Malaysia
- Headquarter is located at Bukit Aman, Kuala Lumpur
- The constitution, control, employment, recruitment, fund, discipline, duties and powers of the
police force is specified and governed by the Police Act 1967.

INDONESIA POLICE SYSTEM

Indonesian National Police ( Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia) – is the official police
force of Indonesia. Also known as Polri, organized on 1946.
Markasbesar/Mabes- name of the headquarters of Indonesian National Police located in
KebayoranBaru, South, Jakata, Indonesia.

POLRI TERRITORIAL FORCES

1. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil- regional police
2. Kepolisian Daerah or Polda- provincial police
3. Kepolisian Resort or Polres- city or regency police

SPECIAL BRANCHES
1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB)- the most militarized trained to deal with mass demonstrations.
-paramilitary role to conduct security stabilization operations and providing security for
VIP and vital functions.
2. Anti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Hura-hura)-received special anti-riot training
3. Sea and Air Police Responsible for patrolling the air space.
4. Plainclothes Unit-assigned in conducting investigations
5. Maritime Police- responsible in protecting territorial seas
6. Anti-terrorist Unit- trained in counter-terrorism
7. Forensics- in-charged of laboratory examination of evidence

SINGAPORE POLICE SYSTEM

Singapore Police Force (SPF)- is the main agency task with maintaining law and order in the
city—state. It is formerly known as Republic of Singapore Police. Organized with split
staff(15) and line functions(13) roughly modeled after the military. Headquarters at New
Phoenix Park Novena.

Francis James Bernard- formed the skeleton force as the heritage of Singapore Police force in
1819
Training in SPF
Police Academy- provides basic training to both new and serving officers of the SPF.
6 months- is the duration of training for Constables
10 months- duration of training for Officer Cadet Trainees.

THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM

Royal Thai Police (RTP)- is the primary law enforcement agency in Thailand. Formerly known
as Thailand National Police Department (TNDP).

In, 1998, TNDP was transferred from the Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly under
the Office of the Prime Minister using the name Royal Thai Police. The position of its supreme
head was changed from that of the Director-General of the TNPD to the Commissioner-General
of the Royal Thai Police.

DIFFERENT BUREAUS OF RTP

1. Border Patrol Police – maintenance of the public peace and security along border areas.

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COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

2. Central Investigation Bureau-responsible for major criminal cases, especially offenses

committed in breach of national security and integrity.
3. Immigration Bureau- responsible for immigration proceedings of all county checkpoints,
alien registration control, prevention and suppression of trafficking of women and children.
4. Narcotics Suppression Bureau- in charge of drug prevention and suppression in Thailand
5. Office of the Royal Court Security Police- provides security for His Majesty the King and the
Queen, the Heir, and His Majesty’s representatives.
6. Special Branch- police intelligence unit, responsible for acquiring and managing intelligence
concerning national security.
7. Office of the Human Resource- responsible for personnel management with the RTP.
8. Police Education Bureau- Provides training to RTP.

MYANMAR POLICE SYSTEM

Myanmar Police Force-formally known as The People’s Police Force (Burmese: Pyi Thu Yae Tup
pwe)
Its command structure is based on established civil jurisdictions. Each of Myanmar’s
seven states and seven divisions have their own Police Forces with headquarters in the
respective capital cities.

STATE AND DIVISION OF POLICE FORCE

There are 14 States and Divisional Police Forces and Three additional State/Division
Police Force commanded by Police Colonels.
Each State And Divisional Police Force Consist Of Four Components:
1. Office of the Commander of the State and Divisional Police Force
2. Office of the Commander of the District Police Force
3. Office of the Commander of the Township Police Force
4. Police Stations

The District Police Forces are classified into two classes depending on the area, population and
development, namely A and B Class.
A. Class A District Police Forces- commanders are Police Lieutenant Colonels
B. Class B District Police Forces- - commanders are Police Majors
C. Township Police Forces- commanders are Police Majors
D. Police Station Officers- commanders are Police Lieutenants

Special Departments
There are four Special Departments, in which the first two departments are headed by
the Police Brigadier Generals and the remaining two are by Police Colonels.
1. Special Intelligence Department
2. Criminal Investigation Department
3. Railways Police Department
4. City Development Police Department
5. Myanmar Traffic Police

CAMBODIA POLICE SYSTEM

Cambodian National Police- is the primary law enforcement agency in Cambodia. It is divided
into four autonomous units, headed collectively by the First Deputy Director of National Police,
and five central departments, each managed by a Chief of Department and Deputy Director.

Four Autonomous Units (headed by First Deputy Director)

1. Interpol unit
2. Headquarters unit
3. Intervention Unit
4. Drug Enforcement unit

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COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

Five Central Departments (each managed by a Chief of Department and Deputy Director)
1. Border Department
2. Public Order department
3. Judicial department
4. Security department
5. Central Department of Means (support office)

HONGKONG POLICE SYSTEM

Hong Kong Police Force (HKPF)- is the largest disciplined service under the Security bureau
of Hongkong. It is the World’s second and Asia’s first, police agency to operate with a modern
policing system. It was formed on May 1, 1844.
In 1969, Queen Elizabeth II granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong Police Force for
their handling of the Hong Kong 1967 riots- renaming them: the Royal Hong Kong Police Force.
Following the transfer of sovereignty, the force is once again named Hong Kong Police Force.
The Force is commanded by the Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by two deputy
commissioners:
a. Deputy Commissioner- Operations –supervises all operational matters including crime
b. Deputy Commissioner- Management – is responsible for the direction and coordination of
force management including personnel, training, and management services.

Motto- We Serve with Pride and Care

The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into six Regions:

1. Hong Kong Island
2. Kowloon East
3. Kowloon West
4. New Territories North
5. New Territories South
6. Marine Region

The Force Headquarters (Management) is made up of five departments:

1. Operations & Support
2. Crime & Security
3. Personnel and Training
4. Management Services
5. Finance, Administration

CHINA POLICE SYSTEM

Kinds of Police System in China:
1. Chinese People’s Armed Police Force ( commonly known as People’s Armed Police)- is a
paramilitary force primarily responsible for civilian policing and fire rescue duties in the
People’s Republic of China.
2. State Security Police- safeguards state security, prevent foreign espionage, sabotage and
conspiracies. Under the Ministry of State Security and directly accountable to the State council.
3. Prison Police – a part of the correctional arm of overall police system stationed in prisons
and correction units. This is under the leadership of the Ministry of Justice.
4. Judicial Police- responsible for maintaining the security and order in courts and serving
instruments and some also executing death sentences.
5. Quasi-Parapolice- operate in many places and hired by officials to help carry out some
unpopular actions such as collecting taxes and fines and ousting peasants from seized land.

3 Important Ministry of China

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COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

1. Ministry of National Defense- is the top of the hierarchy with judicial and public security
agencies such as Ministry of Public Safety and the Ministry of State Security.
2. Ministry of Public Security- is the principal police authority of the mainland of the People’s
Republic of China which oversee the day to day law enforcement (It is equivalent of NAPOLCOM
in the Philippines)
3. Ministry of State Security- the Chinese government’s largest and most active foreign
intelligence agency, though it is also involved in domestic security measures.

Other Important Government Agencies

1. Special Police College- conducts nationwide recruitment once a year.
2. Central Military Commission-appoints police in China.
3. People’s Liberation Army- Chines Armed Forces
4. Civil Service Promotion Examinations- basis for regulations of the rank promotion for
police officer.

TAIWAN
National Police Agency- is the unified police force of Taiwan.
-under the supervision of Ministry of Interior

- Under effective civilian control

ORG. OF NATIONAL POLICE AGENCY

1. Administration Police- are generally referred to those who are required to wear uniforms to
carry out duties of household visits, patrolling, raid, guarding, duty officer, and reserves.
2. .Traffic Police- the primary duties of the traffic police are to keep traffic order, to ensure
traffic safety, to prevent accidents, and to smooth traffic flow.
3. Special Police- are those who are responsible for protecting the Central Government,
establishing contingent plans and assisting local and specialized police units in maintaining
public order.
4. Criminal Investigation Force- the primary duties of the criminal investigation police are to
prevent and detect crimes.
5. Specialized Police- main duties are to protect state-run enterprises and public facilities like
railways, highways, airports, harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan.

UNITED NATIONS
United Nations- officially came into existence on October 24, 1945.
Coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the declaration by United
Nation. This declaration was made to officially state the Cooperation of the allies (Great Britain,
the United States, and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

OFFICIAL LANGUAGE OF UN
The six official languages of the United Nations used in Governmental meetings and documents
are Spanish, French, Arabic, Chines, English, and Russian. (SFACER)

BRANCHES OF UNITED NATIONS

1. UN General Assembly- is the main deliberative, policymaking and representative organ of
the United Nations. Comprising of all 193 members of the United Nations, it provides a
unique forum for multilateral discussion of the full spectrum of international issues covered by
the Charter. It is headed by a President elected from the member states and
21-vice presidents.
2. UN Security Council- is another branch in the organization of the UN and is the most
powerful of all the branches. The presidency of the Council is held by each of the members
in turn for one month, following the English alphabetical orders of the Member states.

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COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

FIVE PERMANENT MEMBERS OF SECURITY COUNCIL WITH VETO POWER

1. China
2. France
3. Russia
4. United Kingdom
5. United States
*The other 10 members are rotating or elective members for a period of two years by the
General Assembly.

3. INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE

-Located in the Hague, Netherlands. It is the Universal court for international law.
-Decides disputes between states that recognize its jurisdiction and issues legal opinion.
-Its 15 judges are elected by the UN General Assembly for nine-year terms. It renders
judgment with relative authority.

4. SECRETARIAT
-Administrative organ of the UN, supports the other UN bodies administratively e.g in
the organization of conferences, writing reports and studies, and the preparation of the budget-
plan.
-Its chairperson- the UN Secretary General- is elected by the General Assembly for a five
year mandate and is the most important representative of UN.
*Ban Ki-moon- current Secretary General from South Korea

5. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL

-Consists of 54 members elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term.
Martin Kadjik- became President of the Economic and Social Council on 14 October 2014.

Efforts are towards the ff.:

A. Higher Standards of living
B. Condition of economic and social progress and development
C. Solutions of international economic, social, health and related problems.
D. Universal respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

6. Trusteeship Council-task of supervising the administration of Trust Territories placed

under the Trusteeship system. It is made up of the five permanent members of the Security
Council-China, France, Russian Federation, United Kingdom and United States.

UN CHARTER- It is closest to a constitution that basically governs the relation of international

persons. Technically it is a Treaty.

TREATY- an international agreement concluded between states in written form and sworn by
international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more instruments and
whatever its particular designation.

INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL POLICE ORGANIZATION OR (INTERPOL)

-is intergovernmental body established to promote mutual cooperation between police
authorities around the world and to develop means of effectively preventing crime.
- is the police forces organization that primarily manifest global or international
cooperation in addressing transnational crime. Its headquarters was initially located in Vienna,
Austria (It is where Interpol was founded) but at present it is transferred to Lyon, France.
-is the world’s largest international police organization, with 192 member countries. It
exists to help create a safer world by supporting law enforcement agencies worldwide to
combat crime.

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COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

-the organization of law enforcement agencies worldwide that serves as transmission

communication line for the exchange of information, data and request for assistance between
and among the member counties.
-INTERPOL today has a global membership of 192 countries. Each country maintains a
National Central Bureau (NCB), staffed by national law enforcement officers.
*Africa- 54 National Central Bureaus
*America- 44 National Central Bureaus
*Asia and South Pacific- 49 National Central Bureaus
*Europe- 51 National Central Bureaus

INTERPOL STRUCTURE

1. General Assembly- is the supreme governing body of the Interpol, it meets annually and
comprises delegates appointed by each member country. The assembly takes all important
decisions related to policy, resources, working methods, finances, activities and programmes.

2. Executive Committee- consisting of 13 members elected by the General Assembly and

comprises the president, three vice-presidents and nine delegates covering four regions.
It is the Interpol’s select deliberate organ which meets three times a year, usually in
March, July and immediately before the General Assembly.

3. General Secretariat (based in Lyon, France)- operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a ayear
and is run by the Secretary General. It works with official of more than 80 countries side-by-side
using four official languages: 1.Spanish 2. Arabic 3. French 4. English
It consists of seven (7) regional offices across the world namely: Argentina, Cameron, Cote
D’Ivoire, Kenya, El Salvador, Thailand, and Zimbabwe.

4. National Central Bureaus (NCB)- Each Interpol member country maintains a National
Central Bureau staffed by National Law Enforcement officers. The NCB is the designated contact
point for General Secretariat, regional offices and other member countries requiring assistance
with overseas investigations and the location and apprehension of fugitives.

5. Advisers- these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, who may be appointed by the
Executive Committee and confirmed by the General Assembly.

6. Commission for the Control of Interpol’s File (CCF)- this is an independent body whose
mandate is threefold:
*to ensure that the processing of personal information by INTERPOL complies with the
Organization’s regulations.
*to advice INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of rules or other matter concerning
the information contained in INTERPOL’s file.

INTERPOL’S Governance- comprises the General Assembly and the Execute Committee which
is headed by the President.

The President of the organization is elected by the General Assembly for a period of four
(4) years.
Oscar Dressler- the first secretary general of the Interpol.
Johann Schober- the first president of the Interpol.
Ronald K. Noble- Current Secretary General. Firstelected on 3 November 2000 by Interpol’s
General Assembly. He became the youngest Secretary General at the age of 44 in INTERPOl’s
history. He was elected for the 2nd time in 2005. And was re-elected by an overwhelming
majority to serve a third five-year term.

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Mireille Ballestrazzi- President elected at the Interpol General Assembly held in Rome in
November 2012. She served as President unitil 2016. First woman President of the INTERPOL
Mr. Meng Hongwei- Current President elected on 10 November 2016

INTEPOL NOTICES
1. Red Notice-a notice which is issued to seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted
persons with a view to extradition.
2. Blue Notice- this type of notice is issued in order to locate, identify or obtain
information on a person of interest in a criminal investigation.
3. Yellow Notice- to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify persons
who are unable to identify themselves.
4. Green Notice- to provide warnings and criminal intelligence about persons who have
committed criminal offences and are likely to repeat these crime in other countries or
those considered to be a possible threat to public safety.
5. Orange Notice- to warn of an event, a person, an object or a process representing an
imminent danger and threat to persons or property (disguised weapons, parcel bombs
and other dangerous materials).
6. Black Notice- to seek information on unidentified bodies.
7. Purple Notice- issued to provide information on modus operandi, objects, devices and
concealment methods used by criminals.
8. INTERPOL- United Nations Security Council Special Notice- issued for groups and
individuals who are the targets of UN sanctions.

An Interpol Red Notice is issued if a person is to be located and arrested for subsequent
extradition. It allows member states to inform each other about criminal suspects and thus
enable other member states to arrest the suspect pending extradition. Red Notices are issued at
the request of a member state and thus not by Interpol itself. They inform the police authorities
about the person’s appearance, contain personal data, information about the offence they are
charged with and regularly a national arrest warrant. However, Interpol is not obliged to issue a
Red Notice because a member state requests it. Instead, it must comply with the Interpol
Statutes and data processing regulations, which the Commission must first examine for the
Control of Interpol’s Files (CCF).

An Interpol Blue Notice serve a similar purpose as Red Notices but are still not the same. Blue
Notices are used to obtain additional information about a suspect. A Blue Notice relates to the
movements of a suspect or a witness but does not provide for their arrest. It is also not an
international arrest warrant. Therefore, the person to whom the alert refers may not be wanted
for a crime committed or already convicted. Instead, they may seek through this channel
because they may be able to provide further information on criminal proceedings.

Interpol Notices: Other Notices

There are other forms of Interpol Notices which can also be issued. Depending on the type of
request, they are categorised by Interpol and given different colours. Each of the Interpol
Notices is listed below:

Interpol Green Notice: This type of notice can be provided if police forces want to warn each
other about people suspected of being a danger to the public. Those people who the police warn
about are those who have committed criminal offences before and are deemed to be likely to
commit them again. Interpol Green Notices are used regularly for warnings about serial sex
offenders.

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COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

Interpol Yellow Notice: This form of notice is used to locate missing persons, especially those
unable to identify themselves. These cases can often involve minors and those who may not be
of sound mind. Such notices are given in cases of child abduction, kidnappings and in times of
unexplained disappearances.

Interpol Orange Notice: Orange Notices are used to warn of an event, person, object, or process
that poses a severe and immediate threat to the public. They often refer to illegal items, parcel
bombs, and other dangerous and explosive materials to be tracked down. The danger may also
refer to the endangerment of persons or property.
Interpol Black Notice: A Black Notice is given when Interpol needs information about
unidentified bodies. In many of these cases, the persons found may have used false identities.
Interpol will circulate photographs of the body and, when possible, fingerprints and information
about the body to help with the identification process.

Interpol Purple Notice: A Purple Notice is issued to search for or provide information on the
modus operandi (specific pattern of committing the crime), objects, devices and concealment
methods used by criminals. Often these refer to criminal groups or organised gangs. In the past,
Purple Notices have also been used to track ships connected with poaching and piracy.
The INTERPOL-United Nations Security Council Special Notice combines the UN sanctions
regime with INTERPOL’s well-established notice system into an effective law enforcement tool.

It is issued for individuals and entities that are subject to sanctions imposed by the United
Nations Security Council. Its principal function is to alert national law enforcement authorities
that at least one of these forms of sanctions apply:

Assets freeze: freezing funds or other assets. There is no requirement to seize or confiscate
assets;
Travel ban: preventing an individual from entering or transiting through territories. There is no
requirement to arrest or prosecute these individuals;

Arms embargo: preventing the direct or indirect supply, sale or see of arms and related
materials.

The Sanctions Committee pursuant to resolutions 1267 (1999) and 1989 (2011): this
Committee oversees sanctions concerning individuals and entities associated with ISIL (Daesh)
and Al-Qaida.
The Sanctions Committee pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011): this Committee oversees
sanctions concerning individuals and entities associated with the Taliban;

ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE (ASENAPOL)

1981 (Manila)- The first formal meeting of The Chiefs of ASEAN Police.
-attended by 5 original member countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore and Thailand.

FIVE OTHER MEMBERS

1. Brunei
2. Cambodia
3. Laos
4. Myanmar

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COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

5. Vietnam

IMPORTANT DATES
▪ 1983 (Jakarta)- Endorsement of the model and design of ASEANAPOL logo.
▪ 1984 (Kuala Lumpur)- Royal Brunei Police became a member and joined the annual
conference
▪ 1996 (Kuala Lumpur)- Vietnam joined as a new member
▪ 1998 ( Brunei)- Laos joined ASEANAPOL
▪ 2000 (Myanmar)- Myanmar became the 10th country to join as a new member
▪ 2005 (Bali)- The setting up of a working group to consider the viability of establishing a
permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat. Silver Jubilee Commemoration of Aseanapol
▪ 2008 (Brunei)- The Royal Malaysian Police was chosen as a host of permanent
ASEANAPOL Secretariat.
▪ 2009( Vietnam)- Adoption of terms of Reference (TOR)
▪ 2010- On 1st January 2010, commencement of ASEANAPOL Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur

ORGANIZATION
1. ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE- comprise of deputy heads of delegation attending
the annual ASEANAPOL conference. It provides a summary reports of the activities of The
Secretariat to the Head of the Delegation
2. ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT- is on rotational basis with member countries
taking turn to host the ASEANAL Conference and automatically assume the role of the
secretariat for the current year.
-headed by executive director and assisted by 2 directors
TENURE OF SERVICES
a. Executive Director-2 years
b. Directors- 3 years (one for Police Services and one for Plans and Programs)

*During the 29th ASEANAPOL Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the Terms of
Reference on the establishment of ASEANAPOL Secretariat was finally endorsed. Kuala Lumpur
was made the permanent seat.
*The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its operation fully on January 1, 2010.

EXTRADITION TREATY

Under PD No. 1069- Extradition is the removal of an accused from the Philippines with the
object of placing him at the disposal of foreign authorities to enable the requesting state or
government to hold him in connection with any criminal investigation directed against him or
the execution of a penalty imposed on him under the penal or criminal law of the requesting
state or government.”

The international definition of extradition which is:

The process by which persons charged with or convicted of crime against the law of a
State and found in a foreign State are returned by the latter to the former for trial or
punishment. It applies to those who are merely charged with an offense but have not been
brought to trial; to those who have been tried and convicted and have subsequently escaped
from custody; and to those who have been convicted in absentia.”

Some countries whom the Philippines has Extradition Treaty:

Hong Kong, Indonesia, and Thailand, Australia, Canada, the Republic of Korea, Micronesia,
Switzerland, and the United States of America.

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 COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

Philippine law provides that the Secretary of Foreign Affairs has the first opportunity to make a
determination on whether the request complies with the requirements of the law and the
relevant treaty, such as the submission of the original or authenticated copy of the decision or
sentence imposed upon an accused; or the criminal charge and the warrant of arrest; a recital of
the acts for which extradition is requested containing the name and identity of the accused; his
whereabouts in the Philippines; the acts or omissions complained of; the time and place of the
commission of those acts; the text of the applicable law or a statement of the contents; and such
other documents or information in support thereof. Once all of these are complied with, the
request and supporting documents are forwarded to the Secretary of Justice who shall then
designate a panel of attorneys from the IAD to handle the case.

WORLDWIDE POLICE MODELS

COUNTRY POLICE MODEL UNDER WHAT HIGHEST RANK LOWEST RANK

DEPARTMENT
1. Philippines Philippine Department Of Police General Patrolman/
National Police Interior and Local Patrolwoman
Government
2. Thailand Royal Thai Ministry of Interior Police General Constable
Police
3. Taiwan National Police Ministry of Interior Police Supervisor Police Rank 4
Agency
5. Qatar Qatar National Ministry of Interior Shurti
Police
6. Malaysia Royal Malaysian Ministry of Home Inspector General Of Constable
Police Affairs Police
7. Laos Laos National Ministry of Public General Constable
Police Security
8. South Korea Korea National Ministry of Commissioner General Police Officer
Police Agency Government
Administration
and Home Affairs
9. North Korea National Police Ministry of Public Daewon (Grand Chonsa (Private)
Agency Security Marshall)

10. Japan National Police National Public Commissioner General Police Officer
Agency Safety Commission

11. Israel Israeli Police Ministry of Internal Commissioner Constable

Force Security

12. Iraq Iraqi Police Ministry of Interior Chief Of Police Patrolman

Service
13. Iran Iranian National Ministry of Interior General Cadet
Police and Justice

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 COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING

14. Indonesia Indonesian Ministry of Internal Police General 2nd Bhayangkara

National Police Affairs
15. India Indian Police Ministry of Internal Commissioner of Police Constable
Service Affairs Police

16. Hongkong Hongkong Police Security Bureau of Commissioner of Constable

Force HongKong Police

17. People’s People’s Armed Ministry of Public Commissioner General Constable 2nd
Republic of China Police Force Security Class

18. Cambodia Cambodian Ministry of Internal Brigadier General Officer Cadet

Police Force Affairs

19. Myanmar Myanmar Police Ministry of Home Police Major General Private
Force Affairs
20. Afghanistan Afghanistan Ministry of The Police General 2nd Patrolman
National Police Interior

21. Columbia National Police Ministry of Defense Chief of Police (4 Star Patrol Officer /
of Colombia General) Detective

22. United States State Police, Chief Of Police/ Officer/Deputy

Federal Police Police Commissioner/ Sheriff/Corporal
Superintendent/Sheriff

23. South Africa South African Ministry of Police National Constable/

Police Service Commissioner Student

25. Macau Macau Security Secretariat for Superintendent Guard

Force Security General
26. Ireland An Garda Department of Commissioner Garda
Síochána Justice
27. Iceland Icelandic Ministry of Justice National Policeman
National Police Commissioner
28. Canada Royal Canadian Ministry of Public Commissioner Cadet
Mounted Police Safety
29. Belgium Belgian Federal Home Affairs Hoofdcommissaris / Agent Van Politie
Police Chief Commissioner / Agent De Police
(Auxiliary Officer)
30. Australia Australian Department of Commissioner Recruit
Federal Police Home Affairs

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL POLICE UPDATED RANKS

OLD RANK NEW/UPDATED RANK

Police Director General
Police Deputy Director General
Police Director
Police Chief Superintendent
Police Senior Superintendent
Police Superintendent
Police General, PGEN
Police Lieutenant General, PLTGEN
Police Major General, PMGEN
Police Brigadier General, PBGEN
Police Colonel, PCOL
Police Lieutenant Colonel, PLTCOL

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COMPARATIVE MODELS IN POLICING
Police Chief Inspector
Police Senior Inspector
Police Inspector
Senior Police Officer IV
Senior Police Officer III
Senior Police Officer II
Senior Police Officer I
Police Officer III
Police Officer II
Police Officer I
17
Police Major, PMAJ
Police Captain, PCPT
Police Lieutenant, PLT
Police Executive Master Sergeant, PEMS
Police Chief Master Sergeant, PCMS
Police Senior Master Sergeant, PSMS
Police Master Sergeant, PMSg
Police Staff Sergeant, PSSg
Police Corporal, PCpl
Patrolman/Patrolwoman,Pat