POLYMERIC COMPOSITE

MATERIALS
ASSOC.PROF.DR.DOLUNAY SAKAR DASDAN
YTU CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
 GRAPHITE
• It is formed by regular arrangement of the C atoms in the hexagonal
plane in the order of the ababab. While there are strong covalent bonds
between atoms in layers, weak bonds between layers are formed. Carbon
and graphite fibers are called organic fibers because it is made by organic
materials.
• Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), cellulose, rayon and pitch are used as raw
materials.
• Rayon is used only for very low modulus fibers. While PAN-based carbon
fibers contain between 93-95% C, we can increase this and obtain
graphite fibers with 99% C content.
Industrially, C fiber production methods, thermal
oxidation and organic precursor are used,
graphitization is required.
It takes place in 3 stages.
1. low oxidation temperature in air (pre-oxidation phase under
shrinkage) 200-400 oC
2. Carbonization stage under the noble gas atmosphere, 1000-
1500 oC
3. Graphitization stage under the noble gas atmosphere, 2000-
2500 oC
• Fibers are used as Continuous fibers and bundles, cropped
fibers, knitted and woven fibers, ground fibers.
The structural properties of carbon fiber change
depending on the following factors:
• 1-fiber straightness: when the direction improves, longitudinal tensile strength
and modulus, electrical and thermal conductivity, longitudinal negative tensile
coefficient increases, transverse tensile strength and modulus decrease.
• 2-crystallinity: when crystallinity improves, thermal and electrical conductivity,
longitudinal negative thermal expansion coefficient and oxidation resistance
increase, while longitudinal tensile and compressive strength, transverse tensile
strength and tensile modulus and longitudinal shear modulus are reduced
• 3-Impact of Defects: When there is no crystal defect, tensile strength, thermal
and electrical conductivity and oxidation resistance increase.
 BORON:
• Boron is obtained by the reaction of hydrogen and boron trichloride
by electrically heated tungsten wire to a temperature of about 1300
oC or by depositing it on C.

2BCl3+3H2 2B + 6HCl
• Due to the tungsten wire inside the boron fiber, its density is high and
it is 19.3 g / cm3. When C core is used, the density becomes 1.8 g /
cm3.
 ALUMINUM OXIDE:
• It is also called alumina and exists in the form of KORUND mineral. They are
used in metal matrix composites. Two types are available, depending on
their different allotropic structure:
• 1-Alpha Alumina: Manufacturer is Dupond. Trade name FP. It is produced
as a continuous fiber with a diameter of 20 micrometers. Its density is 3300
kg / m3. Its elastic module is 380 GPa. These polycrystalline fibers consist of
99% aluminum. It has a resistance of approximately 900-1000 oC.
• 2-Safimax (Saffil): Its manufacturer is the Imperial Chemical Industry. Trade
name RF. It is produced in cut and trimmed form. Length / diameter ratio
varies between 100-200. It is 95% alumina, 5% silicon.
Silicon Carbide(silisyum karbür):
• It is obtained by 2 methods.
• 1-Chemical Vapor Condensation
• 2-Direct Fiber Absorption from Silicon Carbide
• The oxidation resistance of these fibers is better than boron fibers because of
their stiffness and strength properties at high temperatures. It is cheaper than
boron fibers.
• It is semiconductor and resistant to acid.
• The main reason why Silicon Carbide fibers are lower cost:
• If approximately 15 kg of boron chloride is required for 1 kg of boron,
approximately 8 kg of silane is required for 1 kg of silicon carbide.
• 2- The cost of silane is half the price of boron trichloride per kg.
• 3- Using small boilers during production reduces the cost.
 Metallic Glasses:

• These are glasses produced by combining carbon, boron and

phosphorus with iron, nickel, silicon and chromium in
different proportions. It increases the corrosion resistance,
heat and electrical conductivity of the composite.