Materials Today: Proceedings 26 (2020) 1231–1237

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Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

An overview: Applications of thermal energy storage using phase change

materials
Shahid Ali ⇑, S.P. Deshmukh
Department of General Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, Maharashtra, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The energy storage is the capture of energy at one time to utilize the same for another time. This review
Received 2 January 2020 article deals with thermal energy storing methods and its application in the vicinity of solar water heat-
Accepted 13 February 2020 ing systems as well as solar air heating system, solar cooker, green house building, cold storage, refriger-
Available online 13 May 2020
ation and air conditioning, solar thermal power plant, defence applications, and the materials used to
store that thermal energy effectively. There are large numbers of phase change materials which are used
Keywords: to trap the useful thermal energy to utilize in future for minutes, hours, days, months or even years. This
Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
paper provides the information of desirable and undesirable properties of different PCMs.
Phase Change Material (PCM)
Defence
Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Greenhouse Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Con-
Solar thermal power plant ference of Materials Processing and Characterization.

1. Introduction A device used to store the energy is generally called an accumu-

The fossil fuels are the main source of energy and their contin-
uous use of this fossil fuel damaging the environment. Burning of
fossil fuel emits number of air pollutants which are harmful for
human and environment. Air pollution is mainly due to having pol-
lutants from combustion of traditional energy source which lead-
ing to greenhouse effect in result global warming. The researcher
all over the globe is asking for new replacement to have energy
sources in the form of non-conventional energy source and the
new technologies to sore such kind of energy for the longer period.
The energy storage not only avoids the discrepancy between sup-
ply and requirement but also increases reliability over energy stor-
age systems. The thermal energy storage by utilizing PCM is one of
the great engineering example used now a day’s which involves
storage of energy by doing change in internal energy of the mate-
rial as sensible heat, latent heat, thermo chemical heat or the com-
bination amongst these three. The scientist, engineers and
technologist are in search of development of energy efficient tech-
nology which fulfill the above requirement using alternative
source of energy via thermal energy storage [6]. Thermal energy
storage system works on the 3 steps; charging, storing and
discharging.
lator or battery. Energy having ample of form and energy storage
involves conversion of energy from one which is difficult to store
to easily storable form. The thermal energy available can be stored
by sensible heat storage, latent heat storage or by using chemical
heat storage technology. Because of sustainable energy
entrepreneurship, increase use of renewable energy and tackling
issue of energy crisis in the area of energy saving thermal energy
storage play a very vital role. Thermal energy storage system
includes sensible heat storage system and latent heat storage sys-
tem. In case of sensible heat storage type of system, the heat of
storage medium deviated to store energy which includes water,
soil, rock basin etc. while in case of latent heat storage system
phase change occur e.g. air conditioning ,refrigeration and by melt-
ing paraffin’s wax etc [1].
2. Methods of storage energy
There are various methods of energy storage technology which
can be categorized for storing the energy in different way such as
mechanical energy storage, electrical energy storage as well as
thermal energy storage which is depicted in Fig. 1.

2.1. Mechanical energy storage system

⇑ Corresponding author. Mechanical energy storage technology have different group that
E-mail address: shahid.ansari1507@gmail.com (S. Ali). can be categorised such as pump hydropower system, compressed

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.02.247
2214-7853/Ó 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 10th International Conference of Materials Processing and Characterization.
1232 S. Ali, S.P. Deshmukh / Materials Today: Proceedings 26 (2020) 1231–1237

Nomenclature

m Quantity of material Dhs Heat of fusion

Cs Specific heat of solid @ constant pressure Dhr heat of reaction
CL Specific heat of liquid@ constant pressure Q Energy stored
T1 Initial temperature of material (0C) ar Constant of Reaction
T2 Final temperature of material (0C) Tpc Phase change temperature
Cp Specific heat @ constant pressure

Z Tpc Z T2
air energy storage system, Electrical energy storage .Pump hydro-
Q¼ C s :dT þ DHs þ C l :dT
power technology have high energy with power capacity and hav-
ing longer life with major drawback of high capital investment cost T1 Tpc

and longer time required for construction while in case of EES tech-
nology have better life cycle than batteries storage [8]. The
pumped hydropower system and compressed air system is utilised
for major utility energy storage while kinetic energy system are
more compatible for partial storage.
2.2. Electrical energy storage system
where Tpc is the change of phase temperature DHs is heat of fusion,
Cs, Cl is the specific heat of phase change material in solid and
liquid.
Thermo chemical system energy storage depends on the energy
absorption and released in breaking and reforming compound
bonds in a reversible reaction. Thermo chemical energy storage
system uses endothermic chemical reactions.

Electrical energy storage technology is a process of converting

electrical energy from a power network in form that can be stored
for converting back to electrical energy whenever required. The Solid Liquid
utmost general type of batteries storage is Ni-Cd, Nickel-Metal
hydride (Ni-MH) and lithium (Li- ion) batteries. Battery energy Latent Heat
storage is used as selection of storing the electrical energy. It Storage Liquid Gas
includes capacitor, superior capacitor and superior conducting (LHS)
magnetic energy storage application.

Solid Solid
2.3. Thermal energy storage system

There are three modes of thermal energy storage system sensi-

ble heat system, latent heat system, and thermo-chemical system, Solid
or combination of these three as presented in Fig. 2C. The sensible Sensible Heat
Thermal Energy Storage
heat is the heat exchanges by thermodynamic system which Storage
changes the temperature of the body or the system and it is calcu- (SHS)
Liquid
lated through mass of the body (m), its specific heat (c) and tem-
perature difference created (DT).

Sensibleheatofthesystem ¼ Q sensibleheat ¼ m:c:DT Thermal-Chemical

Pipe
It commonly uses water to store and release the heat whereas
different solid materials like sand, rock, concrete, granite, brick, Thermo-Chemical
aluminium and cast iron are used to accumulate and release the Heat Storage Heat of Reactions
heat during sensible heat storage system. (TCES)
Latent Heat Storage system is based on the heat of absorption or
release when a storage material undergoes a change of phase from
solid to liquid or liquid to gas or vice–versa. It is a most attractive Heat Pump system
due to high storage energy density per unit mass in quasi-static
process. The capacity of storage of latent heat storage system by
Fig. 2. Classification of thermal energy storage.
means of a PCM medium is given by the equation.

Method of Energy Storage

Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy Thermal Energy

Storage System Storage System Sorage System

Pumped Compres
Gravitati Flywheel Sensible Latent Thermo-
Hydro sed Air Battery
onal Energy Chemical Energy Heat Chemical
Power Energy
Energy Storage Storage Energy Storage Storage Heat
Storage Storage
Staorage Sytem system System Storage
System System

Fig. 1. Different Method of Storage Energy.

 S. Ali, S.P. Deshmukh / Materials Today: Proceedings 26 (2020) 1231–1237 1233

Q ¼ ar mDhr 4.1. Organic PCM

In this case the heat stored depends on the quantity of material
Organic phase change materials are further classified like paraf-
storage, heat of endothermic reaction, and the conversion factor.
fin’s and non-paraffins phase change materials. Organic phase
Among above techniques thermal heat storage, latent heat energy
change materials have similar melting, self-nucleation as well as
storage is particularly desirable due to high density energy storage
non-corrosive in nature. An organic compound includes paraffin’s,
and its type to store heat at stable temperature corresponding to
fatty acid, ester etc.
the phase transition temperature of phase change material.

3. Selection Criteria of PCM
The selection of various PCMs for different application is
depends on various property of phase change material like physical
properties of PCMs, chemical properties of PCMs, thermal proper-
ties of PCMs and economic aspect which is depicted in Fig. 3.
4. Classification of phase change material
Large numbers of phase change materials are exist in any
required variety of temperature range depending upon various
applications. The classification of phase change materials is shown
in Fig. 4. There are huge numbers of chemically organic and inor-
ganic materials, which can be recognized as phase change material
from the melting temperature and latent heat fusion.
4.1.1. Paraffin’s
Paraffin’s are the saturated hydrocarbon substance having a
waxy consistency at room temperature. The wax paraffin’s are
the most valuable and commercially used organic type of heat
exchange material [10]. It contains alkanes as major components.
Paraffin’s are designated by CnH2n+2 where n is the alkane content
in Paraffin’s. Depending upon chain length in the Paraffin’s alkane
is classified as even–chain or odd-chain Paraffin’s. These are harm-
less, reliable, predictable, expensive less and non-corrosive in nat-
ure [12,17,18]. Along with all the valuable properties the paraffin’s
are having lower thermal conductivity and are flammable in
nature.
4.1.2. Non-Paraffin’s
Non-Paraffin’s used as a PCM are the easily accessible and pre-
sent in abandon quantity with highly fluctuating properties [10].
The organic non-paraffin phase change materials are sub group

Physical Properties of PCM

(i) Small volume change to minimise the contaminant problem
(ii) Low vapour pressure
(iii) Phase equilibrium should be favourable
(iv) High density to minimize the size of storage container

Thermal Properties of PCM

(i) Thermal conductivity should be high
(ii ) High latent heat of fusion
(iii) Approperiate Phase transition temperature
(iv) Excellent Heat transfer

Kinetic Properties of PCM

(i) No supercooling for liquid phase.
Properties of PCM (ii) Crystalisation rate should be sufficient
(ii) Metallic

Chemical Properties PCM

(i ) Chemical stability should be good
(ii) Quasistatic melting and freezing cycle
(iii) Minimum degradation after large number of freeze or melt cycles
(iv) Material should be non corrosive
(v) No-toxicity, no-flammability, and no-explosiveness

Economics
(i) Effective cost
(i) Large scale availability
(iii) Abundant
(iv) Easy Recycling in enviornment

Fig. 3. Selection Criteria of PCM.

1234 S. Ali, S.P. Deshmukh / Materials Today: Proceedings 26 (2020) 1231–1237
Organic
Thermal Energy Storage
Inorganic
Eutectic
Fig. 4. Classification of phase change material [16].
of fatty acids. The non-paraffin PCM includes fatty acids, esters and
glycol in addition with alcohol whereas Fatty acids are mostly
usable organic non-paraffin’s phase change material. The Non-
Paraffin’s possesses superior properties like high chemical stability,
nontoxic in nature and melting congruency. Due to suitable melt-
ing temperature range it finds application in passive heating sys-
tems [7]. The Non-Paraffin’s are highly flammable and having fire
hazardous issues so should not be exposed to fire and high temper-
atures. These materials are having heat of fusion for PCM applica-
tions but having low thermal conductivity, toxicity and very low
flash point temperature [19].
4.1.3. Fatty acids
Fatty acids are organic compounds represented by CH3-(CH2)n-
COOH. Fatty Acid is the promising material amongst the researcher
for phase change material applications due to their valuable prop-
erties. Fatty acids have melting point temperature is in the range of
7 °C to 71 °C with heat of fusion from 45 J/gm to 210 J/gm and
specific heat in the range of 1.9 J/gm0C to 2.1 J/gm0C [7,8]. These
are chemically stable, resistance to corrosion and nontoxic in nat-
ure. The fatty acids are rich in properties which makes them ideal
material to serve as phase change material but having cost 2 to 2.5
times higher than that of normal Paraffin’s.
4.2. Inorganic PCM
As inorganic phase changes materials act as no super cooling
and their heat of fusion does not breakdown during cycling. Inor-
ganic phase change materials are categorized as follows:
4.2.1. Salt hydrates
Salt hydrates are standard crystalline matrix having common
formula AnH2O, where A is an in organic compounds. Salt hydrates
are most attractive phase change materials. The Salt Hydrates hav-
ing almost double latent heat storage capacity than that of organic
materials with high latent heat of fusion. The thermal conductivity
is around 0.5 W/m-K, non-flammable, cheap and easily available
with low environmental impacts and most importantly having
recycling potential. The inorganic PCM of Salt Hydrates along with
the advantages having certain disadvantages as it goes under super
cooling during freezing, during transition it goes under phase
Paraffin's
Fatty Acids
NonParaffins
Easter Alcohols Glycol
Salt Hydrates pcm
Metallic
Organic-Inorganic
Inorganic-Inorganic
Organic-Organic
segregation, corrosive for some metals with variable chemical
stability [11].
4.2.2. Metallic
Metallic PCM include at a low level melting metals as well as
metal eutectics. They are having high thermal conductivity and
lower specific heat, Low heat of fusion, small vapour pressure
property, Because of their heavy weights, they are not preferred.
Metallic are desirable because of their high heat of fusion per unit
capacity.
4.3. Eutectics
The Eutectic is the nobble phase change material which has
recently introduced. It is a blend of components formed during
crystallization. Each one of the components transforms phase
and ultimately build a minimum melting composition. Eutectic
components melt and freeze without segregation. A eutectic com-
ponent melts at the same time without possibility of separation
during melting process [2].
5. Application of thermal energy storage
Phase change material is widely used in different area of appli-
cation .The given below layout shown in Fig. 5, the application of
thermal energy storage with aid of phase change material.
5.1. Solar water heater system
The solar water heating system is nowadays commonly used
because of simple in construction and low cost. Abhat [2] adept
use of latent heat thermal storage system for solar heating applica-
tion with the various aspects like geometrical and thermal param-
eter between charging and temperature variation along the heat
exchangers. Prakash et al. [3] designed, developed and analyzed
the solar water heating system [5]. They used PCMs layer at the
bottom of the tank during sunny day water get heated and this
transfer the heat to the PCMs and during OFF sun shine hrs. This
energy will be exchanged between PCMs and water. Anantshukla
et al. [19] carried out a review on solar water heater with phase
 S. Ali, S.P. Deshmukh / Materials Today: Proceedings 26 (2020) 1231–1237
Defence
Cold Solar Air
Storage Heating
Refriger Solar
ator & Applications Water
A/C of Energy Heating
Storage
PCM
Solar
Trombe
Cooker
wall
Solar
Green Building
house
Fig. 5. Classification based on application.
change material based thermal energy storage medium with differ-
ent types of collector. They mainly focuses on solar water heating
system based on sensible heat storage and latent heat storage.
Hasan [7] has done the investigation on myristic acid, palmitic acid
phase change material for domestic solar water heating applica-
tion. Canbazag et al. [2004] made solar water heating system with
use of PVC Bottles filled with phase change material.
Shukla [28] has designed and experiment on phase change
material and their application in solar water heater by use of paraf-
fin as thermal energy storage material. They made two storage sys-
tem one for storage tank and second sandwich with reflector. Lane
[4] communicated ammonium alum (NH4)Al(SO4)2 as thermal
energy storage material for water heating system. Hussain et al.
[17] have investigated the performance of encapsulated phase
change material energy storage during melting and solidification
process. Hansen tremendous research carried out on domestic
water heating system by use of fatty acid like myristic acid, palmi-
tic acid and stearic acid as phase change material. SD Sharma et al.
[16] extensive reviewed carried out on latent heat storage material
and system. They describe the suitable phase change material for
different purposes also different techniques for the measurement
of thermo physical properties of phase change material, method
to enhance the heat transfer and design techniques for storage pur-
pose. Sharma et al. [13] designed and developed the latent heat
storage unit which is capable at evening and morning as hot water
requirement by means of box type solar collector; they used phase
change material as paraffin wax within a temperature range.
5.2. Solar cooker
Solar cooker are extensively used solar energy for cooking pur-
pose in a day but when there is unavailability of sun light then
major issue arises, this issue can be tackle by means of thermal
energy storage. Domanski et al. [12] performed experiment by
using PCMs as energy storage media during off sunshine hours
for cooking purpose. They utilised a box kind solar cooker using
phase change materials (Mg(NO3)2-6H2O) [11]. PCMs (C17H35CO2-
H) was used under box type solar cooker by Buddhi and Saho o
[15] for energy storage purpose. sharma et al. [14] used (ethana-
mide) as PCMs to cook meal overdue in the night, for food prepa-
ration in the night, the temperature of PCMs must be in between
105 and 110 0C in solar cooker. Sharma et al. [16] also used
(C4H10O4) as latent heat storage phase change material for solar
cooker which was based on evacuated tube collector. Solar cooker
used to cook rice, vegetables, meats, cake etc.Buddhi and sharma
[15] used latent heat storage system with box kind solar cooker
having three reflectors, with acetamide as phase change material
1235
having melting point 118 °C and heat of fusion as 222 kj /kg for
night time cooling.
5.3. Solar air heater
Jurinak et al. [30] presented a phase change energy storage unit
for air based solar heating systems. They obtained a relation that
the heat capacity of phase change system is depends on mass,
melting temperature, specific heat as well as latent heat. For deter-
mination of optimum physical properties of phase change energy
storage material for solar air heating system was carried out by
Jurinak et al. [31]. The thermal performance of solar assisted latent
heat storage for space heating with phase change material as cal-
cium chloride hexahydrate was investigated by Mehmet [32]. Fath
et al. [33] presented a simple design of solar air heater combined
with thermal energy storage system for thermal performance.
Sagara et al carried out the performance based on air solar heating
system using phase change material for long term performance
[34].
5.4. Solar green house
Green house maintain the environment within enclosed space
which is appropriate for expansion and farming of flora, during
hours of daylight energy was stored in phase change material
(CaCl2.6H2O) for the purpose of eco friendly house and energy lib-
erated at night by reverse flow of air .Solar greenhouse are used to
control the temperature, sun irradiance and inside gas for enhance-
ment of quality and production of plant and to decrease the utiliza-
tion of conventional fuel for heating and cooling application [13].
5.5. Building
Enormous research in the area of building structure was carried
out by various researchers for TES in that area. In case of building
application there is high variation of temperature irrespective of
heating and cooling demand, zalba also studied the various factor
like building orientation, facada building geometry etc [17]. Lidia
et al. [22] presented and reviewed the article on TES passive sys-
tem integrated in building components like ceiling or floor, walls
with all construction material for building like concrete stone,
earth bricks, and solar wall.
As 1980 phase change material is used in building for thermal
energy storage purpose. Phase change material have been imple-
mented at numerous places like partition board, beneath flooring,
ceiling boards, trombe wall for collector and cooling application.
During day time heat energy is absorbed in PCM and slowly
releases the heat energy in for the night [15]. For improving human
comfort by maintaining desired temperature and reducing internal
temperature by encapsulating phase change material in concrete,
gypsum wall board, ceiling for building [17].
5.6. Trombe wall
PCM used inside partition, vertical walls, floor along with ceil-
ing for temperature control sand stone into a trombe wall is change
by PCM to use it within building application. Experiment was per-
formed to examine the performance of PCM application in Trombe
wall [21]. In building application hydrocarbons, salt hydrates are
mostly used. Trombe wall is used as passive application for indirect
gain. It uses solar energy for storage purpose and release heat
when it is required. This wall heated and stored energy throughout
sun-shine period furthermore release the heat at non sun shine
period to make the living space warmer. Numerous investigation
and hypothetical research conducted by various researcher [17].
1236 S. Ali, S.P. Deshmukh / Materials Today: Proceedings 26 (2020) 1231–1237

VV tayagi et al. [20] described and reviewed the improvement soldier who is in duty below 30 °C for two–three hours .It is also
of phase change material base on microencapsulated technology applied by the national aeronautics and space administration in
and its application in building, concrete wall /wall board. Shazim aerospace application. It is also applicable for electronic compo-
[10] reviewed PCM for building wall and describe that the building nent which is used in military or defence purpose. The Perfor-
application consume total 30% share of the all energy consumption. mance of man, equipment’s and missile weapon system greatly
They incorporated phase change material into construction sensor and electronic badly affected in harsh environment of
material and elements by various technique. They describe the desert and failure of these component will happen [1]. Ravindra
measurement of properties of DSC, TGA thermal conductivity etc. [27] carried out review on phase change material for technology
C.yzaho et al. [23] reviewed the article based microencapsulation and defence application. They summarised different PCMs encap-
of phase change materials MEPCMs, fabrication, its characteriza- sulation of phase change material and their composite and com-
tion and application in building for energy saving and applications mercial phase change material product have also been listed. It is
of MPCS in thermal systems. applicable for defence application like surveillance radar, commu-
nication system, aerospace system missile microprocessor das etc.
5.7. Refrigerator and air conditioning The product like underwear for sweating, gloves, shoes, jacket, kid-
ney belt, sleeping bag etc. are also useful for human comfort
A refrigerator is a domestic machine that has insulated chamber application.
evaporator, condenser, compressor, and expansion valve, heat
siphon which is applicable to enhance the temperature within
6. Thermal power plant
the compartment and to maintain the temperature of object which
is placed in a cabinet. Abduljalit et al. [24] presented a review of
A concentrating solar power system converts sunlight into heat
thermal energy storage for air conditioning systems. Their study
source which is utilized to run a typical traditional power plant
emphasized the importance of phase change material for air condi-
such technology is used for improvement the transmit ability of
tioning application and heat transfer enhancement technique used
concentrating solar power plant. P.zhang et al. [34] analyzed the
for phase change material and various latent heat thermal energy
TES and characteristic of latent heat thermal energy storage system
storage systems for air conditioning system. X.Q. et al. [25]
based on molten salt .They used oil as HTF and their effect of flow
described a review on phase change for cold storage system .In this
rate on thermal energy storage and also find the enhancement of
system they presented solar air conditioning system with cold
latent heat thermal energy storage .They validates their result by
storage latent cooling system and mixed cold storage air condition-
3 dimensional numerical model based on enthalpy porosity model
ing system and enhancement technique for that.
and heat energy equation for that. Nicole et al. [35] Studied and
Because of constant operation the power required for domestic
reviewed the thermal energy storage with the help of Nitrate salt
refrigerator is high [33]. A changed in design of refrigerator with
(also called solar salt) for sensible heating and latent heat storage
the help of PCM can shrink the power expenditure and energy
in the field of concentrator power application carried out. Ming
saved. Energy expenditure of refrigerator depends on compressor
et al. [36] reviewed on concentrating solar power plant and recent
effectiveness, surrounding heat temperature, load on refrigerator,
development in TES technology and also new development of
opening of door, temperature within compartment and kind of
latent heat thermal storage. They also described the compatibility
refrigerant used, various researcher uses phase change material
of contaminant material prevention and method of evaluation and
at various location of refrigerator. In conventional refrigerator the
cost analysis of different CSP plant. Ben et al. [37] communicated
evaporator extracted heat by means of the refrigerant during free
and reviewed on recent development on application of PCM for
convection so that heat transfer will increase with using phase
thermal energy storage in concentrated STPP. They also did differ-
change material and in case of refrigerator using with phase
ent phase change material and techniques, integration of phase
change material heat transfer taking place by heat transfer conduc-
change material based TES unit for power generation system and
tion method when compressor is in operational mode [9].
cost analysis of thermo cline latent heat thermal storage system.
[38] carried out an overview of TES and phase change material
5.8. Cold storage
with reference potential material with their properties. He also
presented underground thermal energy storage system, metal
A lot of agriculture product and food stuff product are being
hydride for storage of hydrogen energy, solar heat storage system
kept in commercial cold storage system .The problem arises by
also briefly introduced.
means of these cold storage , for the period of power cuts for cold
Galioneet al [39,40] presented a shell pipe latent heat TES sys-
storage cause to raise in temperature and can result in the loss in
tem via molten salt material and they review their result by exper-
attributes and significance of stored product [18]. E. Oró [26] com-
imental and numerical basis. They uses composite phase change
pared review on PCM for cold storage thermal energy application .
material eutectic molten salt NaNO3 and KNO3with the mass pro-
Exhaustive work carried out including thermo physical properties
portion of 1:1 with or without nickel foam based salt at a temper-
of material for cold storage (melting up to 20 °C), long term stabil-
ature of 200 °C to enhance the performance of latent heat thermal
ity and corrosion for low temperature application and encapsu-
energy storage system. They also presented latent heat thermal
lated of phase change material for cold storage, enhancement
energy storage system design, construction and its application
technique also did. They also analysed the various application of
using molten salt for solar energy storage [40].
cold storage technology in the field of storage of food in container,
beverages catering products and medical application includes
transportation of blood cold therapies, cryogenics cooling applica- 7. Conclusion
tion and air conditioning application.
The given study emphasized on the application of phase change
5.9. Defence material through different thermal energy storage provisions. In
this paper the various research and trend are highlighted. The
Phase change material is applied to solve many problem associ- Thermal energy storage using phase change materials are applica-
ated with Indian forces during desert operation like failure of com- ble in variety of application solar water-heating storage systems as
ponent such as artillery gun and also maintain the temperature of well as solar air heating storage systems, solar cooking system,
 S. Ali, S.P. Deshmukh / Materials Today: Proceedings 26 (2020) 1231–1237
solar green house, buildings , refrigeration and A/C system ,cold
storage, defence and solar thermal molten salt storage. As of
energy storage point of analysis, above technologies are extremely
important for human beings. This review paper is determined the
classification of various paraffin’s and salt hydrates.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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