Module-2

“Energy Storage System, Energy

Management and Energy Audit”

Presented by:
Dr. Ravikumar T R
Assistant Professor, MED
SJCIT
Chickballapur-562101
Contents:
Energy Storage System:
 These are the set of methods and technologies used to store energy.
 Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later
time to reduce imbalances b/w energy demand and energy production.
 A device that stores energy is called an accumulator.
 The stored energy can be drawn upon at a later time to perform useful operation.
Q) Why do we need Energy Storage System:
 Energy storage is the capture of energy produced at one time for use at a later
time to reduce imbalances b/w energy demand and energy production.
 Energy comes in multiple forms, Energy storage involves converting energy from
forms that are difficult to store to more conveniently or economically storable
forms.
 Many renewable energy sources are intermittent. Sometimes the use of
renewable energy is not direct when the energy is available, but at other times.
Then we need energy storage so that energy can be used when needed.
Energy Storage System Methods:
 These are various methods and technologies to store various forms of energy. The
choice of energy storage technology is typically dictated by application,
economics, Integration within the system and the availability of resources.

Fig.1 Energy Storage system

Energy Storage:
1. Mechanical Energy: The energy is stored in Springs, Pressure vessels, Tension
rod, Flywheel, Torsion rod, Elevated mass (Pendulum), Water is stored in dam…

2. Electrical Energy: The energy is stored in Batteries, Shells, Capacitors.

3. Nuclear Energy: The energy stored in atomic mass: Uranium/Plutonium..

4. Chemical Energy: The energy stored in petroleum products, biomass and

chemical compounds and elements.

5. Thermal Energy: The energy stored in all mass as sensible and latent heat.
Fig. a

Fig. b Fig. c

Fig. Energy Storage

Fig. d

Fig. g

Fig. f
Fig. Energy Storage
Fig. Available storage technologies, their capacity and discharge time
Thermal Energy Storage:
 Energy can be stored by heating, melting or vapourization of material and the
energy becomes available as heat, when the process is reversed.
 Storage by causing a material to rise in temperature called Sensible heat storage,
in which without change of phase of material.
 Storage by phase change, the transition from solid to liquid or from liquid to
vapour is called Latent heat storage, in which no temperature change is involved.
 The storage material used for sensible heat storage is Water &/ Rock, for latent
heat storage is Glauber’s Salt [ Na2So410H2O).
 Thermal energy storage is essential for both domestic water and space heating
applications and for the high temperature storage systems needed for thermal
power applications.
Why Thermal Storage:
1. Primary energy source- Hydro, Gas, Coal and Nuclear fuels transformed directly
into Electricity as a power source for industrial and household appliances.

2. In principle, electricity generation has to be balanced with the exact time of the
consumption to satisfy the fluctuating demand at the lowest possible cost.

3. Fluctuating seasonal and specific time demands outside their control.

4. Utility companies generate electricity using different types of primary energy

sources to offset peak.

5. Every modern society has a mid-day or late evening electricity demand.

Types of Thermal Energy Storage :
Thermal Energy
Storage

Fabric & Slab Packed Rock

Cold Storage Solar Storage
energy Storage Beds

Low Thermo
Sensible Heat Latent Heat
Temperature Chemical
CO2 Storage Energy Storage
 Cold Storage: Storage receiving and accumulating cooling capacity output from
the refrigeration plant.
 Fabric and Slab energy storage: Building materials absorbed heat / cooling
during a particular period and release it at another period.
 Solar Storage: Solar collector along with its associated pump to convert solar
radiation into heat. The store which receives the heated water from the collector
delivers heated water to the space heating heat exchanger.

It contribute to the building’s hot water requirements of b/w 6% and 12%.

 Packed Rock Beds: A packed rock bed utilizes the available thermal energy by
means of circulating through a packed rock bed to add heat or remove heat from
the system for charging and discharging respectively.

The energy can be transferred from a fluid but the most common systems utilize air
due to the high heat transfer coefficient b/w air and rock.
 Low Temperature CO2 Storage System: Carbon dioxide offers the most compact
latent heat storage system due to the commercially obtainable triple point which
allows the utilization of a single substance as static latent heat of fusion storage.

Carbon dioxide can be stored at it’s triple point of -57 deg C and 518kPa with
solid fraction of 70-80% by mass and the system can provide kJ/kg thermal
storage capacity.
 Thermo-chemical Energy Storage: The mixture of Sulphuric Acid and Water and
Sodium Hydroxide and Water in which the water is separated by the heat input to
the mixture and as soon as the two substance are mixed, the chemical reaction of
the substances liberates heat.

Various alcohols and ketones are potential thermo-chemical storage media but
due to the relative cost and complexity, no commercially viable systems have yet
emerged.
 Sensible heat Storage: A heat storage system that uses a heat storage medium and
where the additional or removal of heat results in a change in temperature.

E.g.:- a) Water tank storage system c) Storage Wall

b) Solar Pond Technology

UCZ
Fig. a Water Collector
LCZ
Fig. b Solar Pond Technology

Fig. c Storage Wall

Sensible heat storage :
 Introduction:

- Storage by causing a material to rise in temperature, without change of

phase of material.

 Construction:
 Working:
 Applications:
 Limitations:
Materials which are used for sensible heat storage system are:
1.Water
2.Rock, Gravel or Crushed stone
3.Iron, red iron oxide or iron ore
4.Concrete
5.Refractory materials like Magnesium oxide, Aluminum oxide (Alumina) and silicon
oxide.
a) Water Storage:
 The most common heat transfer fluid for a solar system is Water and the easiest
way to store thermal energy is storing the water directly in a well insulated tank.
 The optimum tank size for flat-plate collector system is about 70 kg/m2.
 Water has the following characteristics for storage medium
1. It is an inexpensive, readily available and useful material to store sensible heat.
2. It has high thermal storage capacity.
3. Energy addition and removal from this type of storage is done by medium itself,
thus eliminating any temperature drop b/w transport fluid and storage medium.
4. Pumping cost is small.
5. Lower volume required per unit of energy stored.
b) Packed bed exchanger Storage:
 For sensible heat storage with air as the energy transport mechanism, rock, gravel
or crushed stone in a bin is used to providing a large, cheap heat surface.
 Its thermal capacity is only about half that of water and the bin volume will be
about 3 times the volume of a water tank, i.e. heated over the same temperature
interval.
 Rocks have the following advantages over water:
1. Rock is more easily contained than water.
2. Rock acts as its own heat exchanger, which reduces total system cost.
3. It can be easily used for thermal storage at high temperature much higher than
100 oC.
4. The heat transfer co-efficient b/w the air and solid is high.
5. The cost of storage material is low.
6. The conductivity of the bed is low when air flow is not present.
 Introduction: It uses the heat
capacity of a bed of loosely
packed particulate material
through which an air is
circulated to add or remove
heat from the bed.

 Construction:
 Working:
 Applications: Solar houses
or with hot air collector system.
Solar pond :
 Introduction:

- It is used to collect and absorb solar radiation energy and store this
energy in the form of heat.

- It combines solar energy collection and sensible heat storage.

 Construction:
 Working:
 Applications: a. Space heating
b. Industrial process heat and to obtain
Mechanical & electrical energy
 Advantages: a. Low cost storage system
b. Tapped energy at night as well
as during the day and cloud
Latent heat storage :
 Introduction:

- Storage by phase change of material, the transition from solid to liquid

or from liquid to vapor, in which no temperature change in the material.

- The heat is stored in a material when it melts and extracted from the
material when it freezes.

- Some of materials that undergo a change of phase:

1. Glauber’s salt – Sodium sulfate decahydrate ( Na2 So4. 10H20).

2. Water

3. Salt Eutectics

E.g.:- Phase Change Materials (PCMs)..

 Phase Change Material:
 Introduction: The storage material is placed in long thin container ( E.g.-Cylinders)
and the gas is passed through narrow spaces b/w the tubes.
Construction:
 Working:
 Applications:
 Limitations: It is more compact than a sensible heat system.
Energy Savings / Conservation:
 It is a kind of saving energy, because resources are limitedly available.
 It is defined as “An optimum utilization of energy for a particular task”.
 It is the effort made to reduce the consumption of energy by using less of an
energy service.
 Energy can be conserved by

1. Reducing wastage and losses

2. Improving efficiency through technological upgrades

3. Improved operations and maintenance

4. Stabilization of population growth

 It also lowers energy costs by preventing future resource depletion.
 Energy conservation day has been celebrated on December 14th every year.
Energy Management:
 It is the process of Planning & Operation of energy production and consumption
units, Monitoring, Controlling and Conserving energy in a building or an
Organization.
 “ The efficient and effective use of energy to maximize profit or minimize costs and
enhance competitive positions”. It is the key to saving energy in an organization.
 It’s goal is to produce goods & provide services with the least cost & least
environmental effect.
 The objective of energy management is

1. To minimize energy costs / Waste without affecting production and quality.

2. To minimize environmental effects.

3. Resource conservation, to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement

and utilization throughout the organization.
Energy Price / Energy Cost:
 It is the price or cost for which we pay for energy consumption.
 It is vital factor for awareness creation and saving calculation.
 Measure of Energy used in an industry and others

1. Energy meters

2. Invoices for fuels and electricity

3. Annual company balance sheet (Fuel cost and power cost)

 Energy invoices can be used for the following purposes:

1. They provide a record of energy purchased in a given year, which gives a base
line for future reference

2. It may indicate the potential for savings when related to production

requirements or to air conditioning requirements/space heating etc

3. Electricity is purchased on the basis of maximum demand tariff

4. They can suggest where savings are most likely to be made

5. In later years invoices can be used to quantify the energy and cost savings made
through energy conservation measures.
 Fuel Costs:
 A wide variety of fuels are available for thermal energy supply:
1. Fuel Oil
2. Low Sulphur Heavy Stock (LSHS)
3. Light Diesel Oil (LDO)
4. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
5. Coal
6. Lignite
7. Wood…

 Availability, Cost and Quality are the main three factors that should be considered
while purchasing
 Following factors should be taken into account during procurement of fuels for
energy efficiency and economics

1. Price at Source, Transport charge, type of transport.

2. Quality of fuel (contaminations, moisture…)

3. Energy content (calorific value)

 Power Costs:
 Electricity price in India not only varies from state to state, city to city and
consumer to consumer though it does the same work everywhere.
 Many factors are involved in deciding final cost of purchased electricity such as:

1. Maximum demand charges, kVA (i.e. How fast the electricity is used?)
2. Energy Charges,, kWh (i.e. How much electricity is consumed?)

3. TOD charges, Peak/Non-peak period (i.e. When electricity is utilized?)

4. Power factor charge P.F (i.e. Real power use versus Apparent power use factor, values b/w -1 to +1)

5. Other incentives and penalties applied from time to time

6. High tension tariff and Low tension tariff rate changes

7. Slab rate cost and its variation

8. Type of tariff clause and rate for various categories: Commercial, Residential, Industrial,
Government, Agriculture..

9. Tariff rate for developed and underdeveloped area/states

10. Tax holiday for new projects.

Energy Demand Estimation [EDE] / Forecasting:
 It is a technique to predict future energy needs to achieve demand and supply
equilibrium.
 It is the method of managing the demand of power from utility distribution
companies among some or all its customers to meet current or future needs.
 EDE program result in energy demand reduction.
 E.g.:- Demand can be shifted from peak to off peak hours, thereby reducing the
demand of buying high tariff powers during peak hours.
 EDE also enables end users to better manage their load curve and improve
energy saving reducing capital needs for power capacity expansion.
Energy Audit:
 Audit is “ The inspection or examination of a building or other facility to
evaluate or improve its appropriateness, safety, efficiency or the like”.
 It is a tool for energy conservation to check the energy utilize properly for the
particular task or not.
 It is an inspection, Survey and analysis of energy flows for energy conservation
in a building, process or system to reduce the amount of energy input to the
system without affecting the output(s).
 As per the energy conservation act 2001, energy audit is defined as “ The
Verification, Monitoring and Analysis of use of energy including submission of
technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency
with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption”.
Contin..:
 It is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area of energy
management.
 Need for Energy Audit:

1. In an industry, the three top operating cost are found to be Energy (Electrical
and Thermal), Labour and Materials. Among the three, energy has the highest
potential for cost reduction.

2. Objective of energy audit is to determine ways to reduce energy consumption

per unit of product output or to lower operating costs.

3. It provides a “Bench mark” (Reference point) for managing energy in the

organization and also provides the basis for planning a more effective use of
energy throughout the organization.
Energy Audit:
 Types of Energy Audit:

1. Preliminary audit

2. Targeted audit

3. Detailed audit / Comprehensive audit:

a) Phase-I : Pre audit phase

b) Phase-II : Audit phase

c) Phase-III: Post audit phase

Hint: Q) How a doctor diagnose a patient?

Q) How do we purchase an apartment/House?

Formulas used:
1. Average load factor = (Average load / Peak load)

2. Energy generated per year = Average load X Time in year express in hours

3. Capacity factor = (Average load / Capacity of the plant)

4. Different cost in an organization or power plant

a. Capital cost

b. Fixed cost = Interest + Depreciation

c. Operating cost

d. Transmission and Distribution cost

e. Running cost = Operating cost + Transmission and Distribution cost

f. Overall cost = Fixed cost + Running cost

THANK YOU