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COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
PREPARED BY: PROF ROY ESTILLER
Police = The governmental department
charged with the regulation and control of the
affairs of a community, now chiefly the
department established to maintain order,
enforce the law, and prevent and detect crime.
(French word)
COMPARATIVE = an estimate of relative
likeness or unlikeness of two objects or event
GLOBALIZATION
= package of transnational flow of people,
production, investment, information, ideas and
authority.
= growing interpenetration of states, markets,
communication and ideas.
= The process of creating transnational
markets, politics, and legal systems in an effort
to form and sustain a global economy.
EFFECTS OF GLOBALIZATION to Law
Enforcement
= law enforcers are expected to be the
protector of the people…….unaccountable flow
of migration and open markets present new
threats to state-based human rights regimes –
great challenge to law enforcement.
Threats to Law Enforcement
▪ increasing volume of human rights
violations as evidence by
genocide and mass killing
▪ conflict between nations
▪ Transnational criminal networks for drug
trafficking, money
laundering, terrorism
TYPES OF POLICE SYSTEM
1. Common Law Systems = usually exists in
English speaking countries of the world =
there is strong adversarial system and rely
upon oral system of evidence in which the
public trial is a main focal point
= also known as “Anglo-American
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Justice”
2. Civil Law Systems = distinguished by strong
inquisitorial system where less right is granted
to the accused and the written law is taken as
gospel and subject to little interpretation
= also known as “Continental Justice or
Romano-Germanic Justice”
3. Socialist System = distinguished by
procedures designed to rehabilitate the
offender.
= known as Marxist-Leninist Justice and exist
in places such as Africa and Asia
4. Islamic System = based more on the
concept of natural justice or customary law
or
tribal traditions
THEORIES OF POLICE SERVICE
Continental = is the theory of police service
which maintains that police officers are
servants of higher authorities. This theory
prevails in the continental countries like
France, Italy and Spain.
Home Rule = the theory of police service which
states that police officers are servants of the
community or the people. This theory prevails
in England and United States. It is also the
police service which prevails in country with
decentralized form of government. This is
likewise the police service theory that should
prevail in the Philippines based on the existing
laws, concepts and principles.
CONCEPT OF POLICE SERVICE
a. Old police service = states that the
yardstick of police proficiency relies on the
number of arrest made.
b. Modern police service = states that the
yardstick of police proficiency relies on the
absence of crime.
Deviance Control = is the modern police
function which primarily involves the mission to
reinforce community values and laws. This
was adopted by Germany, China and Japan.
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Civil
order control = is not organizationally
separated from deviance control but is
performed by regular street police in the
country of England and United States.
EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM
▪ Praetorian guards = military bodies
who serve as guardians of peace in
ancient Rome in which the idea of
policing said to have originated
▪ Officer de la Paix = a French term
which claimed to be the origin of the
term
Police Officer
1. Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing System
(Ancient England)
A. Tun Policing System
A system of policing emerged
during the Anglo-Saxon period
whereby all male
residents were required to guard the
town (tun) to preserve peace and
protect the lives and properties of the
people.
About 700 AD, the people living in
England in small rural towns used the
AngloSaxon System. Ten families in a town
(tun) equaled a tithing. Each tithing elected a
leader who was known as the Tithingman.
Since 10 tithings amounted to 100, the leader
of the 100 families was named the reeve. Both
the tithingman and reeve were elected officials.
They possessed judicial power as well as
police authority.
B. Hue and Cry
A village law started in Britain which
provided methods of apprehending a
criminal by an act of the complainant to
shout to call all male residents to
assemble and arrest the suspect.
C. Trial by Ordeal
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A judicial practice where in the guilt
or innocence of the accused is
determined by subjecting him to an
unpleasant, usually dangerous,
experience. (In present terminologies, it
would mean an employment of a “3rd
degree.”) The word “ordeal” was
derived from the Medieval Latin word
“Dei Indicum”
which means “a miraculous decision.”
2. Norman Period of Policing System
This system of policing existed during the time
of Norman William The Conqueror (King of
France). When he invaded and conquered
England, a military regime of conquers and
dictators began and changed the concept of
crime being committed against the state.
A. Shire-Rieve
Shire-Rieve was a policing system during the
Norman Period when England was divided into
fifty-five (55) military areas, each headed by a
ruler called the Rieve (head-man or
lieutenant of the army). The fifty-five (55)
military divisions in England are called shires.
The shire-rieve had absolute powers that no
one could questions his or her actions.
Two “Constabuli” or “The Keeper of the
Horse” were appointed to each village to aid
the Rieve in his duties. It became the source of
the word Constable.
The term “Shire-Rieve” is said to be the origin
of the word “Sheriff.”
B. Travelling Judge or Circuit Judge
A judge selected to hear cases which were
formerly being judged by the Shire-Rieve and
tasked to travel through and hear criminal
cases. This was the first instance of the
division of the police and judicial power s.
C. Legis Henrici
An act that was enacted during this period with
the following features:
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▪ D. Star Chamber Court (1487)
▪ court designed to try offenders against the
Offenses were classified as against the king
and individual.
▪ Policeman becomes public servant.
▪ The police and the citizens have the
broad power to arrest. It introduced the
system called “citizen’s arrest.”
▪ Grand Jury was created to inquire on the
facts of the law. A system which made
inquisition onto the facts of a crime and
eliminate the “Anglo-Saxon Trial or
“Trial by Ordeal System.”
D. Frankpledge System
A system of policing whereby a group of ten
neighboring male residents over twelve
years of age were required to guard the town
to preserve peace and protect the lives and
properties of the people
3. Westminster Period of Policing System
It is called by this name because the laws
governing policing came out of the capital of
England, which at the time was
Westminster. This period has the following
features:
▪ Guards were appointed and the duties of
the constables at night (watch) and in
daytime (ward) were defined
▪ Statute of Westminster of 1285, a
collection of regulations aimed at
keeping the peace.
B. Statute of 1295
The law that marks the beginning of the
curfew hours, which demanded the closing of
the gates of London during sundown.
C. Justice of the Peace (About 1361)
Three or four men who were learned in the law
of the land were given authority to pursue,
arrest, chastise and imprisonment violators
of law. They handled felonies, misdemeanors
and infractions of city or village ordinances.
This was later abolished about 75 years after.
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A special
state. The room set-up is formed in a shape
of a star and judges were given great
powers such as the power to force
testimony from a defendant leading to a
great abuse of power or brutality on the
part of the judges.
4. Keepers of the Peace
A proclamation issued by King Richard of
England sometime in 1195 that required the
appointment of knights to keep the King’s
peace by standing as guards on bridges and
gates while checking the people entering
and leaving the cities and towns.
5. King Charles II of England (1663)
King Charles II passed an act which
established or promoted the employment of
watchmen or bellmen to be on duty from
sunset to sunrise.
6. Magna Carta or "The Great Charter"
A law promulgated by King John of England
upon the demand of the Knights of the Round
Table forcing the King to sign the same with the
following features:
▪ No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned,
banished or exiled except by legal
judgment of his peers.
▪ No person shall be tried for murder
unless there is proof of the body of the
victim.
LONDON POLICING PRIOR TO 1829
Henry Fielding = appointed as Magistrate in
1748, introduced the first detective force,
known as the Bow Street Runners Bow
Runners = a group of men organized by Henry
Fielding and named by his brother John
Fielding task to catch thieves and robbers
identified by carrying a Tipstaff with the
Royal Crown
= made up of eight constables who also
investigated crimes handed over to them by the
volunteer constables and watchmen
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1798
= Marine Police Force was established,
salaried constables were being paid by local
magistrates.
= initially made up of 220 Constables assisted
by 1,000 registered dock workers, and was
responsible for preventing the theft of cargo. =
widely regarded as being the first modern
police force in the world, in the sense that
they were not government controlled and were
responsible for the prevention of crime.
LONDON 1829
Sir Robert Peel = appointed as Home
Secretary in 1822
METROPOLITAN POLICE = organized in 1829
by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of
1829)
= the largest of the police services that
operate in greater London (the others include
the City of London Police and the British
Transport Police)
= finest police force around the world.
TOTAL POLICING = motto of London
Metropolitan Police
IMPORTANT DATES
▪ 1833 = Coldbath Fields Riot (Grays
Inn Road). A major crowd disturbance
dealt with by the Metropolitan Police
with controversial use of force.
▪ 1836 = The Metropolitan Police absorb
the Bow Street Horse Patrol into its
control.
▪ 1838 = incorporates Marine Police and
Bow Street Runners into the
Metropolitan Police and the disbandment
of the Bow Street Office and other
Offices. These were all agreed and put
into effect.
Administration Policing Principles of
London Metropolitan Police
1. Stable and effective civil police under
government control
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2. Absence of crime is the best proof of
efficiency
3. Fast distribution of crime news to the
police is essential.
▪ Commissioner = highest rank in the
Metropolitan Police
▪ Police Constable = lowest rank
Contributions of the French in Policing
▪ Assigning house numbers ▪ Installing
street lights
▪ Use of police ambulances
▪ Use of warrant card and ID signifying the
authority to arrest
UNITED STATES POLICING SYSTEM
TYPES OF US POLICE
1. Municipal Police = includes village, township,
city and country police departments, sheriff
departments.
Types of Local Police
a. Country Sheriff = in charged with
the operation of county jail, civil function
such as service of eviction notices and
other court orders and police
responsibility.
b. City Police = most common local
police organization. It has jurisdiction in
matters that occur in an incorporated
municipality.
2. State Police = includes special investigative
agencies that concentrate on statewide law
enforcement
3. Federal Police = agencies operated by
federal government at the national level
Some Federal Agencies Having Police
Functions
a. Protection of Life, Property and Enforcement
of Penal Statutes
1. Federal Bureau of Investigation (Department
of Justice) = investigates all violations of federal
law except when the enforcement authority was
given to other specific federal agency 2. United
States Secret Service (Department of Treasury)
= concerned with investigation of counterfeiting,
forging or altering of any of the money or other
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securities of the U.S. It is also in charged of the
protection of the president and his family, and
of the executive mansion grounds
3. Bureau of Narcotics (Department of
Treasury) = investigated all violations of federal
law relating to prohibited drugs
4. Immigration and Naturalization Service
(Department of Justice) = investigates all
violations of immigration and naturalization
laws, patrol boarders to prevent surreptitious
entry of aliens,
b. Protection of the National Revenue 1.
Intelligence Unit of the Bureau of Internal
Revenue = investigation of violations of income
tax laws
2. Alcohol Tax Unit of the Bureau of
Internal Revenue = violations of internal
revenue laws
3. Division of Investigation and Patrol,
Bureau of Customs = investigates smuggling
activities and enforces customs and navigation
laws.
4. Private Police = additional police
protection made by employing sworn officers
through contract when they are not officially on
duty
Two Basic Forms of Private Police
a. Proprietary Police = when a person wish to
receive service, he hires and security
personnel directly
b. Contract Security = services of an
independent security company
U.S. Police Agencies
New York City = it is where the first
full time police force was organized
in the United States
▪ New York Police Department = the
largest police force in the United
States
▪ Texas Ranger = police force originally
created in response to colonization
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▪ Boston Police Department = first
local modern police department
established in the United States
▪ Pennsylvania State Police = the first
state police agency established
▪ Los Angeles Police Department =
police force that hired the first female
police officer named, Alice Stebbins
Wells
The United States police rank model is
generally quasi-military in structure. Although
the large and varied number of federal, state,
and local police departments and sheriff's
office have different ranks, a general model,
from highest to lowest rank, would be:
➢ Chief of Police/Police
Commissioner/Superintendent/
Sheriff
➢ Deputy Chief of Police/Deputy
Commissioner/Deputy
Superintendent/Undersheriff
➢ Inspector/Commander/Colonel
➢ Major/Deputy Inspector
➢ Captain
➢ Lieutenant
➢ Sergeant
➢ Detective/Inspector/Investigato
r
➢ Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal
CANADA
Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) =
colloquially known as Mounties and internally
as “The Force” = is the national police force of
Canada and one of the most recognized of its
kind in the word being a national, federal,
provincial and municipal policing body. It is
founded in 1920 by the Merger of Royal
Northwest Mounted Police(1873) with the
Dominion Police (1868).
= headed by the Commission under the
direction of the Minister of Public Safety
Canada.
Commissioner = highest rank in the Royal
Canadian Mounted Police
Police Constable 4th Class = lowest rank
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AUSTRALIA
Australian Police = a progressive and
multifaceted law enforcement organization,
taking strong lead in the fight against 21 st
century crime.
▪ Commissioner = highest rank
▪ Constable = lowest rank
HONGKONG
Hong Kong Police Force
= is the largest disciplined service under the
Security Bureau of Hong Kong. It is the
world's second, and Asia's first, police agency
to operate with a modern policing system. It
was formed on 1 May 1844.
in 1969, Queen Elizabeth II
granted the Royal Charter to the Hong Kong
Police Force for their handling of the Hong
Kong 1967 riots — renaming them: the Royal
Hong Kong Police Force. Following the
transfer of sovereignty, the Force is once again
named the
Hong Kong Police Force
Structure HKPF
The Force is commanded by the
Commissioner of Police, who is assisted by
two deputy commissioners:
a. Deputy Commissioner – Operations
= supervises all operational matters including
crime and
b. Deputy Commissioner – investigation and successful resolution of all
Management = is responsible for the direction
and coordination of force management
including personnel, training, and management
services.
Motto =We Serve with Pride and Care
The Hong Kong Police Force is organized into
Six Regions:
▪ Hong Kong Island
▪ Kowloon East
▪ Kowloon West
▪ New Territories North
▪ New Territories South
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▪ Marine Region
The Force Headquarters (Management) is
made up of five departments:
▪ Operations & Support
▪ Crime & Security
▪ Personnel & Training
▪ Management Services
▪ Finance, Administration and Planning
Hong Kong Police College = s responsible for
all matters relating to training within the Hong
Kong Police except internal security, Auxiliary
and Marine Police training. Training provided by
the Police College includes recruit and
continuation training, crime investigation
training, police driver training and weapon
tactics training. The information technology
training, command training, local and overseas
management training, some specialist courses
and periodic courses on firearms and first aid
are also provided by the Police College.
Service Quality Wing = is responsible for
spearheading initiatives to improve services
provided to force customers both external and
internal. The wing comprises three branches:
Performance Review, Research and
Inspections and Complaints and Internal
Investigations (C&II)
Complaints and Internal Investigations
(C&II) = includes the Complaints Against
Police Office (CAPO) oversees the
complaints made both externally and internally
against members of the force.
Entry Requirements to HKPF
Nationality
Must be a permanent resident of the Hong
Kong Special Administrative Region and have
lived in Hong Kong for at least seven years.
For Inspector
Academic Requirements
▪ Hong Kong degree, or equivalent; or
▪ An accredited Associate Degree from
Hong Kong tertiary institution / A Higher
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Diploma from a Hong Kong polytechnic /
polytechnic university, or a Diploma
from a registered post-secondary
college awarded after the date of its
registration, or equivalent; or
▪ A pass in two subjects at Advanced
Level in the Hong Kong Advanced Level
Examination (2A) plus three other
subjects at Grade C or above in the
HKCEE (3O), or a combination of
results in five Hong Kong Diploma of
Secondary Education (HKDSE) subjects
of Level 3 in New Senior Secondary
(NSS) subjects, “Attained with
Distinction” in Applied Learning (ApL)
subjects (subject to a maximum of two
ApL subjects) and Grade C in Other
Language subjects, or equivalent.
For Police Constable
Academic Requirements
Five passes or above, which may include
Chinese Language and English Language, in
the HKCEE, or a combination of results in five
Hong Kong Diploma of Secondary Education
(HKDSE) subjects of Level 2 in New Senior
Secondary (NSS) subjects, “Attained” in
Applied Learning (ApL) subjects (subject to a
maximum of two ApL subjects) and Grade E in
Other Language subjects, or equivalent.
Selection Processes For Inspector
▪ Written Examination
▪ Extended Interview
▪ Psychometric Test
▪ Final Interview Board
▪ Physical Fitness Test
▪ Integrity Checks and
Medical
Examination
▪ Appointment
Selection Processes for Police Constable
▪ Physical Fitness Test
▪ Group Interview
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▪ Psychometric Test
▪ Final Interview Board
▪ Basic Law Test
▪ Integrity Checks and
Medical
Examination
▪ Appointment
RANKS OF HKPF
Commissioner of Police (CP)
Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP)
Senior Assistant Commissioner of Police
(SACP)
Assistant Commissioner of Police (ACP)
Chief Superintendent of Police (CSP)
Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP)
Superintendent of Police (SP)
Chief Inspector of Police (CIP)
Senior Inspector of Police (SIP)
Inspector of Police (IP)
Probationary Inspector of Police (PI)
Station Sergeant (SSGT)
Sergeant (SGT)
Senior Constable (SPC)
Police Constable (PC)
TAIWAN
TAIWAN POLICE FORCE = is the unified
police force of taiwan
= under the supervision of NATIONAL
POLICE AGENCY which is directly under the
MINISTRY OF INTERIOR
= under effective civilian control
FUNCTIONS
1) to maintain public order,
2) 2) to protect social security, 3) 3) to
prevent all dangers, and 4) ) to
promote the welfare of all people.
TYPES OF POLICE FORCE IN TAIWAN 1.
Administration Police = are generally referred
to those who are required to wear uniforms to
carry out duties of household visits, patrolling,
raid, guarding, duty officer, and reserves.
2. Traffic Police = the primary duties of the
Traffic Police are to keep traffic order, to ensure
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▪ Office of the Commander of the District

Police Force
traffic safety, to prevent traffic accidents, and to ▪ Office of the Commander of the
smooth traffic flow. Township Police Force
3. Special Police = are those who are ▪ Police Stations
responsible for protecting the Central
Government, establishing contingent plans and TRAINING CENTERS
assisting local and specialized police units in 1. Central Training Institute of Myanmar
maintaining public order. Police Force
4. Criminal Investigation Police = the 2. No.1 Police Training Depot =
primary duties of the criminal investigation undertakes Basic Training Course for Police
police are to prevent and detect crimes. Sergeant for 2 years; Warrant Officer and
5. Specialized Police = main duties are to Police Sergeants Course for 12 Weeks; and
protect state-run enterprises and public Basic Training Course for Constables for 6
facilities like railways, highways, airports, Month
harbors, MRT and Bank of Taiwan. 3. No. 2 Police Training Depot =
undertakes only Basic Training Course for
RANKS OF TAIWAN POLICE FORCE Constables, which normally takes around 6
Police Supervisor General months to complete.
Police Supervisor Rank
Police Supervisor Rank Two INDONESIA POLICING SYSTEM
Police Supervisor Rank Three Indonesian National Police (Kepolisian
Police Supervisor Rank Four Negara Republika Indonesia) = is the official
Police Officer Rank One police force of Indonesia
Police Officer Rank Two = organized 1946
Police Officer Rank Three = also known as Polri
Police Officer Rank Four Markasbesar/Mabes = name of the
Police Rank One headquaters of Indonesian National Police
Police Rank Two located in KebayoranBaru, South, Jakarta,
Police Rank Three Indonesia
Police Rank Four
POLRI TERRITORIAL FORCES
MYANMAR 1. Kepolisian Daerah or polda =
Myanmar Police Force = formally known as provincial police
The People's Police Force (Burmese: Pyi Thu 2. Kepolisian Wilayah or Polwil =
Yae Tup Pwe) regional police
= established in 1964 as independent 3. Kepolisian Resort or Polres = city
department under Ministry of Home Affairs. It police 4. Kepolisian Sector or Polsek = sub-
was reorganized on 1 October 1995. There district
are 14 State and Divisional Police Forces and police
three additional State/Division
Police Forces SPECIAL BRANCHES
1. Brigade Mobile (BRIMOB) = the most
militarized trained to deal with mass
Each State and Divisional Police Force demonstrations
consist of four components = paramilitary role to conduct security
▪ Office of the Commander of the State stabilization operations and providing security
and Divisional Police Force for VIP and vital facilities

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2. A
ti-Riot Unit (Pasukan Anti Huru-Hura) =
received special anti-riot training
3. Sea and Air Police = responsible patrolling
the airspace
4. Plainclothes Unit = assigned
conducting investigations
5. Maritime Police = responsible in protecting
the territorial sea
6. Anti-Terrorist Unit = trained
counterterrorism
7. Forensics = in-charged of laboratory
examination of evidence
POLICE RECRUIT VOLUNTEERS
▪ At least sixth-grade education and should
pass the competitive examination. After 3
years, personnel with junior secondary diploma
could enter into training to become NCO.
RANKING SYSTEM OF POLRI
Police General = equivalent of Director General
of PNP
Second Bhayangkara = equivalent of police
officer 1 of the PNP
ROYAL MALAYSIAN POLICE
(RMP: Malay: Polis Diraja Malaysia, PDRM) =
police force of Malaysia.
= headquarters is located at Bukit
Aman, Kuala Lumpur
= The constitution, control, employment,
recruitment,fund, discipline, duties and powers
of the police force is specified and governed by
the Police Act 1967
Motto = TEGAS, ADIL DAN BERHEMAH =
Firm, Fair And Prudent
RMP Organizations
1. Management Department = the
Management Department is tasked with the
routine of management and administration
affairs of the RMP. This department is also the
nerve centre of the RMP and acts as the
support services platform for the rest of the
force.
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2. Logistics Department = has the role to
n provide several equipments needed in
RMP
▪ 3. Criminal Investigation
Division = deals with the investigation,
arrest and prosecution of hard crimes
in (murder, robbery, rape etc) and petty crimes
(theft, house-breaking etc). = This
department also specializes in gambling,
vice and secret societies (triads) Branches
in of Criminal Investigation Division
▪ D1 – Administrative Division
▪ D2 – Criminal Record Registration
▪ D3 – Internal Affairs
▪ D4 – Statistics
▪ D5 – Prosecution and Law
Divisions
▪ D6 – Technical Assistance
Division
▪ D7 – Gambling / Vice / Secret
Societies
▪ D8 – Investigation Division /
Planning
▪ D9 – Special Investigation
Division
▪ D10 – Forensic Laboratory
Division
▪ D11 – Sexual Investigation
Division
▪ D12 – National Centre
Bureau-
Interpol Division
4. Narcotics Criminal Investigation
Division = this department's function is to
fight against dangerous drugs by
enforcing the law to stop and reduce the
demand and supply of dangerous drugs.
5. Internal Security and Public Order
Department = responsible for traffic control and
Search & Rescue (SAR) operations
6. The Police Field Force (PFF) = organized
in battalions and was a para-military units
of the Royal Malaysia Police. Also known
as the
Jungle Squad
= established in 1948
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7. P Department = this department's main function

o is to investigate, arrest, and prosecute
lice Counter-Terrorism Unit = an elite
unit of RMP responsible in counter-
terrorism operations
8. UNGERIN = Unit Gempur Marin
(UNGERIN) (Marine Combat Unit) was
established in 2006 and it was fully
operational by the end of 2007
= first name was Unit Selam
Tempur due to the pressing need to suppress
the pirate attacks alongside the coastal area of
Malacca Straits and open sea area of South
China Sea which were continuously widespread
from time to time despite various efforts done to
overcome the problem
= members received training from U.S
9. Federal Reserve Unit (FRU)
= POLICE CONSTABLE = equivalent of police
(Malay: Pasukan Simpanan Persekutuan) =
its role is riot suppression, crowd control,
disaster relief & rescue, as well as
special operations assistance
= organized in 1955
10. C4-i Implementations System =
(abbreviation for Command, Control,
Communications, Computer-Integrated) =
based at Police Control Centre in all police
contingents in Malaysia.
= this unit is assigned to patrol the city and the
suburbs.
11. The Marine Operations Force or
(Malay: Pasukan Gerakan Marin) = tasked
with maintaining law and order and
coordinating search and rescue operations in
the Malaysian Maritime Zone and on the high
seas 12. Royal Malaysian Police Air Wing
Unit or Unit Udara PDRM (UUP) = is a special
unit of Royal Malaysia Police with a vital role in
maintaining national security with thorough
surveillance and patrol from the air
13. Special Branch = This department is
responsible for collecting intelligence for
national security
14. Traffic Unit = responsible in maintaining
the flow of traffic
15. Commercial Crimes Investigation
offenders committing white collar crimes such
as fraud, breach of trust, cyber-crimes, forgery,
counterfeiting etc
16. Mounted Police = police who patrol on
horseback (equestrians) or camelback.
They continue to serve in remote areas
and in metropolitan areas where their
day-to-day function may be picturesque
or ceremonial, but they are also
employed in crowd control because of
their mobile mass and height
advantage
RANKS OF RMP
INSPECTOR-GENERAL OF POLICE =
equivalent of director general (Philippines)
officer 1 (Philippines)
Singapore
Francis James Bernard = formed the skeleton
force as the heritage of Singapore Police Force
in 1819.
▪ Singapore Police Force (SPF) is the
main agency task with the maintaining
law and order in the city-state. It is
formerly known as Republic of
Singapore Police. Organized with split
staff (15) and line functions (13)
roughly modeled after the military.
Headquarters at New Poenix Park in
Novena. The highest rank is
Commissioner of Police and the
lowest is Police Constable.
▪ Section 7 of Police Force Act of 1857
= constitution of the SPF
Recruitment/training
▪ High school graduates who were
interested in law enforcement as a
career can be recruited and those who
are selected for officers had to be
approved by the Public Service
Commission.
▪ Career development course were
encouraged for officer and senior officers

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are required to travel oversees for

training such as in Police Staff

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College in Britain, FBI Nat’l Academy
in US and Police Academy in Japan.
▪ Nine (9) months training. Newly
appointed officer will be placed on a one
year probation period.
RANKS OF SPF
Commissioner of Police = equivalent of
director general in the Philippines Constable =
equivalent of Police Officer 1 in the
PNP
JAPAN POLICING SYSTEM
▪ Keihoryo (Police Bureau within the
Ministry of Home affairs to 1945)
▪ Japanese Colonial Government = the
one which organized the first formal
policing in China.
▪ Japanese Yakuza = considered as the
center of Asian organized crime action.
ORGANIZATION OF NPA
1. National Public Safety Commission = a
government body responsible for the
administrative supervision of the polic e.
Under the jurisdiction of the Prime Minister 2.
Japan National Police Agency (NPA) = a
totally gunless police force, except for its
special attack team.
Organizations Attached to the NPA
a. National Police Agency = provides training to
police officers and conduct academic
research
b. National Research Institute of Police Science
= conducts research in police science
c. Imperial Guards = provides escort to the
Emperor, Empress, Crown Prince and other
Imperial family.
= responsible for the security of Imperial
Palace
3. Regional Police Bureau = exercise
control and supervision over regional police
offices and provides support with the
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prefectural police. Director General = heads
each Regional Bureau acting upon orders from
the Commission General of the NPA.
Regional Police Bureau = the local
organizations to carry out part of the NPA’s
functions. There are about 7 Bureaus in the
major cities except for Tokyo and Hokkaido
where in Tokyo, Metropolitan Police
department (headed by Superintendent
General) has long been established and
shares the same location with the NPA.
Prefectural Police has the whole of
Hokkaido under its jurisdiction.
4. Prefectural Public Safety Commission
(PPSC) = administrative commission
functioning under the representative system
which supervise the prefectural police.
Under the Jurisdiction of the Governor.
Though not empowered to give order to the
Commission.
5. Koban = a system of policing adopted in
Japan, a substation near major transportation
hubs and shopping areas and in residential
districts which forms the first line of police
response to the public.
= Koban usually staffed by 3-5 officers
and about 7000 residential police boxes
(Chuzaisho- staffed by a single officer). About
20 % of police is assigned to Koban.
CHINA POLICE SYSTEM
▪ Ministry of National Defense = is the
top of the hierarchy with judicial and
public security agencies such as Ministry
of Public safety and the Ministry of State
Security.
▪ Ministry of Public Security= is the
principal police authority of the mainland
of the People’s Republic of China which
oversee the day to day law
enforcement. (It is the equivalent of the
National Police Agency in Japan).
▪ Ministry of State Security = the
Chinese government’s largest and most
active foreign intelligence agency,
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though it is also involved in domestic
security matters.
Kinds of police
1. People’s Armed Police (PAP), 1980’s
deals with domestic disturbances, acts as
riot police and guard’s government compounds
and foreign embassies. Usually handles border
defense but is called sometimes to back up
local police.
2. State Security Police = (1983)
safeguards state security, prevent foreign
espionage, sabotage and conspiracies.
Under the Ministry of State Security and directly
accountable to the State council.
3. Prison Police = a part of the
correctional arm of the overall police
system stationed in prisons and correction
units. This is under the leadership of the
Ministry of Justice.
4. Judicial Police = responsible for
maintaining the security and order in courts
and serving instruments and some also
executing death sentences.
5. Quasi parapolice (“Cheng guan”) =
operate in many places and hired by officials to
help carry out some unpopular actions such as
collecting taxes and fines and ousting peasants
from seized land.
Special Police College = conducts nationwide
recruitment once a year.
Central Military Commission = appoints
police in China
People’s Liberation Army = Chinese Armed
forces.
Civil Service Promotion Examinations =
basis for regulation of the Rank promotion
Examination for police officer.
RANK SYSTEM IN CHINA
Commissioner General = equivalent of Director
General in the PNP
Constable 2nd Class = equivalent of Police
Officer 1 in the PNP
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THAILAND POLICE SYSTEM
Royal Thai Police = formerly known as
THAILAND NATIONAL POLICE
DEPARTMENT (TNPD)
= In 1998, TNPD was transferred from the
Ministry of Interior of Thailand to be directly
under the Office of the Prime Minister using
the name Royal Thai Police. The position of
its supreme head was changed from that of the
Director-General of the TNPD to the
Commissioner-General of the Royal Thai
Police
Royal Thai Police Headquarters = based in
Bangkok
Police-General = highest rank of the Royal
Thai
Police
Policeman / Constable = lowest rank
BRUNEI POLICE SYSTEM
▪ Royal Brunei Police Force (Polis
Diraja Brunei – PDRB) = created in
1921 which is responsible for keeping
law and order and providing law
enforcement services throughout Brunei
▪ Inspector-General of Police = highest
rank
▪ Lance Corporal = lowest rank
Philippine Police System
▪ During the Spanish Regime
 Maintenance of law and order is a
part of the military system for the
defense of the colony;
 Locally organized police forces
although performing civil duties is
a direct adjunct of the colonial
military establishments;
(policemen in appearance yet
colonial soldiers in the ultimate
sense.
 Police functions consisted mainly
of (1) suppression of brigandage
by patrolling unsettled areas; (2)
detection of local or petty uprising
by spying upon the work and
movements of the people and; (3)
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the enforcement of tax collection
including church revenues.
▪ Cuardilleros = a body of rural police
organized in each town established by
Royal decree of Jan. 8, 1836. It
mandates that 5% of the able bodied
male inhabitants of each province
where to be enlisted in this police
organization for 3 years. There services
are originally not paid or gratuitous
subject to some privileges although in
some province they received a
proportionate pay ranging from 4.00 to
8.00 depending on the revenue
collection.
▪ Carabineros De Seguridad Publica =
Organized in 1712 for the purpose of
carrying the regulations of the
Department of State. This was armed
and considered as the mounted police
who later discharged the duties of a port,
harbor and river police. It was later given
special commission by Royal Decree of
December 20, 1842 and it was called –
Cuerco De Seguridad Publica ( Corps of
Crabbiness for Public Security).
▪ Gurdia Civil = Created by Royal decree
on February 12, 1852, to partially relieve
the Spanish peninsula troops of their
works in policing towns. It is consisted of
a body of Filipino policemen organized
originally in each of the provincial capital
of the province of Luzon under the
Alcalde Mayor.)
▪ Philippine Commission Act No. of 175
= (July 18, 1901) an act providing for the
organization and government of an
Insular Constabulary.
▪ Sec. 1, Act 255 of October 3, 1901 =
renamed the Insular Constabulary to
Philippine Constabulary (a national
police institution for preserving peace,
keeping order and enforcing the law. ▪
Henry Allen = the first Chief of the
Philippine Constabulary.
▪ Rafael Crame = the first Filipino Chief of
the Philippine Constabulary.
14 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- NURSING MODULE
▪ Act No 70 = (On January 9, 1901) The
Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was
organized
▪ E.O. 389 = Ordered that the PC be one
of the four services of the AFP, dated
December 23, 1940.
▪ P.D. 765 = Integration Act of 1975,
dated August 8, 1975, established the
Integrated National Police (INP)
composed of the PC as the nucleus and
the Integrated local police forces as
components, under the Ministry of
National Defense.
▪ E.O. 1012 =transferred to the city and
municipal government the operational
supervision and direction over the INP
units assigned within their locality.
▪ R.A. 4864 =It created the POLCOM
(Police Commission) as a supervisory
agency to oversee the training and
professionalization of the local police
under the Officer of the President.
Otherwise known as the Police
Professionalization act of 1966, dated
September 8, 1966. It was later renamed
as the National Police Commission
(NAPOLCOM).
▪ E.O. 1040 = Transferred the Admin.
Control and Supervision of the INP from
the ministry of National Defense to the
National Police Commission
▪ R.A. 6975 = It is otherwise known as the
Department of Interior and Local
Government Act of 1990, enacted on
December 13, 1990. Established the
PNP, BFP, BJMP and the PPSC.
▪ R.A. 8551 Philippine National Police
Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998,
enacted 1998, amending the provision of
R.A. 6975
▪ Act No. 181 = created the Division of
Investigation (DI) of the Department of
Justice dated November 1938.
▪ R.A. 157 = created the National Bureau
of Investigation, enacted June 19, 1947
and later reorganized by R,A. 2678
▪ Line and Staff = the organizational
structure of the P.N.P. which is also
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2. UN Security Council = is another branch in

the organization of the UN and is the most
adopted by many police organization in powerful of all the branches.
the world.
▪ P.N.P. = headed by Chief with a rank of FUNCTIONS
Director General with two (2) Deputy a. Preventive Action = consist of provisional
Director General (1) for Administration measures to prevent a conflict from
and (2) for Operation. Although there are worsening, and may involve the
three (3) Deputy Director General ranks. deployment of
▪ SOP No. 7 = prescribed PNP guidelines PEACEKEEPING AND OBSERVER missions
in the conduct of operations against b. Enforcement Action = consist
terrorists and other lawless elements of
involved in terrorist activities. deployment of air, sea and land forces
Five Permanent Members of Security
United Nations = officially came into existence Council
on October 24, 1945 1. China
= Coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. 2. France
Roosevelt in the declaration by United Nation. 3. Russia
This declaration was made to officially state the 4. United Kingdom
Cooperation of the allies (Great Britain, the 5. United States
United States, and the Union of soviet *The other 10 members are rotating or
Socialist Republics) elective members for a period of two years by
the General Assembly
Branches of UN
1. UN general Assembly = This is the main 3. International Court of Justice = Located in
decision- making and representative the Hague, Netherlands. This branch is
assembly in the UN through its policies and responsible for the judicial matters of the UN.
recommendations. It is composed of all 4.Secretariat = Its main responsibility is
member states , is headed by a president providing studies, information, and other
elected from the member states, and meets data needed
from September to December 5. Economic and Social Council = consists of
45 members elected by the General Assembly
Functions of General Assembly for a 3 year term.
a. Deliberative = initiating studies and
making recommendations for the development Efforts are Towards the Following: a.
of Higher standards of living
international law b. Condition of economic and social
b. Supervisory = receiving and considering progress and development
annual and special reports from another organs c. Solutions of international economic,
c. Financial = approval and apportionment of social, health and related problems
budget d. Universal respect for human rights and
d. Elective = election of non-permanent fundamental freedoms
members of the security council
e. Constituent = admissions of members 6. Trusteeship Council = assists the security
and the amendments of charter council and the general assembly in the
administration of the International Trusteeship
System

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UN
CHARTER = it is closest to a constitution that
basically governs the relations of international
persons. Technically, it is a Treaty.
TREATY = an international agreement
concluded between states in written form and
sworn by international law, whether embodied
in a single instrument or in two or more
instruments and whatever its particular
designation.
INTERPOL
▪ Interpol (1923) = (International Criminal
Police Organization) is the police forces
organization that primarily manifest
global or international cooperation in
addressing transnational crime. Its
headquarters was initially located in
Vienna Austria (it is where Interpol was
founded) but at present it is transferred
to Lyon France.
▪ INTERPOL = is the world’s largest
international police organization, with
190 member countries. It exists to help
create a safer world by supporting law
enforcement agencies worldwide to
combat crime.
▪ It aims to facilitate international police
co-operation, and supports and assists
all organizations, authorities and
services whose mission is to prevent or
combat internal crime.
▪ = the organization of law enforcement
agencies worldwide that serves as
transmission or communication line
for the exchange of information, data
and request for assistance between
and among the member countries.
▪ It focuses on: (1) Combat crimes and
transnational crimes; (2) protect
minorities against the dominant
groups; and (3) Maintain law
enforcement regardless of race or
religion.
16 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- NURSING MODULE
INTERPOL’ s Structure
▪ General Assembly
▪ Executive Committee
▪ General Secretariat
▪ National Central Bureaus
▪ Advisers
▪ The Commission for the Control of
INTERPOL’s Files.
General Assembly = is the supreme
governing body of the Interpol, it meets
annually and comprises delegates appointed
by each member country. The assembly takes
all important decisions related to policy,
resources, working methods, finances, activities
and programmes.
Executive Committee = consisting of 13
members elected by the General Assembly and
comprises the president, three vice –presidents
and nine delegates covering the four regions.
It is the INTERPOL’s select deliberate organ
which meets three times a year, usually in
March, July and immediately before the
General Assembly.
Current Members of the EC as of 2012
▪ KHOO Boon Hui (Singapore) – Current
President and Singapore’s Senior
Deputy Secretary of the Ministry of
Home Affairs and former Commissioner
of
Police.
3 Vice Presidents
Adamu Abubakar MOHAMMED (Nigeria)
Mireille BALLESTRAZZI (France)
Oscar Adolfo NARANJO TRUJILLO (Colombia)
9 Delegates
▪ Pieter Jaap AALBERSBERG (The
Netherlands)
▪ Fath ELRAHMAN Osman (Sudan)
▪ Emmanuel GASANA (Rwanda)
▪ Francisco GIL MONTERO (Spain)
▪ Nobuyuki KAWAI (Japan)
▪ Tariq KHOSA (Pakistan)
▪ Sanna PALO (Finland)
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▪ the General Assembly for a period of four (4)
▪ years. His role is to chair the General
Marcos VASQUEZ MEZA (Chile)
▪ Timothy A. WILLIAMS (United States)
General Secretariat = (Lyon, France) operates
24 hours a day, 365 days a year and is run by
the Secretary General. It Works with Officials
of more than 80 countries side-by-side using
four official languages: Arabic, English,
French and Spanish. It consists of seven (7)
regional offices across the world namely:
 Argentina,  Cameron,
 Cote D’Ivoire,
 Kenya,
 El Salvador,
 Thailand, and  Zimbabwe.
National Central Bureaus (NCB) = Each
INTERPOL member country maintains a
National Central Bureau staffed by National law
enforcement officers. The NCB is the
designated contact point for the General
Secretariat, regional offices and other
member countries requiring assistance with
overseas investigations and the location and
apprehension of fugitives.
Advisers = these are experts in a purely
advisory capacity, who may be appointed by
the Executive Committee and confirmed by the
General Assembly.
Commission for the Control of INTERPOL’
File (CCF) = this is an independent body whose
mandate is threefold:
(1) to ensure that the processing of personal
information by INTERPOL complies with the
Organization’s regulations,
(2) to advice INTERPOL on any project,
operation, set of rules or other matter
concerning the information contained
in INTERPOL’S files.
INTERPOL’s Governance = comprises the
General Assembly and the Executive
Committee, which is headed by the President.
The President of the Organization is elected by
17 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- NURSING MODULE
Assembly and Executive Committee and
ensure that INTERPOL’S activities conform
with decisions made at these meetings.
 Oskar Dressler = the first secretary
general of the Interpol.
 Johann Schober = the first president of
the Interpol.
INTERPOL’S NOTICE
1. Red Notice – a notice which is issued to
seek the arrest or provisional arrest of wanted
persons with a view to extradition.
2. Blue Notice – this type of notice is
issued in order to locate, identify or obtain
information on a person of interest in a criminal
investigation. 3. Green Notice – to warn about
a person's criminal activities if that person is
considered to be a possible threat to public
safety.
4. Yellow Notice – to help locate missing
persons, often minors, or to help identify
persons who are unable to identify themselves.
5. Black Notice – a notice issued to seek
information on unidentified bodies. 6. Orange
Notice – to warn of an event, a person, an
object or a process representing an imminent
threat and danger to persons or property.
7. Purple Notice – issued to provide
information on modus operandi, objects,
devices and concealment methods used by
criminals. 8. INTERPOL–United Nations
Security Council Special Notice – is issued
for individuals and entities that are subject to
UN sanctions.
The following are channels of global
bilateral and multilateral international
cooperation against transnational crime:
 Global multi-lateral cooperation
via
Interpol;
 Bilateral police cooperation agreements
with individual states;
 European multilateral cooperation via
Europol.
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*System of policing that serves as a grass root
approach to bring the people and the police
together in cooperative manners:
 Problem Oriented
Policing
 Community
Oriented Policing
 Cooperative Policing
 Team Policing
INTERPOL’s FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS
1. Secure Global Police Communications
Services
INTERPOL developed the I-24/7 global
police communications system to
exchange crucial data quickly and
securely is a cornerstone of effective
international law enforcement.
2. Operational Data Services and Databases
for Police
INTERPOL provides operational
data services and databases for police to fight
international crime, police need access to
information which can assist investigations or
help prevent crime. INTERPOL manages
several databases, accessible to
the INTERPOL bureaus in all member countries
through its I-24/7.
3. Operational Police Support Services
a. 24-Hour Support
The Command and Co-ordination
Centre(CCC) operates round the clock in all of
INTERPOL’s four official languages (English,
French, Spanish and Arabic) and serves as the
first point of contact for any member country
faced with a crisis situation.
b. Crisis Response and Major Events
In the event of a disaster or major crime,
INTERPOL Response Teams or Disaster
Victim Identification teams composed of
officers from the General Secretariat and
member countries can be dispatched to the
scene within hours of an event. c.
International Alert System An important
18 TOPRANK REVIEW ACADEMY- NURSING MODULE
component of INTERPOL’s operational police
support is the notice system, of which the
Red Notice for wanted persons is the most
well known. In addition to the six color-coded
notices (Red, Blue, Green, Yellow, Black and
Orange), is the INTERPOL-United Nations
Special Notice issued for groups or individuals
who are the targets of UN sanctions against Al
Qaeda and the Taliban. d. Analyzing Crime
Data
Criminal intelligence analysis is recognized
by the law enforcement community as a
valuable tool, helping to provide timely
warning of threats and operational police
activities. INTERPOL contributes to
investigations by assisting officers working at
the General Secretariat and in member
countries with research and analysis on crime
trends and with training courses in criminal
analysis techniques.
Divisions of Criminal Intelligence Analysis
a. Operational Analysis = aims to
achieve a specific law enforcement outcome.
Usually, it has immediate benefit
b. Strategic Analysis = provides early
warning signals of threats and to support
decision making in setting priorities to deal
with criminal issues
4. Police Training and Development
As one of the 4 INTERPOL core
functions, Police Training and Development
continues to evolve as a priority for INTERPOL
and member countries.
ASEAN NATIONAL POLICE (ASEANAPOL)
1981 (Manila) = The first formal meeting of The
Chiefs of ASEAN Police
= Attended by 5 original member countries
(Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines,
Singapore and Thailand)
FIVE OTHER MEMBERS
1. Brunei 4. Myanmar
2. Cambodia 5. Vietnam
3. Lao
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IMPORTANT DATES
▪ 1983 (Jakarta) = Endorsement of the
model & design of ASEANAPOL logo
▪ 1984 (Kuala Lumpur) = Royal Brunei
Police became a member and joined the
annual conference
▪ 1996 (Kuala Lumpur) = Vietnam joined
as a new member
▪ 1998 (Brunei) = Laos joined
ASEANAPOL
▪ 2000 (Myanmar) = Myanmar became
the 10th country to joined as a new
member
▪ 2005 (Bali) = The setting up of a working
group to consider the viability of
establishing a permanent ASEANAPOL
Secretariat
= Silver Jubilee Commemoration of
ASEANAPOL
▪ 2008 (Brunei) = The Royal Malaysia
Police was chosen as a host of
permanent ASEANAPOL Secretariat
▪ 2009 (Vietnam) = Adoption of Terms of
Reference (TOR)
▪ 2010 = On 1st January 2010
commencement of ASEANAPOL
Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
ORANIZATION
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1. ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE
COMMITTEE = comprise of deputy
heads of delegation attending the
annual ASEANAPOL conference. It
provides a summary reports of the
activities of
the Secretariat to the Head of the Delegation
2. ASEANAPOL PERMANENT
SECRETARIAT = is on rotational basis with
member countries taking turn to host the
ASEANAPOL conference and automatically
assume the role of the secretariat for the
current year.
= headed by executive director and
assisted by 2 directors
Tenure of Services
a. Executive Director - 2 years
b. Directors - 3 years (one for Police Services
and one for Plans and Programs
*During the 29th ASEANAPOL
Conference in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2009, the
Terms of Reference on the establishment of
ASEANAPOL Secretariat was finally endorsed.
Kuala Lumpur was made the permanent
seat.
*The ASEANAPOL Secretariat started its
operation fully on January 1, 2010.