4.

Units and Measurements

Intoduction
Xfhysics is the bramch of science cwhich deals with the
stücy f naBure cnd natrl phenomenaVavious
It is a qumtitative gience where
physical quam bities ane measunecl
'A quamity which cun be measntd and ith the
help of cuhi ch ,Vavious physicd happenings cun be
explained and expn 65ed in the frm of daws
is culled aphysical qucnity
Exmples : length ,mass time, force ee
Q) What is a meISLUTEMCDt ) How is TMasUTed qucnHby
exDIeSSed
4jA measuxementi_ a. Ccmpenison twith intermaionally
acepteo tmclend nesuing Unit.
i) The mzasuTEd qum HBy cH) is expressed in terna
ot anmbex en) fllo@ed by a 0YESponcding Unit()
Exmple-
Length efawne wben expressed as 2m,it means
Value¢e ength is 2. in the unit ef mCmere).
LG) hat is a wnit 2
The stamdad meaSUTe ct amy quanthy is callec
the unit ot that qumHhy
c)which uns have yeu sed in the Iabotatory
Frx measuTing
a) Length 6) JMass ) Time ) Tempiake
PyaLength Mass Time TempeTahHTe
Units millimtre Secends Deqree celsius
metre
otimeke, kilagiam minuktg kree fahrenbet
)Wbich syskem ct Unts have yca wsecl2
MKS oxSI Systen is USed mostly: At tmes ,evem
CS Gysfemm is uSed.
 etomruenM bto eiy.
|2 Syslem at Units
q) Descibe triefy clfferent types ot
sysems o Un
SysBem ot Units re class tfied maunly ihta un ht
It stands fer Centimere -Giam-Secend syse .
Tn this
ystemlength,mass md time. e
miaSUTe d in Ccntimehre qm andgetencl
despechivels:
)MK:S-system
Tt stanede ta Nete-kilogxcm Se Cond
Tn this sys tem, len cth nass systm
amd tme ae
measlnedl in mehe kilocpcm gnd seund
Kespectively
It gtcmds fox Foot-
Sstem, length,ma35 Ond PÙumd- SeConc system.Tn this
Foot 4puuns amd Hme cme neaslreel in.
secencd especively
TH sland Foy Systemm
geplaced allathey suskems Tntrmationa. This system bas
has been inttx naionally atepmenHoned
tal abovet
USed all over cocxlc -As the and is beinq
S. Onis 05e decima
System,Cnveysio)
Simple coithin
anc convenient the system is vry
2)122)
g)l what ae Kundamental guanies t Derived quankies
EundamenkuJ quan iHesi
The physical qucmtities which do mot
on any thex physical quconti ky Pr heiy cdepen
measuements e they Cam be divectly
aYe lto Pundamen td qucn hHes mea_umel
Derived qucmHhes : Physica qucnHHes other
Hham fmdomentl quanMies aohich clepend on
lome cy mnf indament quant Hes Pex thelr
mecsumements me called clerivecd qucm tittes
oWhat ne limdamcnld unils Derived units 2
Fumdanentad Units -
The units used to measuie Rundamemta quamtHes
aYe. calleod Amcdamentd Units
Dexived Units->
Ihe units ot deive cquem Hhies cuhich ce expressec in
tems funclmemt units Per thez measunements
ane alled olenived ynits

and
sym bol
Fumdmenl qucn Hy 5I Unitsymbo
Length metre
kilognarm kg
Time Secomd
4lectnc cUYYnt cmpere A
Tempexcte kelvin K
LumimcS TntensityComdela
Amcunt ot substmce mole mol

alstate and descaibe the Ho Supplenenarny unibs.

The too Supplenentemy unis mei
i) Plame cmale Calo):
a) The Tatio of length ct ancCds) f an circle
the Tucdius () dthe le is called as plamecnqleida).
ds
6) Thus,clo is angle subtended by the uc at the
Centre t he ciYcle.
) (nit : Tadian Crad) & denotd as o
d) Length e the mc = ChIm FaeMCe z 2ITY
t cncle
plame angle sub fende by entire Chle lo- 2Ty -2
Ct its Centye is
 Importumt Cheant c physical quamtihies. otth theiz
ame, symbol, feN mula cand units

Physicad Quanki ky Symbol Fotmule Units

Mass gm
Length CDistunce)
Tme
Velocity V= Displa(ement
time
m<s cmls

p-massxVelocity Kqm<s qmes

Acelenraon Chenge. in veloity m<s cns4
time
FoTce F=mKASS XaCelerakion Kqmg qmms'
Newtn dyne
9aeight W
acelerakion.
Areo A-lengthrnlidth
Volume

Density 8=mass
Vo lume
Work W n- foxcex DisplcemenT eog
22

(k-E)kintHe energy
4Potenta mexg4 pE PEmgh
Powex Time
Watt
2
Is Pressue P force
Area
Nn dne<e
Tmpulse I I-forex time NS
 Dimensions and DimensBonal Analysi5 :
@Deline limtnsions and dimensional tormula. dphsi
quamhly
Dimensions
The cdimensions ef a physial quanity are the
powey to ohich the concetnec Pumdmentod units
must be yai'sed in ordey o obtun the unit
the. given physicul qumity
ihon any derived qumhity is Tepresented toth
appropriate poweys ct symbols ot the mchmtntal
quantitiea , guch an expressiOn is call ted climengool
Formula
I 5
expIESsed By squaye bxacket oith nong.
ma
Commma in be-ween the
symbols
oohkuin the dimensions of Pollócoing
) Mas5= oo physital gun Hhies
IM Displacement
CM
Tme
CMTJ
D6placemunt
Tme
|DimensionsetNeacil Coimens
CDimensioionsns ef t DiTime
splacement ]
[MLT1
--

Dmcnslons tvelboi[TH
5) Momen tum >
Momentum masS x
x Velocity
Dimensions eMomentum|Dimensions et 7,Dimen s/ong at
mass
vescity
Dimensjons cf Momcrntum[MLTJ kgms kgm<s
Acelerution = Chemge in velocity
Tme
fDimensions ot Nelocihy
Oimensions of Aq
AteleraHon]=pmensions «k Timej

Dimensions ct Acdlerakon-M
z) Forte
FoTe - Mass xAceletion
Dimensions of Fonej-[bimensions
Mass
otoimgnsionsgt
Aaeleycton
[MLTJMLTI
TOimensions ef Fone]-[MLTI Km3) kg mls
wWeight Peass x Guvitahiongl aueleration
LOimensions t weigh-DigensonsMass
Dimensiens
gtavítuhiona/ ecel>

T2
bimensions «fWeight CMIT|
 9) Area
Area Length XWidth
Dimensions ed Area]-fDimensing v rDimenaions
iclth

IDinensjons cteft Area F-NL

MLI
1o) Valuyme
Volume Ltngth x nlidth x Height

DitmVolme
inslans[DilotLtngthlotwtdth
mnsions][Dimensionsl [DiMtHeight
mtnsions!
oimensions
[MLHNtt-MLT
Mass
Volume
Dimensions cf Densih=LD'mensions ef Mass
[Dimemsions c volume
 2) wexk
Work FoTCe- x Displaçement
|Dimensiöns etwokimenstons/D0menstong
J t Displatement
-[MLIIMLT
kym's kgnys
3) Rinec Energy

kinetie Enegy duss Velbcity

4is cimensionless qumihy

too o2-2

DimensioDS
Kincic Encg4 kgn{s
4) Potenta Energy
pEMasSXqnuwiteutional actclenuhitn xheight
Dimension5
| ot Dimensions Dimensions Dim tnsiens
LPatential Entngy J na35
mass tgrav. aceJ1 t height
IMLT IIMLTMLTI
t227
Uienkal EnergyML Kgniys
 Power
Yower Work
Time
|DimensionS G Wenk
[Dimensions ctfur
Loin ensina et Time
2-2

Dim ensions ot
L6) essUYe -
Roar-M
Pressurte FoYc e
Avea

Dimensions t ressure= (aimnsions cf Fote

TDimensfons of Anea
|-2
fMLT
1-L-2
pimensions ct hessure [MLT Kg/m_
1)Tmpul 6e
Impulse Force x Time
Diensionsot Impulee]-[Dinensons-1: oi'mensions T
[MLT}[MLT]
|Dimensions ot Impldse] LNLTJ kgm<s
 i)To check the corectness t phy sitd eyuation
Use cf dmenGiSDa analysis. methodto check the
CoYects5 ct aohysical eguaHon.
D Valtat dsut t4 at 3) V=ubt2C5
AT Check the coTY¬Cness elcphysical equctt on

writing the dimensibna fumdla, ef

Dimensions of RHS - [u]+[at]

fhiLT}+EMLJEMIT}

As dimemsions cet both sides et equation is same,

physitud eguckfon is dimensionally comect
TATcheck the correctnass c anhysical equakim
wating the. dimensional ermula.ct evtny em,uegt.
Diminsi cns ce L'Hs[s]MLTJ
COim ensicns ch Ret:s ]- [ut]+[a]
4 is Constunt so it is cimemsion less qucmtty
-ÍMLLTIMCH+INLt[NL
 contness taphs C euukion
check the
ahike tht climensiona Pemulact eveny tem,
Weqct

[LHS]-[R-HS]
As dimensions c both side t tyuaion is same
physicul equaHon is dimtn sionally mnic
i)To esub li_h the Yelakionship bekween relatee
physital quon tilies
me Ood a simole Demduum depemds

Eiroole Denduluim
’ Expmtssion Rx tnme pumad ota simple penduum
hy dmenSitnal
iTine penad CT) et simple pendal um cdepends
un leng th (4) and actelevaHon dlue to qnavity
C9) as fo llows

whexe kis constumt of po poytHonality anc

it is cdimensionle s5 quanhhy.Also qandl b qne
akonad numbexs Equaing dimer
both Srcles, dimension s )
 atb2b
Cemparinq the dimensions et the coTYespcnding
qucniti o on both the sides @e gc
ath=0
and -2b

eqm becemS

.T-k14

The. yalue ct kis deemined expenimentully

and i's Fumd to be. 2T
T: 21T

Deriye the fmla t kinehe emerqy ta pantHce

having mass Ym and velo cihy Wsing
dim nsiona analysis method.
Kinchc enerqy Eaa body
boy clepends
cleptnds upun
upn mass (m).
omal yelaciky (Y) the body
Let E.d m
KE k m
tohex e k-is cunstunt ot popox tHonali ty amd its
dimensionless quemhity Also cmd cne Yuhon
mum bers. Equatiny cimensions n both sides
 Cn-k[M''PICMLF

Compernins the dim cnsions et the Comrespendiny

qucnhhieS on both Gides we get
y-2
-y2-2
eqn ) becomes
The Vadue t k is dekermined
espenimentaly
-KE t my

iNT indthe CUn yexsion Factoy between the

Únits the game physical quanity in ws
diexen System ot units
)Deteymine the conveSLOn Fructey betoeen
iCde and

Dmension et Work MIT

wmite
Subshhuling in the above equcaHon ,we ae)

LMLiTJ -2

2 -2

LMz
uhese SuPix lindicateg 1 Units amd 2 I'ndicateg
2 -2
LI2

,2 -2 NE

) Delemine the cen veNSIon Facien between Nddne

Let N dyne 1|-2
-

in the aboVe equaHon, we cum wmie.

SubshHuingy
LMEz[MT

wbene suftix | indicateg sI Units nd 2inditutes

-2
Cpis Uniks
K9

2 -2

|IN1clyme